| 单词 | 编辑 |
| 释义 | 〔Watterson〕American editor of theLouisville Courier-Journal (1868-1918). He exerted great political influence and served as a U.S. representative from Kentucky (1876-1877). 沃特森，亨利：(1840-1921) 美国《路易斯维尔信使日报》 （1868-1918年）的编辑。他发挥了巨大的政治影响并担任美国肯塔基州在国会中的众议员(1876-1877年） 〔Leypoldt〕German-born American editor and publisher who founded (1868) the magazine now known asPublishers Weekly. 莱波尔德，弗雷德里克：(1835-1884) 德裔的美国编辑、出版商。他于1868年创立了今天称之为《出版商周报》 的杂志 〔Untermeyer〕American writer and editor of poetry anthologies, includingModern American Poetry (first published 1919), which provided a medium for both established and emerging poets. 安特迈耶，路易斯：(1885-1977) 美国作家以及诗歌选集编辑，其编辑的诗集包括《现代美国诗歌》 （首次出版于1919年），该诗集为地位已确立的诗人和其他的诗人提供了一个发表诗作的场所 〔Fadiman〕American writer and editor. A book reviewer for theNew Yorker (1933-1943), he hosted the Information Please! radio program (1938-1948) and has edited numerous anthologies. 法迪曼，克利福顿·保罗：(生于 1904) 美国作家和编辑。他曾任《纽约人》 （1933-1943年）的书评人，主持过 《信息征请》 广播节目（1938-1948年）并且编辑了许多诗集 〔redact〕To make ready for publication; edit or revise.准备出版；编辑，修改〔Harris〕American philosopher, editor, and educator who established the first public-school kindergarten in the United States (1873).哈里斯，威廉·托里：(1835-1909) 于1873年在美国建立了第一所公立幼儿园的美国哲学家、编辑和教育家〔Lowell〕American editor, poet, and diplomat. He edited theAtlantic Monthly (1857-1861) and served as U.S. minister to Spain (1877-1880) and Great Britain (1880-1885). 洛威尔，詹姆斯·拉塞尔：(1819-1891) 美国编辑，诗人和外交家。他主编了《大西洋月刊》 （1857-1861年）。并曾担任美国驻西班牙公使(1877-1880年）和驻英公使(1880-1885年） 〔editorial〕an editorial position with a publishing company; an editorial policy prohibiting the use of unnamed sources.出版公司中一个编辑职位；禁止使用未署名的资料的编辑政策〔Curie〕French pianist, writer, and editor best known forMadame Curie (1937), a biography of her mother, Marie Curie. 居里，埃弗·丹尼斯：(生于 1904) 法国钢琴家、作家和编辑，以一本描述她的母亲玛丽·居里的传记小说《居里夫人》 （1937年）而闻名 〔nonstandard〕The termnonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandardis not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discoverythat the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structuresand that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakersrather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power.Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind.Many educated speakers freely use forms such ascan't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or informal tone. · Some dictionaries use the termsubstandard to describe forms, such asain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reservingnonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writingbut are still regarded by many as uneducated.Butsubstandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use onlynonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.词条nonstandard 被语言学家和词典编辑人引进用来描述以前已被词条，例如 vulgar 和 illiterate归类的用法和语言种类。 Nonstandand不只是委婉的说法， 而且反映了凭经验得到的发现：被具有权威的群体所用的语种有丰富而且系统的语法结构，而且这些误解被轻蔑描绘更经常地反映了对其说话者的判断，而不是对任何天生的逻辑和表达力的缺乏。然而，要注意，非标准语形式的运用并不必要限制于在公众心目中与其所联系的团体。许多受过教育的说话者自由地用这些形式如can't hardly 或者 ain't I 说流行或非正式的句子。 有些字典用substandard 来描述此类形式， 如ain't， 并与未受教育的言语相联系， 而同时保留nonstandard 用来形容 irregardless 这一类形式， 这些形式普遍用于写作中，但仍被许多人认为是未受教育的用法。但是substandard 本身很容易引起贬低含义的翻译， 大多数语言学家和词典编辑现在只用nonstandard， 在此词典后边有练习〔Locke〕American satirist who edited theToledo Blade (1865-1871). 