| 单词 | 而且 |
| 释义 | 〔motley〕"Most Ivy League freshman classes are chosen from a motley collection of constituencies . . . and a bare majority of entering students can honestly be called scholars"(New York Times)See Synonyms at miscellaneous “常春藤联合会的大部分新成员选自于五花八门的候选人集合体…而且有过半数的新生简直可以被称作学者”(纽约时报) 参见 miscellaneous〔internecine〕In the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary 91 percent of the Usage Panel approved the use ofinternecine relating to internal struggle within a nation or organization that did not necessarily imply fatal or destructive conflict.The objection that had been overcome for most of the Panel was thatinternecine should imply such destruction because it came from the Latin wordinternecīnus, a variant ofinternecīvus, "fought to the death, murderous,” ultimately derived fromnecāre, "to kill.” Inter- in this compound is simply an intensive, supplying the notion of "all the way to" in the sense "fought to the death.”Internecine in English, first recorded in 1663, indeed meant "deadly, destructive,”but Samuel Johnson, inserting the word in his dictionary of 1755,thought thatinter- meant "mutual" and so defined it as "endeavoring mutual destruction.”This definition set the word incorrectly on its present course,and wheninternecine was further extended simply to mean "relating to internal struggle,” the original error was compounded.However, the point is that the meaning of words can be changed by mistakes and that mistaken meanings adhere to words.Only an occasional etymologist points out that the emperor's new clothes are patched.在美国经典辞书 第一版中， 百分之九十一的用法专题使用小组成员赞同internecine 与一个国家或组织内部的斗争有关， 但并不一定是致命的或有破坏性的冲突。为大多数小组成员说服的反对意见为internecine 应该暗指这种破坏， 因为它来源于拉丁词internecinus ， 是internecivus 的变体，意为“战至死亡的，谋杀的”， 它最终来源于意为“杀害”的necare 。 在这个复合词中inter- 只是简单的一个强调成分， 在“战至死亡的”这个意义上加上“一直”这个概念。在英语中internecine 最早记载于1663年， 确实意味着“致死的，破坏性的”，但是塞缪尔·约翰逊在其1755年的字典中插入此词，认为inter- 意为“共同的”， 并且将它定义为“竭力造成共同破坏的”。这个定义造成此词今日用法的不准确，而且当internecine 更进一步被简单地引申为“关于内部斗争的”时， 其起源的错误就加重了。但是，重要的是词的意思被错误改变并且为错误意思所追随。只有偶尔的一个词源学家指出“皇帝的新衣服打满补丁”〔onager〕A fast-running wild ass(Equus hemionus subsp. onager) of central Asia, having an erect mane and a broad black stripe along its back. 中亚野驴：一种跑得很快的野生驴（马属 波斯野驴 亚种 中亚野驴） ，产于亚洲中部，长有竖立的鬃毛，而且背上有一条很宽的黑色条纹 〔myriad〕Throughout most of its history in Englishmyriad was used as a noun, as ina myriad of men. In the 19th centuryit began to be used as an adjective,as inmyriad men; this usage became so well entrenchedthat many people came to consider it as the only correct possibility.In fact, both uses have not only ample precedent in English but also etymological justification from Greek,in as much as the Greek wordmurias from which myriad derives could be used as either a noun or an adjective.Both uses may be considered equally acceptable,as in Samuel Taylor Coleridge's"Myriad myriads of lives.” 在英语中，myriad 的大部分历史一直被用作名词， 如在数以万计的男子 。 在19世纪，它开始被用作形容词，如在myriad men 中， 这种用法很快就被人们认可了，而且还认为它是唯一的正确用法。事实上，这两种用法不仅在英语中而且在希腊语的语源纠正中都有许多先例，因为源于myriad 的希腊语单词 munias ， 既可用作名词也可用作形容词。两种用法同样被接受，如塞缪尔·泰勒尔里奇的"Myriad myriad of lives" 〔Zebulon〕In the Old Testament, a son of Jacob and Leah and the forebear of one of the tribes of Israel.