| 单词 | 编纂 |
| 释义 | 〔art〕the art of the lexicographer.字典编纂的艺术〔premise〕Why do we call a single buildingthe premises ? To answer this question,we must go back to the Middle Ages.But first, let it be noted thatpremises comes from the past participle praemissa, which is both a feminine singular and a neuter plural form of the Latin verbpraemittere, "to send in advance, utter by way of preface, place in front, prefix.” In Medieval Latin the feminine formpraemissa was used as a term in logic, for which we still use the termpremise descended from the Medieval Latin word (first recorded in a work composed before 1380).Medieval Latinpraemissa in the plural meant "things mentioned before" and was used in legal documents, almost always in the plural,a use that was followed in Old French and Middle English, both of which borrowed the word from Latin.A more specific legal sense in Middle English,"that property, collectively, which is specified in the beginning of a legal document and which is conveyed, as by grant,”was also always in the plural in Middle English and later Modern English.And so it remained when this sense was extended to mean "a house or building with its grounds or appurtenances,”a usage first recorded before 1730.为什么我们把单独的一幢建筑称为the premises ？ 为了回答这个问题，我们必须回到中世纪。但首先必须注意的是premises 是从过去式 praemissa 而来的， 这是意思为“预先发送,以前言的方式说出，放在前边，前缀”的拉丁动词praemittere 的阴性单数形式及中性复数形式。 在中世纪拉丁语中，praemissa 作为阴性形式被用作逻辑状语， 因此我们仍然使用这个来源于中世纪拉丁语的术语premise （第一次记载于1380年前编纂的作品中）。中世纪拉丁语praemissa 的复数形式意为“前面提到的事物”， 用于法律文件并总是以复数形式出现，古法语和中古英语中都从拉丁语中借用了这个词及其用法。中古英语中有一种更特殊的法律方面的意义，“法律文件开头指明并根据转让的财产，如通过赠送”,在中世纪英语和后来的现代英语中也是以复数形式使用。因此当它的意思被扩展为“连同其土地及设施一所房子或一幢建筑”时仍保留这一用法，该用法最初记载于1730年前。〔code〕To systematize and arrange (laws and regulations) into a code.编纂：将（法律和法规）系统化和整理为法典〔Maimonides〕Spanish-born Jewish philosopher and physician. The greatest Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages, he codified the Talmud and inGuide for the Perplexed (1190) reconciled Aristotelian philosophy with Jewish theology. 迈蒙尼德，摩西：(1135-1204) 西班牙裔的犹太哲学家和医生。中世纪最伟大的犹太学者，他编纂了犹太法典并且在《迷途指津》 （1190年）中融合了亚里士多德的哲学和犹太宗教学 〔Varro〕Roman scholar and encyclopedist who reputedly produced more than 600 volumes, covering nearly every field of knowledge.瓦罗，马库斯·泰伦提乌斯：(116-27) 罗马学者和百科全书编纂者，据说他编纂了600多卷，几乎涵盖了每一领域的知识〔Ward〕English clergyman and writer in America. He codified Massachusetts law (1641) and is primarily known for his satireThe Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America (1645). 沃德，内森尼尔：(1578?-1652) 旅居美国的英国牧师、作家。他编纂了马萨诸塞法(1641年），主要以其讽刺作品《阿格瓦姆皮匠在美国》 （1645年）而闻名 〔Midrash〕Any of a group of Jewish commentaries on the Hebrew Scriptures compiled betweena.d. 400 and 1200 and based on exegesis, parable, and haggadic legend. 米德拉西：犹太人对希伯来《圣经》的讲解布道书，编纂于公元 400年到1200年之间，根据对《圣经》词句的评注、寓言以及犹太教法典中的传说而写成 〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔miscellanist〕One who compiles, writes, or edits miscellanies.杂文作家；杂录家：编纂、创作或编辑杂集的人〔lexicography〕The process or work of writing or compiling a dictionary.词典编撰：词典的编纂或撰写的过程或工作〔Ethelbert〕Anglo-Saxon king who ruled all of Britain south of the Humber, was converted to Christianity by Saint Augustine (597), and codified English law (604).埃塞尔伯特：盎格鲁--撒克逊国王，他曾统治亨伯河以南的英国全部地区，597年圣·奥古斯丁使其改信基督教，604年他编纂了英国法律〔Bartlett〕American historian and antiquarian who compiled theDictionary of Americanisms (1848) and served (1850-1853) on the commission that established the boundary between Mexico and the United States. 巴特利特，约翰·罗素：(1805-1886) 美国历史学家和文物工作者，编纂了《美国惯用语辞典》 （1848年），并参与界定了墨西哥和美国之间的界线 〔ambiguous〕"some recondite problem in historiography" (Walter Laqueur). “历史编纂中的一些深奥的问题” （沃尔特·拉克尔）。 〔Confucius〕Chinese philosopher whoseAnalects contain a collection of his sayings and dialogues compiled by disciples after his death. 孔子：中国哲学家，其著作《论语》 包含了他生前的学说和他死后由其门徒编纂而成的言论 〔logion〕One of the sayings of Jesus not recorded in the Gospels but supposed to have belonged to the source material from which they were compiled.耶稣语录：耶稣所说但并未记于福音书中的语句，据信载于编纂福音书的材料中〔Moore〕American jurist noted for his codification of international law.穆尔，约翰·巴塞特：(1860-1947) 美国法学家，因其编纂国际法而闻名〔Field〕American jurist known for his efforts to codify New York State law and regularize court procedures.菲尔德，戴维·达德利：(1805-1894) 美国法律专家，以努力编纂纽约州法律和规范法庭程序著称〔Roget〕British physician and scholar who compiled theThesaurus of English Words and Phrases (1852). 罗杰，彼得·马克：(1779-1869) 英国医师和学者，编纂有《英语单词和短语同类词词典》 （1852年） 〔index〕To furnish with an index:为…编索引：编纂一个目录、索引：〔Furness〕American Shakespearean scholar who with his sonHorace Howard, Jr. (1865-1930), edited acclaimed variorum editions of Shakespeare's plays. 弗内斯，霍勒斯·霍华德：(1833-1912) 美国研究莎士比亚的学者，与他儿子小霍勒斯·霍华德 （1865-1930年）一起编纂了备受称赞的莎士比亚戏剧集注本 |
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