| 单词 | 结尾 |
| 释义 | 〔politics〕But in its other sensespolitics can take either a singular or plural verb. Many other nouns that end in-ics behave similarly, and the user is advised to consult specific entries for precise information.但用于其它意思上时，politics 则既可接单数形式的动词也可接复数形式的动词。 许多其它以-ics 结尾的名词用法也是如此， 使用者最好是查阅具体的词项以获取准确的信息〔medial〕A sound, letter, or form of a letter that is neither initial nor final.中间音，中间字母，中间字母形式的：既不是开始也不是结尾的音、字母或字母形式的〔filose〕Having or ending in a threadlike part or process.有线状突起的：具有线状部分或过程的，以线状部分或过程结尾的〔bahuvrihi〕A compound word functioning as an adjective whose last element is in origin a noun. For example, in the phrasehigh-fiber diet , the compound high-fiber is a bahuvrihi modifying diet that ends in the noun fiber. 性状复合词：用作形容词的复合词，该复合词中的后一成分是名词。例如词组high-fiber diet（高纤维健康食品） 中，复合词 high-fiber 就是修饰以 fiber 结尾的 diet 的性状复合词 〔final〕Something that comes at or forms the end, especially:结尾：产生或形成末尾的东西，尤指：〔top〕To make a finish, an end, or a conclusion.总结：结束，结尾或总结〔midstream〕The part of a course that is neither at the beginning nor at the end:中途，半途：既不在开头也不在结尾的一个过程中的一部分：〔eternity〕Time without beginning or end; infinite time.永恒：无开端或结尾的时间；无限的时间〔line〕A unit of verse ending in a visual or typographic break and generally characterized by its length and meter:诗行：诗的单位，以视觉停顿或标点停顿结尾，通常有一定长度和格律：〔closing〕The end or conclusion:结束：结尾或结论：〔open〕an open syllable.以元音结尾的音节〔canzone〕A medieval Italian or Provençal lyric of varying stanzaic form, usually with a concluding envoy.坎佐尼：中世纪意大利或法国普罗旺斯的抒情诗，诗节形式不一，通常在结尾有一个献诗〔light〕Of, relating to, or being a syllable ending in a short vowel or a short vowel plus a consonant.短元音的，短元音音节的：属于、关于或是以短元音或短元音加一个辅音结尾的音节的〔complete〕The article concluded with a restatement of the major points presented.这篇文章结尾再次重申了它的主旨。〔everwhere〕Inversion—the reversal of the two halves of a compound word—is a common process in Southern dialects.It affects a number of indefinite pronouns (whichever, whatever, whoever ) ending in -ever, yieldingeverwhich, everwhat, and everwho. The commonly occurringeverwhere can be an example of inversion when it means "wherever" but illustrates elision of an unstressed syllable in its meaning "everywhere.”Other examples of Southern inversion cited by Craig M. Carver inAmerican Regional Dialects are peckerwood, hoppergrass, doll-baby, tie-tongued, doghanged (meaning "hangdog"), and right-out ("outright"). 倒置——一个复合词的两部分的颠倒──是美国南部方言的一种常用方法，它影响到若干以-ever 结尾的不确定性代名词（ whichever，whatever，whoever ）， 产生出everwhich，everwhat 和 everwho 。 通常出现的everwhere ，当它意为"wherever（即无论何处）”时是倒置的一个例子， 但当它意为"everywhere（各处，到处）”时是省略非重读音节的一例证。克雷格M卡弗尔在美国区域方言 中引用的其它美国南部倒置的例子有 peckerwood ， hoppergrass，doll-baby，tie-tongued，doghanged（意思是“下贱的人”）和 right-out （“坦率的”） 〔prioritize〕It can be argued thatprioritize serves a useful function in providing a single word to mean "arrange according to priority,” but like many other recent formations with-ize, it is widely regarded as corporate or bureaucratic jargon.In an earlier survey,prioritize was unacceptable to the great majority of the Usage Panel. See Usage Note at -ize 人们当然可以争论prioritize 在提供一个单字以表示“按优先次序排列”上的有用功能， 但是象许多其他新近形成的以-ize 结尾的词一样， 它被广泛地认为是公司或官僚主义的行话。