| 单词 | 群体 |
| 释义 | 〔wolf〕Either of two carnivorous mammals of the family Canidae, especially the gray wolf of northern regions, that typically live and hunt in hierarchical packs and prey on livestock and game animals.狼：两种犬科食肉哺乳动物中的一种，尤指北方地区的灰狼，它们主要在区分等级的群体中生存和猎食家禽和野生动物〔patriarch〕The oldest member of a group:元老：一个群体中最年长的成员：〔diatom〕Any of various microscopic one-celled or colonial algae of the class Bacillariophyceae, having cell walls of silica consisting of two interlocking symmetrical valves.硅藻：一种由两个互联对称瓣构成硅细胞壁的、硅藻纲类的微小单细胞或群体的细胞藻〔migration〕A group migrating together.移民群，移栖群，洄游鱼群：一起迁移的几个群体〔brunette〕Brunette was for a long time used to denote a woman having a dark complexion; now it is used chiefly in reference to hair color.The general practice is to use the formbrunette to refer only to women, withbrunet as a less frequently used variant that can be applied as well to men and mixed groups. The distinction, like the one betweenblonde and blond, has been regarded as carrying sexist implications.In this case, however, it is difficult to see how the problem can be easily resolved.It is unlikely thatbrunette could be pressed into service as a neutral term, since the suffix-ette is too closely associated with marked feminine gender. Brunet is theoretically available for both sexes but is rarely applied to men, whose corresponding coloration is typically described simply as "brown.”It would, of course, be possible to usebrown for the hair color of both sexes, if only that word could be redeemed from the associations of drabnessthat led to the adoption of the substitutebrunette in the first place. See Usage Note at blond ,-ette Brunette 过去很长一段时间用来指肤色黝黑的女人； 现今多用于指头发的颜色。通常brunette 只指女人， 而不如其常用的变体brunet 可用于指男人和男女都有的群体。 两词的区别正如blonde 和 blond 的区别， 被看成带有性别的含意。即使如此也很难看出如何轻易地解决两词之间区别的这一难题。brunette 不可能被看成一个中性词， 因为后缀-ette 与女性紧密联系。 Brunet 从道理上来说适用于男人和女人，但很少用于指男人。 男人相应的肤色仅用brown表述即可。当然，brown 也可适用于指男女两性的头发颜色， 只要此词不再与卖淫联系在一起。正是由于这一联系brunette 才首先被用作替代词 参见 blond,-ette〔horde〕A nomadic tribe or group.游牧的部落或群体〔idolatrous〕"The religiosity of the[group] is self-righteous and idolatrous. It perceives no virtue in its opponents and magnifies its own" (Christopher Lasch)“［群体］ 的宗教信仰是自以为是和盲目崇拜的。它看不到对手的任何优点却把自己的优点扩大化” (克里斯托弗·拉希)〔class〕The period during which such a group meets:课程，上课：这种群体在一起的期间：〔acquisition〕Something acquired, especially an addition to an established category or group.获得物：获得的东西，尤指一确定范畴或群体之外的〔internal〕Of or relating to the domestic affairs of a nation, group, or business.内政的：属于或关于一个国家、群体、或商业的内部事务的〔minority〕A racial, religious, political, national, or other group regarded as different from the larger group of which it is part.少数：被认为与更大的、将其包含于其中的组群有所不同的一个种族、宗教、政治、民族或其它类型的群体〔argot〕A specialized vocabulary or set of idioms used by a particular group:隐语，行话：在某一特定群体内使用的专门词汇或短语组：〔preagricultural〕Of, relating to, or being a society or population before the advent of agriculture as a means of subsistence.农业社会前的：农业开始成为生存方式之前的社会或群体的、与农业社会前相关的或属于农业社会前的〔collegium〕"This standing firm . . . enables the college to be a community, a collegium of students and faculty working at common problems and possibilities from the shared perspective of the liberal arts"(Robert A. Spivey)“该常设机构…使这个学院成为一个共同体，一个由教师与学生组成的群体，从对人文科学的共同认识出发，解决共同的问题，探索共同的可能性”(罗伯特A.斯皮维)〔individual〕A single human being considered apart from a society or community:个体：被认为是社会或群体对立面的单个的人：〔Fenian〕From alteration influenced by féne [body of freemen under early Irish law] 源自 受 féne的影响 [早期爱尔兰法律统治下的自由民众群体] 〔variety〕A taxonomic subdivision of a species consisting of naturally occurring or selectively bred populations or individuals that differ from the remainder of the species in certain minor characters.变种：一个种类的细小分支，由自然发生或选择繁殖的群体或个体而组成，在一定的较小的特点上不同于此类的剩余者〔putsch〕A sudden attempt by a group to overthrow a government.暴动：由某一群体突然发动的，旨在推翻某政府的企图〔siphonophore〕Any of various transparent, often subtly colored marine hydrozoans of the order Siphonophora, consisting of a floating or swimming colony of polyplike and medusalike individuals and including the Portuguese man-of-war.