| 单词 | 缺点 |
| 释义 | 〔flaw〕A defect or shortcoming in something intangible:缺陷：某种无形物质的不足之处或缺点：〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔cosmetic〕Something superficial that is used to cover a deficit or defect.掩饰物：指用于掩盖不足或缺点的某种肤浅的东西〔forgetful〕For a person who has known them so long you are strangely oblivious to their faults. 对于一个认识他们很久的人来说，你异乎寻常地没有意识到他们的缺点。 〔weakness〕A personal defect or failing.See Synonyms at fault 弱点：个人不足或缺点 参见 fault〔pity〕"Compassion is not weakness, and concern for the unfortunate is not socialism" (Hubert H. Humphrey).“同情并非缺点，为不幸者着想并不等于社会主义” （休伯特·H·哈姆福里）。〔wart〕We love and respect you for what you are, warts and all.尽管你也有这样那样的缺点，我们仍然因为你的个性而爱你、尊敬你〔want〕A defect of character; a fault.缺点：人格上的缺点；过失〔ruth〕Sorrow or misery about one's own misdeeds or flaws.悔恨：因自己做错的事或缺点而难过或悲伤〔fly〕A detrimental circumstance or detail; a drawback.瑕疵，美中不足：有损大局的情况或细节；缺点〔blemish〕An imperfection that mars or impairs; a flaw or defect.瑕疵，缺点或污点：损害或破坏的不完美之处；瑕疵或缺点〔play〕played down the defect to protect the troops' morale.把缺点轻描淡写以保护军队的士气〔upside〕the upsides and downsides of home ownership.拥有房屋的优势和缺点〔accuse〕To charge with a shortcoming or an error.指责：因缺点或错误而指控〔reform〕To improve by alteration, correction of error, or removal of defects; put into a better form or condition.改革：通过改变、改正错误或消除缺点来改进；置于更好的形式或状态中〔infirmity〕A failing or defect in a person's character.缺点，弱点：人的意志品质中的缺陷或薄弱之处〔incapacity〕A defect or handicap; a disability.缺陷; 残疾：缺点或弱点；残疾〔defect〕An imperfection that causes inadequacy or failure; a shortcoming.See Synonyms at blemish 欠缺：由不完善而引起的不足和失败；缺点 参见 blemish〔blemish〕"Industry in art is a necessity—not a virtue—and any evidence of the same, in the production, is a blemish" (James McNeill Whistler). “在艺术中勤奋是必须的——而不是什么优点——但作品中任何一点相似之处都是缺点” （詹姆斯·麦尼尔·惠斯勒） 。〔emend〕mendum [defect, fault] mendum [缺陷，缺点] 〔method〕"The convention system has its faults, of course, but I do not know of a better method for choosing a presidential nominee" (Harry S Truman).“传统的一套当然有它的缺点，但我并不认为有选择一个总统提名人的更好的办法” （哈利·S·杜鲁门）。〔human〕Subject to or indicative of the weaknesses, imperfections, and fragility associated with human beings:人性的缺点，人性的脆弱面：属于或表现出与人类相关联的软弱、缺陷和脆弱的：〔blemish〕 Imperfection and fault apply more comprehensively to any deficiency or shortcoming: Imperfection 和 fault 更全面适用于任何不足和缺点： 〔vice〕A flaw or an imperfection; a defect.缺点或者不完美；缺陷〔frailty〕A fault, especially weakness of resolution, arising from the imperfections of human nature.See Synonyms at fault 弱点：源于人性的缺点或过失，尤指意志不坚定 参见 fault〔sound〕Free from moral defect; upright.没有道德缺点的；正直的〔commonsense〕"commonsense scholarship on the foibles and oversights of a genius"(Times Literary Supplement)“关于天才的缺点和失败的常识”(时代文学增刊)〔polite〕from Latin polītus [past participle of] polīre [to polish] * see polish 源自 拉丁语 polītus polīre的过去分词 [除去缺点，使完美] * 参见 polish〔vice〕the vice of untidiness.See Synonyms at fault 不干净的缺点 参见 fault〔forgiving〕Providing a margin for error or shortcomings.仁慈的：容许有错误或缺点的〔reformed〕Improved by the removal of faults or abuses.改良的，改革的：通过清除缺点或弊病后改进的〔complacent〕Contented to a fault; self-satisfied and unconcerned:自满的：对缺点的满意；自我满足且不关心：〔cosmetic〕Serving to modify or improve the appearance of a physical feature, defect, or irregularity:整形用的：用于使某一身体特征、缺点或形状不规则等不足减少以提高外貌的：〔take〕To dissect or analyze (a theory, for example), usually in an effort to discover hidden or innate flaws or weaknesses.详细分析研究：肢解或分析（如，一个理论），通常是籍此以发现隐藏的或固有的弊端或缺点〔criticize〕To judge the merits and faults of; analyze and evaluate.分析，评估：评论…的优点和缺点；分析和评价〔cynic〕A cynic may be pardoned for thinking that this is a dog's life.The Greek wordkunikos, from which cynic comes, was originally an adjective meaning "doglike,” fromkuōn, "dog.” The word was most likely applied to the Cynic philosophers because of the nicknamekuōn given to Diogenes of Sinope, the prototypical Cynic. He is said to have performed such actions as barking in public, urinating on the leg of a table, and masturbating on the street.The first use of the word recorded in English, in a work published from 1547 to 1564, is in the plural for members of this philosophical sect.In 1596 we find the first instance ofcynic meaning "faultfinder,” a sense that was to develop into our modern sense.The meaning "faultfinder" came naturally from the behavior of countless Cynics who in their pursuit of virtue pointed out the flaws in others.Such faultfinding could lead quite naturally to the belief associated with cynics of today that selfishness determines human behavior.犬儒学派成员因认为这是狗的生命而可能被赦免。希腊词kunikos 是 cynic 的来源， 最初为形容词，意思是“似狗”，源自kuon “狗”，。 这个词最适用于犬儒派哲学家，因为给犬儒主义者的鼻祖的绰号是kuon 。 据说他曾经当众吼叫，在桌腿上小便，并且在街上手淫。这个词在一本1547到1564年出版的著作里首次用英语记录下来的用法是，用作复数来指代此哲学学派的成员。1596年，我们发现cynic 的第一个意思是吹毛求疵的人的例子， 也是发展成具有我们现代意义的含义。 “吹毛吹疵的人”这个意思是从无数个以追求指摘别人缺点为美德的犬儒主义者的行为而得来。这种指摘很自然地得出与现在的犬儒主义相联系的信仰，认为自私自利决定人类行为〔failing〕A minor fault.See Synonyms at fault 缺点 参见 fault〔amend〕To remove the faults or errors in; correct.See Synonyms at correct 改正，纠正：改正…的缺点或错误；纠正 参见 correct〔correct〕 Correct refers to eliminating faults, errors, or defects: Correct 指消除过失、错误或缺点： 〔deficiency〕The quality or condition of being deficient; incompleteness or inadequacy.缺点，缺陷：不完善的性质或状况；不完整或不充足 |
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