| 单词 | 美国西部 |
| 释义 | 〔Catlin〕American artist who painted portraits and tribal scenes in the American West and in South and Central America.卡特林，乔治：(1796-1872) 美国艺术家，主要从事于肖像画及美国西部、南美洲和中美洲的部族风情画的创作〔Becker〕American geologist and physicist who did important survey work in the American West, South Africa, and the Philippines.贝克尔，乔治·费迪南德：(1847-1919) 美国地质学家和物理学家。他在美国西部、南非和菲律宾做了重要的调查工作〔California〕A state of the western United States on the Pacific Ocean. It was admitted as the 31st state in 1850. The area was colonized by the Spanish and formally ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). California is often called the Golden State because of its sunny climate and the discovery of gold during its pioneering days. Sacramento is the capital and Los Angeles the largest city. Population, 29,839,250.加利福尼亚：美国西部靠近太平洋的一个州。1850年被收纳为第三十一个州。这个区域是西班牙的殖民地，后按瓜达卢佩一伊达尔戈条约回归美国（1848年）。由于其阳光明媚的气候，并在拓荒年代发现了金矿，加利福尼亚常被称为金色之州。萨克拉门托是其首府，洛杉矶是其最大城市。人口29,839,250〔alfilaria〕An annual Mediterranean plant(Erodium cicutarium) having pinnately dissected leaves and small pink or purple flowers. It is a widespread weed and is used for spring forage in the western United States. Also called filaree ,pin clover 荷兰彪牛儿，芹叶太阳花：一种一年生地中海植物（荷兰彪牛儿） 有羽状多裂叶，开粉红或紫色的小花。它是一种分布很广的野草，在美国西部被用作春季草料 也作 filaree,pin clover〔Smith〕American trader and explorer who opened a number of trade routes throughout the West.史密斯，杰德蒂娅·斯特朗：(1799-1831) 美国贸易商和探险家，他在美国西部开辟了几条新的商业通道〔Remington〕American artist and journalist best known for his sculptures and paintings of the American West.雷明顿，弗雷德里克：(1861-1909) 美国艺术家和记者，以他描绘美国西部生活的雕刻和油画而著称〔intermountain〕Located between mountains or mountain systems, especially lying between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada or Cascade Range in the western United States.位于山脉间的：位于山脉或山系之间的，尤指坐落于落基山脉和内华达山脉或美国西部的卡斯卡达山脉之间的〔Earp〕American frontier law officer involved in the famous gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona (1881).厄普，怀亚特：(1848-1929) 美国西部警官，曾参加过1881年亚利桑那州汤姆斯通市欧卡可拉的著名枪战〔mill〕Tomill, in Western U.S. English, means "to halt a cattle stampede by turning the lead animals.”In theOxford English Dictionary we find this 19th-century example of the verb: "At last the cattle ran with less energy, and it was presently easy to ‘mill’ them into a circle and to turn them where it seemed most desirable" (Munsey's Magazine).This usage ofmill comes from the resemblance of the cattle's circular motion to the action of millstones. A related intransitive sense of the verb is better known in Standard English: A crowd milled around in the street. Originally this sense ofmill also meant "circular motion"; now it means "to move around in churning confusion"with no pattern in particular.Mill 这个词在美国西部所说的英语中， 意为“通过让领头牲畜绕圈子跑来制止牛群的惊跑”。在牛津英语词典 中， 我们可以找到该动词19世纪用法的例子： “最后牛群终于跑得快没劲儿了，这时候可以容易地驱赶头牛，把其它牛绕进圈子里，然后把它们赶到最合适的地方去” （芒西杂志）。Mill 的这种用法来自牛群绕圈跑与磨石运作的相似之处。 该词作不及物动词时所具有的与此相关的意义在标准英语中更为常见： 一群人在大街上兜圈子。 