管水母目：一种透明的，经常略带颜色的海生水合动物，属水螅类，由象珊瑚虫和水母体的飘浮或游泳群体构成，包括葡萄牙僧帽水母〔menfolk〕Men considered as a group.男人：被看成是一群体的男人们〔side〕One of two or more opposing individuals, groups, teams, or sets of opinions.派，一方：两个或更多对立的个体、群体、球队或意见中的一方〔laypeople〕Laymen and laywomen considered as a group.被认为是一个群体的男女外行〔maldistribution〕Faulty distribution or apportionment, as of resources, over an area or among a group.分配不均：在地区或群体中不均匀的分配或分布，如资源〔nonstandard〕The termnonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandardis not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discoverythat the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structuresand that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakersrather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power.Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind.Many educated speakers freely use forms such ascan't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or informal tone. · Some dictionaries use the termsubstandard to describe forms, such asain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reservingnonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writingbut are still regarded by many as uneducated.Butsubstandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use onlynonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.词条nonstandard 被语言学家和词典编辑人引进用来描述以前已被词条，例如 vulgar 和 illiterate归类的用法和语言种类。 Nonstandand不只是委婉的说法， 而且反映了凭经验得到的发现：被具有权威的群体所用的语种有丰富而且系统的语法结构，而且这些误解被轻蔑描绘更经常地反映了对其说话者的判断，而不是对任何天生的逻辑和表达力的缺乏。然而，要注意，非标准语形式的运用并不必要限制于在公众心目中与其所联系的团体。许多受过教育的说话者自由地用这些形式如can't hardly 或者 ain't I 说流行或非正式的句子。 有些字典用substandard 来描述此类形式， 如ain't， 并与未受教育的言语相联系， 而同时保留nonstandard 用来形容 irregardless 这一类形式， 这些形式普遍用于写作中，但仍被许多人认为是未受教育的用法。但是substandard 本身很容易引起贬低含义的翻译， 大多数语言学家和词典编辑现在只用nonstandard， 在此词典后边有练习〔people〕pl. peo.ples A body of persons sharing a common religion, culture, language, or inherited condition of life.【复数】 peo.ples 民族：有共同的宗教信仰、文化、语言或继承同一种生活条件的人的群体〔casern〕from Old Provençal cazerna [group of four men] 源自 古普罗旺斯语 cazerna [四人组成的群体] 〔orient〕To focus (the content of a story or film, for example) toward the concerns and interests of a specific group.使…朝向：将（比如小说或电影的内容）集中表现以迎合某一特定群体的关注点和兴趣〔boast〕Some have objected to the use ofboast as a transitive verb meaning "to possess or own (a desirable feature),” as inThis network boasts an audience with a greater concentration of professionals and managers than any other broadcast vehicle. This usage is by now well established, however,and is acceptable to 62 percent of the Usage Panel.有人反对将boast 用作意指“占有或拥有（一种良好素质）”的及物动词， 比如在这家媒体网络拥有比任何其他传播媒介都大的专业人员和管理人员群体 中。 然而这种用法已被广泛接受了，百分之六十二的用法专题使用小组成员同意这种用法〔horseflesh〕Horses considered as a group, especially for driving, riding, or racing.（总称）马：被看作一个群体的马，特别是用于拖运东西，骑用或比赛用的马〔clannish〕Inclined to cling together as a group and exclude outsiders.小集团的：倾向于联成一个群体并排斥外来者的〔talent〕A person or group of people having such ability:天才：具有这样能力的个人或群体：〔custom〕A practice followed by people of a particular group or region.习俗，风俗：某一特定群体或地区的人们所遵循的惯例〔colony〕an island penal colony.一个岛的流放群体〔pastor〕A Christian minister or priest having spiritual charge over a congregation or other group.本堂牧师：对圣会或其它群体进行精神引导的基督教主持人或牧师〔vest〕To place (authority, property, or rights, for example) in the control of a person or group, especially to give someone an immediate right to present or future possession or enjoyment of (an estate, for example). Used within : 授权：给某人或者群体权威、财产或者权利，特别是给某人对当前或者将来财产或者享乐（如地产）的权利。与in 一起用： 〔constituency〕A group served by an organization or institution; a clientele:主顾：一个组织或机构所服务的对象群体；顾客：〔squadron〕An organized multitude:有组织的一个群体：〔poetry〕The poetic works of a given author, group, nation, or kind.诗集：某一特定的作者、群体、国家或种类的诗歌作品〔polypary〕The common supporting framework of a colony of polyps, especially of coral.珊瑚虫群体的附着基：一群水螅类生物的共同支架，尤指珊瑚虫〔chimera〕An organism consisting of two or more tissues of different genetic composition, produced as a result of mutation, grafting, or the mixture of cell populations from different zygotes.嵌合体：由两种或两种以上有不同基因结构的组织所构成的有机体，由于突变、嫁接或来自不同合子的细胞群体相混合而产生 |
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