洛克，戴维·罗斯：(1833-1888.) 美国讽刺作家，编辑有《托勒多之剑》 （1865-1871年） 〔Sparks〕American historian and educator who was editor of theNorth American Review (1823-1829) and president of Harvard University (1849-1853). 斯帕克斯，贾雷德：(1789-1866) 美国历史学家和教育家，曾任《北美评论》 的编辑(1823-1829年）和哈佛大学校长(1849-1853年） 〔Buckley〕American writer and editor known especially for his caustic, polysyllabic wit.巴克利，小威廉·弗兰克：(生于 1925) 美国作家和编辑，尤以尖刻和妙语如珠而闻名〔scan〕In the 1969 edition ofThe American Heritage Dictionary a dead issue was buried by our Usage Panel, 85 percent of whom thought it was acceptable to usescan in the sense "to look over quickly,” though the note stated that this was less formal usage.The usage issue was raised becausescan in an earlier sense meant "to examine closely.” From a historical perspective it is easy to see how these two opposite senses ofscan developed. The source of our word, Latinscandere, which meant "to climb,” came to mean "to scan a verse of poetry,” because one could beat the rhythm by lifting and putting down one's foot.The Middle English verbscannen, derived from scandere, came into Middle English in this sense (first recorded in a text composed before 1398). In the 16th century this highly specialized sense having to do with the close analysis of verse developed other senses,such as "to criticize, examine minutely, interpret, perceive.” From these senses having to do with examination and perception,it was an easy step to the sense "to look at searchingly" (first recorded in 1798),perhaps harking back still to the careful, detailed work involved in analyzing prosody.But a thorough search can change into a quick one, as it seems to have done in the case of the verbscan. 在1969年版的美国传统词典 中，我们的用法委员会放弃了一个已废弃的争议， 其中85%的人认为scan 意为“快速浏览”是可接受的， 虽然注释上说这是非正式的用法。之所以这么用是因为scan 在较早的意义上表示“仔细检查”。 从历史的角度了解scan 的两个相反意思如何发展是容易的。 这个单词的词源是拉丁语scandere ，意为“攀登”，后又演化为“标出诗之格律”， 因为人们可以通过抬起或放下脚来打拍子。中世纪英语动词scannen 即是在这个意义上从 scandere 转化而来的（首次被记载在一本1398年之前编辑的教科书上）。 在16世纪这个已经高度专门化并且用来表示仔细分析诗歌的词语又发展出了其它的意项，如“批评、细致入微地检查、翻译或理解”。从这些表示检查和察觉的意思，很容易就过渡到“细察”(1798年首次被记载）的意义，也可能返回到仔细分析诗体的细微工作。但就象这个动词scan 一样，彻底地搜查可能变成快速地浏览 〔sneak〕Snuck is an Americanism first introduced in the 19th century as a nonstandard regional variant ofsneaked. But widespread use ofsnuck has become more common with every generation. It is now used by educated speakers in all regions,and there is some evidence to suggest that it is more frequent among younger speakers thansneaked is. Formal written English is naturally and properly more conservative than other varieties, of course,and heresnuck still meets with much resistance. Many writers and editors have a lingering unease about the form,particularly if they recall its nonstandard origins.In fact, our consolidated citations, exhibiting almost 10,000 instances ofsneaked and snuck, indicate thatsneaked is preferred by a factor of 7 to 2. And 67 percent of the Usage Panel disapproves ofsnuck. Nevertheless, in recent yearssnuck has been quietly establishing itself in formal writing. An electronic search of a wide range of reputable publications turns up hundreds of citations forsnuck, not just in sports writingbut in news columns and commentary: Snuck 是一个美国独创词， 19世纪作为sneaked 的不标准的地方变体被首次引入。 在每一代，snuck 这个词都得到了广泛应用。 