Mill 的这一含义本来亦指“旋转运动”； 现在它指“在旋涡般的混乱中到处移动”，不再有其它特指〔sapsucker〕Any of various small American woodpeckers of the genusSphyrapicus that drill holes in certain trees to drink the sap and eat insects in them, especially S. varius, the common species in the eastern United States, and S. thyrsoides, found in the mountain regions of the western United States. 吸汁啄木鸟：任一种产于美国的吸汁啄木鸟属 小型啄木鸟，在特定种类树木上啄洞并吸食其汁液，吃掉其中的昆虫，尤指美国东部常见的 变色亚属 和生活于美国西部山区地带的 聚伞目亚属 鸟 〔Utah〕A state of the western United States. It was admitted as the 45th state in 1896. First explored by the Spanish in 1540, the region was settled in 1847 by Mormons led by Brigham Young. Salt Lake City is the capital and the largest city. Population, 1,727,784.犹他州：美国西部一个州。在1896年它作为第四十五个州被纳入美国。在1540年首次由西班牙人探险，在1847年由布里格姆·扬格率领的摩门教徒在此地区居住。盐湖城是此州的首府及最大城市。人口1,727,784〔ana〕definitive ana of the early American West.关于早期美国西部的最可靠的资料文集〔Grey〕American writer of Western adventure novels, includingRiders of the Purple Sage (1912). 格雷，赞：(1875-1939) 美国西部历险小说作家，作品有《紫艾丛中的骑士》 （1912年） 〔cowgirl〕A hired woman, especially in the western United States, who tends cattle and performs many of her duties on horseback.女牛仔：尤指美国西部地区受雇来照料牛群并骑于马上完成其大部分工作的女子〔punctuate〕"lectures punctuated by questions and discussions"(Gilbert Highet)“[There is] a great emptiness in America's West punctuated by Air Force bases" (Alfred Kazin)“讲座不时被问题和讨论打断”(吉尔伯特·海特)“在美国西部[有] 一个被空军基地点缀着的巨大空地” (卡津)〔westerner〕A native or inhabitant of the west, especially the western United States.西部地区的人：西部，尤指美国西部的土著或居民〔chapter〕Steamboat travel opened a new chapter in America's exploration of the West.汽船旅行为开发美国西部翻开了新篇章〔outlaw〕The wordoutlaw brings to mind cattle rustlers and gunslingers of the Wild West, but it comes to us from a much earlier time,when guns were not yet inventedbut cattle stealing was.Outlaw can be traced back to the Old Norse word ūtlagr, "outlawed, banished,” made up ofūt, "out,” and lög, "law.” Anūtlagi (derived from ūtlagr ) was someone outside the protection of the law. The Scandinavians, who invaded and settled in England during the 8th through the 11th century, gave us the Old English wordūtlaga, which designated someone who because of criminal acts must give up his property to the crown and could be killed without recrimination.The legal status of the outlaw became less severe over the course of the Middle Ages.However, the looser use of the word to designate criminals in general, which arose in Middle English, lives on in tales of the Wild West.单词outlaw 使人联想到美国西部的偷牛贼和持枪歹徒， 然而在此之前很早这词就已存在了，那时枪还没有发明出来，但已有偷牛贼了。Outlaw 可溯源到古斯堪的纳维亚语 utlagr， 意为“非法的，被放逐的”， 由ut 意为“在…外”和 log 意为“法律”组成。 Utlagi （从 utlagr 衍生而来）形容不受法律保护的人。 在8世纪到11世纪间侵略并定居于英格兰的斯堪的纳维亚人创造了古英语词utlaga， 指由于犯罪行为而必须把财产献给皇家并且即使被杀死也不能反诉。在中世纪时期被放逐者的法律地位不如以前那么严格了。然而中世纪英语中兴起的命名罪犯总称的这种宽松用法在美国西部的传说中仍然存在〔burrito〕from Spanish [diminutive of] burro [burro] * see burro 源自 西班牙语 burro的小后缀 [美国西部小毛驴] * 参见 burro〔brave〕Intrepid pioneers settled the American West.无所畏惧的先驱者们在美国西部定居。