在较早的一次调查中发现，用法专题使用小组中绝大多数认为prioritize 不可接受 参见 -ize〔interminable〕Being or seeming to be without an end; endless.See Synonyms at continual 无休止的：（似乎是）没有结尾的；没完没了的 参见 continual〔mucronate〕Of or having a mucro; ending abruptly in a sharp point:有尖端的：具有突起的；锐突的；以尖突结尾的：〔last〕At the end; finally:结尾地；最后地：〔envoy〕The concluding portion of a prose work or a play.结尾：戏剧或非韵体作品的结尾〔late〕Of or toward the end or more advanced part, as of a period or stage:后期的：属于或邻近结尾或稍前部分的，例如一段时期或一个阶段的：〔coda〕A passage at the end of a movement or composition that brings it to a formal close.尾声：乐章或乐曲结尾的一段，将乐曲带入一正式的结尾〔gerund〕In other languages, a verbal noun analogous to the Latin gerund, such as the English form ending in-ing when used as a noun, as in singing in We admired the choir's singing. 动名词：拉丁语以外的语言中类似拉丁动名词的动名词，如以-ing 结尾的用于名词的英语形式，象 singing 在 We admired the choir's singing 中（我们敬慕唱诗班的演唱） 〔conclusion〕The close or last part; the end or finish.结束：结束的或最后的部分；结尾或末端〔man〕Traditionally,man and words derived from it have been used generically to designate any or all of the human race irrespective of sex.In Old Englishthis was the principal sense ofman, which meant "a human being" regardless of sex;the wordswer and wyf (or w÷pman and wifman ) were used to refer to "a male human being" and "a female human being" respectively. But in Middle Englishman displaced wer as the term for "a male human being,”whilewyfman (which evolved into present-day woman ) was retained for "a female human being.” The result of these changes was an assymetrical arrangement that many criticize as sexist.Many writers have revised some of their practices accordingly.But the precise implications of the usage vary according to the context and the particular use ofman or its derivatives. · Man sometimes appears to have the sense of "person" or "people" when it is used as a count noun, as inA man is known by the company he keeps and Men have long yearned to unlock the secrets of the atom, and in phrases likethe common man and the man in the street. Here the generic interpretation arises indirectly:if a man is known by the company he keeps,then so, by implication, is a woman.For this reasonthe generic interpretation of these uses ofman is not possible where the applicability of the predicate varies according to the sex of the individual. Thus it would be inappropriate to say thatMen are the only animals that can conceive at any time, since the sentence literally asserts that the ability to conceive applies to male human beings.This usage presumes that males can be taken as representatives of the species.In almost all cases,however, the wordsperson and people can be substituted for man and men, often with a gain in clarity. · By contrast,man functions more as a generic when it is used without an article in the singular to refer to the human race, as in sentences likeThe capacity for language is unique to man or in phrases like man's inhumanity to man. But this use ofman is also ambiguous, since it can refer exclusively to male members of the human race.In most contexts wordssuch ashumanity or humankind will convey the generic sense of this use of man. · On the whole,the Usage Panel accepts the generic use ofman, the women members significantly less than the men. The sentenceIf early man suffered from