| 单词 | 绞刑 |
| 释义 | 〔gallows〕Middle English galwes [pl. of] galwe [gallows] 中古英语 galwes galwe的复数 [绞刑，绞刑架] 〔Brown〕American abolitionist. In 1859 Brown and 21 followers captured the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry as part of an effort to liberate Southern slaves. His group was defeated, and Brown was hanged after a trial in which he won sympathy as an abolitionist martyr.布朗，约翰：(1800-1859) 美国废奴主义者。1859年他与21名跟随者在哈珀斯渡口占领了美国军火库，为解放南方奴隶作出了努力。他的集团失败后，布朗在审判后被判处绞刑，因此他作为废奴运动中的烈士而赢得同情〔garrote〕To execute by garrote.绞死：处以上述之绞刑〔hangman〕A man employed to execute condemned prisoners by hanging.执行绞刑的刽子手〔garrote〕A method of execution formerly practiced in Spain, in which a tightened iron collar is used to strangle or break the neck of a condemned person.绞刑：最先在西班牙出现的一种绞死人的方式，使用一种拧紧的铁环去使罪犯窒息或将其脖子勒断〔hanging〕Execution on a gallows.绞刑：在绞架上处死〔guillotine〕"At half past 12 the guillotine severed her head from her body.”So reads the statementcontaining the first recorded use ofguillotine in English, found in theAnnual Register of 1793. The word occurs in a context clearly illustrating the function of theguillotine, "a machine with a heavy blade that falls freely between upright guides to behead a condemned person.” Ironically, the guillotine, which became the most notable symbol of the excesses of the French Revolution,was named for a humanitarian physician, Joseph Ignace Guillotin.Guillotin, a member of the French Constituent Assembly,recommended in a speech to that body on October 10, 1789,that executions be performed by a beheading device rather than by hanging, the method used for commoners, or by the sword, reserved for the nobility.He argued that beheading by machine was quicker and less painful than the work of the rope and the sword.In 1791 the Assembly did indeed adopt beheading by machine as the state's preferred method of execution.A beheading device designed by Dr. Antoine Louis, secretary of the College of Surgeons, was first used on April 25, 1792, to execute a highwayman named Pelletier or Peletier.The device was called alouisette or louison after its inventor's name,but because of Guillotin's famous speech,his name became irrevocably associated with the machine. After Guillotin's death in 1814,his children tried unsuccessfully to get the device's name changed.When their efforts failed,they were allowed to change their name instead.“十二点半，断头台斩落了他的头颅。”这句话如此写道。这是英语文章中第一次使用guillotine 这个词， 它出现在1793年的年度文摘 中。 该文中，该词清楚地体现了guillotine 的功用——“利用垂直向下砍落的重斧斩落犯人头颅的机器。” 令人啼笑皆非的是，这一成为法国大革命中恐怖暴行最显著标志的断头台，竟是因一个人文主义医生，约瑟夫·英格纳斯·吉约坦命名的。吉约坦是法国国民代表大会的成员，在1789年10月的一次发言中向大会提出，在处决犯人时以一种砍头的机器来代替处决普通犯人时所用的绞刑或是处决贵族时使用的宝剑。他认为用机器砍头比用绳子或宝剑快而且痛苦小。1791年，国民大会确实将用机器砍头定为国家处决犯人的方法。由外科医生院秘书长安东尼·路易医生设计的砍头装置在1792年4月25日处决拦路强盗佩尔蒂或佩尔捷时第一次使用。这个装置被称为路易塞特 或 路易森 ， 因由其发明者而得名。但是由于吉约坦那次著名的发言，他的名字不可避免地与这种机器联系在一起。1814年吉约坦死后，他的子孙试图为这种机器换个名字,但没有成功。当他们的努力失败后，他们得到允许，改换了自己的名字〔garrote〕The iron collar used for such an execution.此种绞刑所用的铁环〔hanging〕a hanging judge.惯于判处绞刑的法官〔gallows〕A device usually consisting of two upright posts supporting a crossbeam from which a noose is suspended and used for execution by hanging; a gallows tree.绞刑架：一种装置，通常包括支撑一根悬挂绞索的横梁的两根直立柱子，用于执行绞刑；绞刑架 |
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