〔dogie〕In the language of the American West,a motherless calf is known as adogie. InWestern Words Ramon F. Adams gives one possible etymology for dogie, whose origin is unknown.During the 1880's,when a series of harsh winters left large numbers of orphaned calves,the little calves, weaned too early, were unable to digest coarse range grass,and their swollen bellies "very much resembled a batch of sourdough carried in a sack.”Such a calf was referred to asdough-guts. The term, altered todogie according to Adams, "has been used ever since throughout cattleland to refer to a pot-gutted orphan calf.” Another possibility is thatdogie is an alteration of Spanish dogal, "lariat.” 在美国西部英语中，无母犊牛被称为dogie 。 莱蒙·F·亚当斯为dogie 在 西部语汇 中找到一个词源， 但该词源的出处也是未知的。19世纪80年代，连年酷寒的冬季造成了大量孤犊，尚不能消化粗糙的牧草小牛犊过早断奶，肚子鼓胀“就象装在袋子里的发酵面团”。这样的小牛被称作dongh-guts 。 据亚当斯称，该称呼后来变作dogie ，“整个牧牛区从此用来称呼大肚子的孤犊。” 另外一种可能性是dogie 为西班牙语 dogal 的变体，意即“套索” 〔axolotl〕Any of several salamanders (genusAmbystoma ) native to Mexico and the western United States that, unlike most amphibians, often retain their external gills and become sexually mature without undergoing metamorphosis. 美西蝾螈：几种原产于墨西哥和美国西部地区的蝾螈（蝾螈属 ），不象大多数别的两栖动物，它们一般保留外部的鳃且不用经历蜕变就成熟 〔youngberry〕A trailing, prickly hybrid between a blackberry and a dewberry(Rubus ursinus cv. Young) of the rose family, cultivated in the western United States. 扬氏杂交梅：一种成串带刺的、介于蔷薇科黑莓和露莓之间的杂交品种（扬氏杂交梅 栽培品种 悬钩子属加州露莓） ，在美国西部栽种 〔ranch〕An extensive farm, especially in the western United States, on which large herds of cattle, sheep, or horses are raised.大牧场：大片的农场，尤指位于美国西部，养了大群的牛、羊、马的牧场〔tarweed〕Any of several strong-smelling, resinous western American and Chilean plants of the genusMadia, having yellow, rayed flower heads. 星草菊：任一种产于美国西部和智利的星草菊 属的有强烈气味并分泌树脂的植物，开有黄色的伞形花冠 〔Leidy〕American naturalist and anatomist known for his fossil studies in the western United States.莱迪，约瑟夫：(1823-1891) 美国博物学家和解剖学家。因其在美国西部的化石研究而闻名〔Stegner〕American writer best known for his novels about the American West, includingThe Big Rock Candy Mountain (1943) and Angle of Repose (1971), which won a Pulitzer Prize. 斯达格纳，华莱士·厄尔：美国作家，以其描述美国西部的小说闻名，包括获普利策奖的《大冰糖山》 （1943年）和 《安眠的天使》 （1971年） 〔eohippus〕A small, herbivorous, extinct mammal of the genusHyracotherium (or Eohippus ) from the Eocene Epoch of the western United States, having four-toed front feet and three-toed hind feet and related ancestrally to the horse. 始祖马：始新世产于美国西部的一种属于蹄兔 （或 始祖马 )属的哺乳动物，已灭绝，体型小，食草，前蹄四趾，后蹄三趾，为马的远祖 〔marshal〕Hard-riding marshals of the Wild West in pursuit of criminalsreemphasize the relationship of the wordmarshal with horses. The Germanic ancestor of our wordmarshal is a compound made up of .marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare ), and .skalkaz, "servant,” meaning as a whole literally "horse servant,”hence "groom.”The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word,.marahskalk, starting from these humble