a lack of information, modern man is tyrannized by an excess of it was acceptable to 81 percent of the Panel (including 58 percent of the women and 92 percent of the men).The Panel also accepted compound words derived from genericman. The sentenceThe Great Wall is the only man-made structure visible from space was acceptable to 86 percent (including 76 percent of the women and 91 percent of the men).The sentence"The history of language is the history of mankind" (James Bradstreet Greenough and George Lyman Kittredge) was acceptable to 76 percent (including 63 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men). Such compounds were acceptable even when the context required that they be applied chiefly to women.Thus, 66 percent of the Panel (including 57 percent of the women and 71 percent of the men) accepts the wordmanpower in the sentence Countries that do not permit women to participate in the work force are at a disadvantage in competing with those that do avail themselves of that extra source of manpower. · A related set of problems is raised by the use ofman in forming the names of occupational and social rolessuch asbusinessman, chairman, spokesman, layman, and freshman, as well as in analogous formationssuch asunsportsmanlike and showmanship. Some condemn this use categorically;however, these words remained acceptable to a majority of the Usage Panel when they were used to refer to a role or class in the abstractbut were rejected when they were used to refer to a woman.Thus the general use ofchairman was acceptable to 67 percent of the Panel (including 52 percent of the women and 76 percent of the men) in the sentence The chairman will be appointed by the Faculty Senate. But only 48 percent (including 43 percent of the women and 50 percent of the men) accepted the use of the word inEmily Owen, chairman of the Mayor's Task Force, issued a statement assuring residents that their views would be solicited, where it is applied to a woman. · Several strategies have been suggested for replacing the categorical use of compounds formed withman. Parallel terms likebusinesswoman, spokeswoman and chairwoman are increasingly used to refer to women. Also in use are common-gender terms coined withperson, such asbusinessperson, spokesperson, and chairperson. For occupational titles ending inman, new standards of official usage have been established by the U.S. Department of Labor and other government agencies.In official contexts termssuch asfirefighter and police officer are now generally used in place of fireman and policeman. · A majority of the Panelists rejected the verbman when it was used to refer to an activity performed by women. The sentenceMembers of the League of Women Voters will be manning the registration desk was unacceptable to 56 percent of the Panel (including 61 percent of the women and 54 percent of the men). See Usage Note at -ess ,people 传统上，man 以及它的衍生字一般是用来指任何人或整个人类， 不考虑性别。在古英语中，这就是man 这个字主要的意思， 即“人” 而不分性别；单词wer 和 wyf （或 woepman 和 wifman )则分别用以指“男人”和“女人”。 但在中古英语时man 取代了 wer 这个词， 也具有“男人”的意义了；而wyfman （这个字发展演变成了今天的 woman 这个字）作为“女人”这个意思被保留了下来。 这些变化的结果是，作为性别歧视者所批评的匀称排列。为此，许多作家相应地修订了他们部分的创作活动。但是这用法的准确含义取决于它的上下文以及man 的具体用途或它的衍生字。 