现在，任何地区受过教育的人都使用它，而且证据显示在年轻的使用者中，它比sneaked 更加常用。 当然，正式的文字英语自然要比其它语体保守一些，在这里，snuck 一词还是受到了排挤。 许多作家和编辑对这个词的形式有一种长久的反感，特别是联系到它不标准的起源。实际上，在我们反复验证过的显示约一万个使用sneaked 和 snuck 的引文中， 表明sneaked 受到青睐的程度为七比二。 用法专题使用小组成员中百分之六十七的人的反对snuck 一词。 但是，最近几年，snuck 在正式文体中也悄悄确立了它的地位。 对一系列著名出版物的电子扫描调查显示出几百处使用snuck 的地方， 而且不光是在体育文章中，在新闻专栏和评论中也有使用： 〔Stephen〕British writer and editor whose works includeThe History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (1876) and biographies of Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, and others. 史蒂芬，莱斯利：(1832-1904) 英国作家和编辑，作品包括《18世纪英国思想史》 （1876年）和塞缪尔·约翰逊、亚历山大·蒲柏及他人的传记 〔Hunt〕British writer and editor of theExaminer (1806-1821). He is known for his essays defending romanticism. 亨特，（詹姆斯·亨利） 利：(1784-1859) 英国作家，《观察家》 （1806-1821年）的编辑。他为浪漫主义辩护的散文很著名 〔documentary〕Presenting facts objectively without editorializing or inserting fictional matter, as in a book or film.客观的：客观地而不是象电影或书本那样编辑或插入虚构事件的〔Villard〕German-born American journalist and railroad magnate. He was president of the Northern Pacific Railroad (1881-1884) and formed (1890) the company that later became General Electric. His sonOswald Garrison Villard (1872-1949), a journalist and editor, was president of the New York Evening Post (1900-1918) and owner of The Nation (1918-1935). 维拉德，亨利：(1835-1900) 德裔的美国记者和铁路巨头。他曾任北太平洋铁路公司总裁（1881-1884年），并成立了后来的电业总公司(1890年）。他的儿子奥斯沃尔德·加里森·维拉德 (1872-1949年）做过记者和编辑，担任 《纽约晚邮报》 总裁(1900-1918年），并是 《民族》 的拥有者(1918-1935年） 〔Canby〕American writer and editor ofSaturday Review (1924-1936). He helped establish the Book-of-the-Month Club (1926). 坎比，亨利·塞德尔：(1878-1961) 美国作家及《星期日评论》 的编辑（1924-1936年）。他参与建立了每月一书俱乐部（1926年） 〔Eliot〕American educator and editor who was president of Harvard University (1869-1909) and edited theHarvard Classics (1909-1910), a 50-volume selection of world literature. 埃利奥特，查尔斯·威廉：(1834-1926) 美国教育家和编辑，曾任哈佛大学校长(1869-1909年）并且编辑了一部世界文学的五十卷选集《哈佛古典作品》 （1909-1910年） 〔Jeffrey〕Scottish literary critic and jurist who cofounded (1802) and edited (1803-1829) theEdinburgh Review and was known for his harsh criticism of romanticism. 杰弗里，弗朗西斯：(1773-1850) 苏格兰文学评论家和法官，《爱丁堡评论》 的编辑(1803-1829年）和创办者(1802年）之一，以其对浪漫派严厉的抨击而闻名 〔Campbell〕British poet and editor best known for his ballad "Lord Ullin's Daughter" (1809).坎贝尔，托马斯：(1777-1844) 英国诗人和编辑，以其叙事诗《尤林地主的女儿》（1809年）而享有盛誉〔journalism〕The collecting, writing, editing, and presentation of news or news articles in newspapers and magazines and in radio and television broadcasts.新闻工作：报刊杂志及广播电视报道中新闻或新闻文章的收集、撰写、编辑、及报道〔Lewes〕British philosopher and critic who was the first editor (1865-1866) of theFortnightly Review . 刘易斯，乔治·亨利：(1817-1878) 英国哲学家和文学评论家，曾是《评论双周刊》 的首任编辑(1865年至1866年） 〔editorship〕The position, functions, or guidance of an editor.编辑职位：编辑的职位、功能或指导〔Beecher〕American cleric. A fiery preacher, moderate Calvinist theologian, and resolute abolitionist, he was the father ofCatharine Esther Beecher (1800-1878), who promoted equal educational opportunities for women; Edward Beecher (1803-1895), a clergyman and educator noted for his abolitionist views and writings; and Henry Ward Beecher (1813-1887), a clergyman and newspaper editor famous for his abolitionist orations. Harriet Beecher Stowe was another of Lyman's children. 比彻尔，吕曼：(1775-1863) 美国牧师，热情的传道士、不激进的加尔文派神学家和坚定的废奴主义者。