beginnings, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander, not surprisingly so, given the importance of the horse in medieval warfare.The word passed into the period (beginning in 800) in which we speak of Old French, after the Franks and their Germanic language had been fused with the surrounding culture descended from Roman Gaul.When the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England,the Old French word came with them.The Middle English source of our word is first recorded as a surname in 1218 (and the surname Marshal, now spelled Marshall, has been held by some famous people),but it is first recorded as a common noun with the sense "high officer of the royal court" in the first English language proclamation (1258) by an English king, Henry III, after the Norman Conquest.Marshal was applied to this high royal official's deputies, who were officers of courts of law,and the word continued to designate various officials involved with courts of law and law enforcement,including the horseback-riding marshals we are familiar with in the United States.西部荒野骑着马对罪犯紧追不舍的警长形象，再次强调了marshal 这个词与马之间的联系。 我们这个单词marshal 的日耳曼语原形是一个由 marhaz “马”（与 mare 的语源相关）和 skalkaz “仆人，佣人”组成的合成词， 字面意思是“马的仆人”，也就是后来的“马夫”。这个日耳曼词的法兰克语的演变marahskalk 从最初卑微的含义演变到特指高级王室官员及高级军事将领， 不仅如此，在中世纪的战场上马也被提升到了重要地位。在法兰克人和他们所说的日耳曼语一起融入周围的罗马高卢人文化之后，这个词进入了我们讲古法语的时代（开始于800年）。当诺曼底人在英格兰建立了一个讲法语的官员阶层之后，古法语里的这个词便随之而来。该词在中世纪英语中最早于1218年作为一个姓氏被记录下来（一些著名人士的姓马歇尔，现在的拼写法为Marshall)，但作为指“王室的高级官员”的普通名词，它最早出现于英国王亨利三世在诺曼征服之后做的一篇英文公告(1258年）。在此文中Marshal 用于指高级王室官员的代表， 也就是司法官员。该词涉及法律和法律实施的不同官员的含义延续了下来，其中就包括我们所熟悉的美国西部骑在马背上的警长〔Wyoming〕Abbr. WY,Wyo.A state of the western United States. It was admitted as the 44th state in 1890. Acquired by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase (1803), Wyoming became a ranching center after the Union Pacific Railroad was established (1868). Cheyenne is the capital and the largest city. Population, 455,975.缩写 WY,Wyo.怀俄明州：美国西部的一个州。1890年被特许成为美国的第44个州，1803年向法国购买路易斯安那州时作为其一部分购得，在太平洋联合铁路建成(1868年）时，怀俄明州成为大农场中心。夏延为首府和最大城市。人口455,975〔western〕Often Western A novel, film, or television or radio program about frontier life in the American West. 常作 Western 西部小说、电影、电视剧或广播：有关美国西部地区的边远地区生活的小说、电影、电视剧或广播节目〔Nevada〕A state of the western United States. It was admitted as the 36th state in 1864. Part of the area ceded by Mexico to the United States in 1848, it was made into a separate territory in 1861 after an influx of settlers who were drawn by the discovery (1859) of the Comstock Lode. Carson City is the capital and Las Vegas the largest city. Population, 1,206,152.内华达州：美国西部的一州。1864年被承认为第36个州。1848年，墨西哥将其部分地区割让给美国。随着1859年康斯托克矿的发现而涌入大量定居者之后，1816年内华达州成为独立地区。卡森城是其首府，最大城市是拉斯维加斯。人口1,206,152〔linnet〕A similar bird(Carpodacus mexicanus) of Mexico and the western United States. Also called In this sense, also called house finch 红雀：与之相似的一种鸟（朱雀属 朱顶雀） ，分布在墨西哥和美国西部 也作 在此意义上也可称作 house finch |
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