当man 这个字被当作一个可数名词来用时，它有时似乎具有“一个人”或“人们”的意思， 如在被他所在的那个公司熟悉了解的人 和 很久以来，人们都期盼着解开原子的秘密 ， 以及如下短语中普通的人 和 街上的人 。 这里，一般的理解源于间接地推理：如果一个男人是被他所在的公司了解的话，其言下之意是，一个女人也是被他所在的公司熟悉了解的。正是这个原因，使得man 当此一般理解之义用时，其谓语随着个人性别的改变而变化是不可能的。 所以，说人是唯一能在任何时候思考的动物 是不适当的， 因为这句话字面之义是指男人的思考能力。这种用法是假定男人可以作为人类的代表。几乎毫无例外的是，词person 和 people 可以用 man 和 men 来取代，且后两字意思更清楚。 相反，当man 以单数不带冠词出现用以指人类时，它更是指一类、一属， 如在象句子只有人才有语言能力 或象短语 人类对人类的不人道 中。 但man 若以这种形式出现，其意思也会模糊不清， 因为其可只指人类中的男性成员。在大多数的行文中，例如humanity 或 humankind 这样的字也传达了 man 这种用法的一般意义。 总的说来，在用法专题使用小组成员中接受man 这种一般用法的女性比男性明显少得多。 下面这句话如果说古代人受信息不足之苦的话，那么现代人则是受信息过量之虐待了 在小组中有81的成员可接受 （其中女性成员中的接受率为58，男性中则为92)。专题小组会还接受作为一般意义的man 构成的复合词。 长城是太空中的唯一可见的人造物 这句话有86的成员接受 （其中女性成员的接受率为76，而男性中为91)。“语言史就是一部人类史” （詹姆士·布拉斯瑞特·格里诺和乔治·莱曼·基特里奇）这句话的接受率为76（基中在女性成员中有63接受，而男性中为82)。 即使是上下行文所需的字主要指的是女人，这种复合词仍然被接受。因此小组中的66（其中女性委员的57，男性的71)接受了manpower 这个词在下句的用法： 那些不允许女人加入生产力大军的国家和那些允许女人加入生产力大军的国家相比，在处理剩余劳动力这一点上明显处于竞争的劣势 。 由于man 的使用所引起的一系列相关问题产生了， 在构成职业或社会角色类别的名称，如商人、主席、发言人、外行 和 渔夫 ， 以及将这个字用于类似的构词法中，如违反运动精神的 和 善于表演的才能 。 有些人谴责这种类别的用法；然而，当它们抽象地指某种角色或阶层时，这些词仍能得到用法专题使用小组大多数人的接受；但当它们用由于指女性时，这些词就被拒绝了。因此在句子主席由职工委员会指定 中 主席 的这种一般用法就得到了67小组成员的接受（其中在女性成员中为52，而男性中为76)。 但是，在句子艾米莉·欧文，市长任务小组的主席，发表了一个声明，向市长保证将考虑他们的观点 中这个字的用法，由于是指女性，只有48的成员接受（其中在女性成员中的接受率为43，而男性中为50)。 对于如何替换用man 构成的类别复合词，几种构思被提了出来。 与之相对的复合词如女商人、女发言人 和 女主席 越来越多地被用来指女性。 另外，用person 构成的中性词也创造了出来， 如商人、发言人 和 主席 。 对于用man 结尾的职业名称， 美国政府劳工部和其它政府机构已建立起了新的官方运用标准。在官方行文，现在一般用如firefighter 和 police officer 代替 fireman 和 policeman 。 大多数的小组成员反对将动词man 用于指那些女性从事的活动。 句子登记处将配备女性选民联盟的成员 在用法专题使用小组中的反对率是56（其中在女性成员中的反对率是61，而男性中为54) 参见 -ess,people〔atelectasis〕Greek atelēs [incomplete] a- [not] * see a- 1 telos [end] * see telo- 希腊语 atelēs [不完全的] a- [非…] * 参见 a-1 telos [结尾，末端] * 参见 telo-〔period〕The full pause at the end of a spoken sentence.结尾：句末的停顿〔kudos〕Kudos is one of those words like congeries that look like pluralsbut are etymologically singular:correctness requiresKudos is (not are ) due her for her brilliant work on the score. Some writers have tried to defend the use ofkudos with a plural verb, or even the introduction of a new singular form ofkudo, on the grounds that these innovations follow the pattern whereby the English words pea and cherry were re-formed from nouns ending in-s that were thought to be plural. Perhaps the singularkudo would have to be acknowledged as a legitimate formation if it came to be widely adopted in the popular language in the way that cherry and pea have. But at presentkudos is still regarded as a slightly pretentious variant for praise and can scarcely claim to be part of the linguistic folkways of the community.When writers reach for an unfamiliar Greek word for the sake of elegance,it is fair to ask that they get it right.Still, it is worth notingthat even people who are carefulto treat the word syntactically as a singularoften pronounce it as if it were a plural:etymology would require that the final consonant be pronounced as a voiceless (s),rather than as a voiced (z).Kudos 和 congeries 那些词一样， 看上去好象是复数，但从词源上看是单数：因此正确的用法应该是Kudos is （不是 are ） due her for her brilliant work on the score 。 许多作者为kudos 后跟动词复数形式的做法辩护， 他们甚至发明了一个新的词kudo 作为该词的单数形式，他们这样做是以英语单词 pea 和 cherry 的形成模式为依据的， 这些词都是从原先结尾带-s 的复数形式名词演化而来。 kudo 这种单数形式只有在象 cherry 和 pea 这样为大众语言所普遍接受之后才能被认可为一种正确的形式。 