他的四个子女，凯瑟琳·埃丝特·比彻尔 （1800-1878年），她倡导了向妇女提供平等的受教育机会； 爱德华·比彻尔 （1803-1895年），牧师和教育家，以其废奴主义观点和著作而闻名； 亨利·沃德·比彻尔 （1813-1887年），牧师和报刊编辑，以其废奴主义演讲而著名。哈里特·比彻尔·斯托是莱曼的另一个孩子 〔Nicolay〕American biographer and editor who collaborated with John Hay on a biography of Abraham Lincoln (1890) and produced an edition of Lincoln's complete works.尼克雷，约翰·乔治：(1832-1901) 美国传记作家兼编辑，他曾和约翰·海一起撰写亚伯拉罕·林肯的传记(1890年）并出版了林肯全集〔Cerf〕American editor and publisher. Known for his love of puns, he was also a panelist on the television showWhat's My Line? (1952-1968). 塞弗，贝内特·艾尔弗雷德：(1898-1971) 美国编辑和出版商。他还是美国电视节目《哪是我本行？》 （1952-1968年）的专题小组讨论会的主持，以喜用双关语而闻名 〔Cowley〕American writer, editor, and critic whose works include studies of American expatriate writers of the 1920's and commentaries on William Faulkner.考利，马尔科姆：(1898-1989) 美国作家、编辑和评论家，他的作品包括对美国20世纪20年代的流亡作家的研究和对威廉·福克纳的评论〔Newbolt〕British writer and editor known for his patriotic poetry and naval histories.纽博尔德，亨利·约翰：(1862-1938) 英国作家、编辑，以他的爱国诗篇和海军史而闻名〔Curtis〕American journalist and reformer who was the political editor ofHarper's Weekly (1863-1892) and was active in the movement for civil service reform. 柯蒂斯，乔治·威廉：(1824-1892) 美国新闻从业人员和改革家，他曾是《哈帕周刊》 的政治编辑（1863-1892年），并积极参予文官制度改革运动 〔come〕When editorial review commences, that's where you come in.编辑复审开始时，那有你要做的工作〔Weed〕American journalist and politician. Editor of theAlbany Evening Journal (1830-1862), he exerted great political influence as a leader of the Whig Party and later of the Republican Party. 威德，瑟洛：(1797-1882) 美国新闻工作者和政治活动家。曾任《奥尔巴尼晚报》 编辑（1830-1862年），作为辉格党的领导人以及后来共和党的领导人，他都产生了很大的政治影响 〔pandect〕Pandects A digest of Roman civil law, compiled for the emperor Justinian in the sixth centurya.d. and part of the Corpus Juris Civilis. Also called In this sense, also called Digest Pandects 罗马法典：罗马公民法汇编，是在公元 6世纪为罗马皇帝贾斯蒂尼安编辑的，是《国法大全》的一部分 也作 在此意义上也可称作 Digest〔Schurz〕German-born American army officer, politician, and editor. A U.S. senator from Missouri (1869-1875), he influenced Republican Party policy through his speeches and later newspaper editorials.舒尔茨，卡尔：(1829-1906) 德国裔美国陆军军官、政治家和编辑，1869-1875年他成为来自密苏里州的美国国会参议员，他的演讲和后来的报纸编辑对共和党政策产生过影响〔Douglass〕American abolitionist and journalist who escaped from slavery (1838) and became an influential lecturer in the North and abroad. He wroteNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845) and cofounded and edited the North Star (1847-1860), an abolitionist newspaper. 道格拉斯，弗雷德里克：(1817-1895) 美国废奴运动者和记者，他逃离了奴隶束缚(1838年），在北方和国外成为有影响力的演讲者。他著有《弗雷德里克·道格拉斯的生平》 （1845年），与人合作创办并编辑了一种支持废奴的报纸 《北方星辰》 （184-1860年） 〔Eastman〕American writer and editor noted for his social and literary criticism. Founder and editor ofThe Masses (1913-1918) and The Liberator (1919-1922), he wrote Enjoyment of Poetry (1913) and many other books. 伊斯曼，马克斯·福雷斯特：(1883-1969) 美国作家和编辑，以其社会和文学评论著名。他是《群众》 （1913-1918年）和 《解放者》 （1919-1922年）两杂志的创始人及编辑。他写过 《愉悦的诗情》 （1913年）等书 〔newsman〕A man who gathers, reports, or edits news.新间工作者：收集、报导或编辑新闻的人〔Monroe〕American poet who founded and edited (1912-1936)Poetry, an influential magazine in which works of Marianne Moore, Wallace Stevens, and William Carlos Williams were first published. 门罗，哈里艾特：(1860-1936) 美国诗人，创办并编辑了(1912-1936年）有影响的刊物《诗歌》 ，其中玛丽安娜·摩尔、华莱士·斯蒂文斯和威廉·卡洛斯·威廉姆斯的作品首次发表在该刊上 |
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