但是现在kudos 这个词仍被看作是 praise 这个词稍稍有些做作的变体， 还很难成为社群的习惯用语的一部份。当一个作家为了行文的优雅用一个生僻的希腊词的时候，他应该正确地使用它。但是值得注意的是，即使是那些非常仔细的人，他们在句子中把它用作单数，但在读的时候却读成复数的形式：根据词源来看，这个词最后一个辅音应该发成清辅音（s），而不是浊辅音（z）〔closure〕A bringing to an end; a conclusion:结束，结尾：导致结束；结论：〔weak〕Designating a verse ending in which the metrical stress falls on a word or syllable that is unstressed in normal speech, such as a preposition.弱读结尾的：诗节结尾重读落在正常非重读单词或音节，如介词〔open〕Ending in a vowel or diphthong:以元音或双元音结尾的：〔ballade〕A verse form usually consisting of three stanzas of eight or ten lines each along with a brief envoy, with all three stanzas and the envoy ending in the same one-line refrain.三解韵格：一种诗歌形式，通常由三个八至十行的诗节组成，每一行都有一个简短的结尾诗节，所有三个诗节和结尾诗节都以同样的一行迭句结尾〔terminate〕To have as an end or a result:以…结尾，以…收尾：〔preposition〕The doctrine that a preposition may not be used to end a sentence was first promulgated by Dryden, probably on the basis of a specious analogy to Latin,and was subsequently refined by 18th-century grammarians.The rule has since become one of the most venerated maxims of schoolroom grammatical lore.But sentences ending with prepositions can be found in the works of most of the great writers since the Renaissance.In fact, English syntax allows and sometimes requires final placement of the preposition.Such placement is the only possible one in sentencessuch asWe have much to be thankful for or That depends on what you believe in. Efforts to rewrite such sentencesto place the preposition elsewhere will have comically stilted results;for example:We have much for which to be thankful or That depends on that in which you believe. · Even sticklers for the traditional rule can have no grounds for criticizing sentencessuch asI don't know where she will end up or It's the most curious book I've ever run across. In these examples,up and across are used as adverbs, not prepositions, as demonstrated by the ungrammaticality of sentencessuch asI don't know up where she will end and It's the most curious book across which I have ever run. 介词不能用来结束句子这一理论最先是由德莱顿可能基于与拉丁语的一个似是而非的类比而提出的，接着又由18世纪语法学家加以改善琢磨，从此这一规则便作为学校语法教育中神化般的至理名言，但是用介词结尾的句子可以在文艺复兴以来大多数名家的作品中找到，事实上，英语句法中有时允许，甚至要求把介词放在最后这种放置。只有在下列句子中才是唯一可能的：We have much to be thankful for 或 That depends on what you believe in 。 要改写这种句子，如把介词放在别处则会产生做作的滑稽效果；例如:We have much for which to be thankful 或 That depends on that in which you believe · 即使是那些拘泥于传统规则的人也找不出理由去批评这样的句子，如I don't know where she will end up 或 It's the most curious book I've ever run across 。 在这些例子中up 和 across 被用作副词， 而不是象以下句子中的违反语法现象所显示的那样是介词：如I don't know up where she will end 和 It's the most curious book across which I have ever run 〔frigorific〕-ficus [-fic] -ficus [-fic后缀，用以构成以-fy结尾的动词的形容词] 〔bittersweet〕a movie with a bittersweet ending.结尾亦悲亦喜的电影〔endmost〕Being at or closest to the end; last.最后的，最远的：离终点、结尾最近的；最后的〔septenarius〕A Latin verse used only in comedy and consisting of seven iambic feet or a catalectic iambic tetrameter.七音步的诗：只用于喜剧中，包括七个音步或一个以不完整音步结尾的抑杨格的四音步诗行的拉丁诗〔cockalorum〕Perhaps alteration influenced by Latin -ōrum [nominal ending] 可能为 受 拉丁语 -ōrum的影响 [名词性结尾] 〔salvific〕Latin -ficus [-fic] 拉丁语 -ficus [后缀，用以构成-fic结尾的动词之形容词] |
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