泽布伦：旧约中雅各和利亚的儿子，而且是以色列一个部落的祖先〔cannot〕rather, it means "Brian appears to be unable to get angry.”But the idiom serves a useful purpose,since the syntax of English does not allow a logical equivalentlikeBrian seems to cannot . . . ; and thecannot seem to construction is so widely used that it would be pedantic to object to it. See Usage Note at but ,care ,help 而是表示“布赖恩看上去无法动怒”。但这个习语是有意义的，因为英语的句法不能容许其逻辑上的对应物，如Brian seems to cannot… ； 而且cannot seem to 这一结构是如此广泛地被使用以至于若反对它就太学究气了 参见 but,care,help〔lagniappe〕Lagniappe derives from New World Spanish la ñapa, "the gift,” and perhaps ultimately from Quechua yapay, "to give more.” The word came into the rich Creole dialect mixture of New Orleans and there acquired a French spelling. It is still used chiefly in southern Louisiana to denote a little bonus that a friendly shopkeeper might add to a purchase. By extension, it may mean "an extra or unexpected gift or benefit.” Lagniappe 源于新大陆西班牙语中的 la~napa （“礼物”），而且也许最终来自盖丘亚语中的 yapay （“给得更多”）。这个词进入了新奥尔良富有的克里奥耳人的对话用语并因此具有了法语的拼法。直至今日它还是主要用于路易斯安那州的南部，用来形容那些友好的店主们可能会在你所购物之外给予额外的东西。根据它的延伸意，该词可以指“额外的或意料不到的礼物或收益。” 〔diseur〕A man who is a skilled and usually professional performer of monologues.男独白艺人：有技术的而且通常是专业的独自表演的男子〔epic〕"Here in the courtroom . . . there was more of that epic atmosphere, the extra amperage of a special moment"(Scott Turow)“这里是审判室…不仅仅有其庄严的气氛，而且在这一特殊的时刻有着更强烈的震撼”(斯科特·图罗)〔operetta〕A theatrical production that has many of the musical elements of opera but is lighter and more popular in subject and style and contains spoken dialogue. Also called light opera 轻歌剧：一种歌剧性的、具有许多音乐成分的戏剧性作品，它轻快活泼，而且在主题和风格方面更加通俗，其中包含口语 也作 light opera〔doubt〕That is also the usual choice when the truth of the clause following doubt is assumed, as in negative sentences and questions. ThusI never doubted for a minute that I would be rescued implies "I was certain that I would be rescued.” By the same token,Do you doubt that you will be paid? seems to pose a rhetorical question ("Surely you believe that you will be paid"), whereasDo you doubt whether you will be paid? may express a genuine request for information and might be followed bybecause if you do, you should make the client post a bond. In other cases, however, this distinction betweenwhether and that is not always observed, andthat is frequently used as a substitute for whether. If may also be used as a substitute forwhether but is more informal in tone. ·In informal speech the clause followingdoubt is sometimes introduced with but: I don't doubt but (or but what ) he will come. Reputable precedent exists for this construction,as in"I do not doubt but England is at present as polite a Nation as any in the World" (Richard Steele),but modern critics sometimes object to its use in formal writing.See Usage Note at but ,if 在否定句及疑问句中当doubt 后的从句所作陈述被认为是真时，用 that 。 所以我从不怀疑我会被救起 意思就是“我确信我会得救”。 同样你怀疑人家会赖帐吗？ 似乎就成了一个反问句（“你当然相信人家不会赖帐了”）， 而你怀疑人家是否付款吗？ 就表示一个真诚的询问， 可能接下来会说因为如果你怀疑的话，你就该让顾客付保证金 。 在其它情况下，whether 和 that 的区别并不很明显， 而且that 经常用来替代 whether。 If 也经常用来代替whether ， 但是语气不很正式。在非正式语气中doubt 后面的从句有时由 but引导：I don't doubt but （或 but what ) he will come。 这种结构有其先例且属规范用法，如“我不怀疑目前的英格兰象世界上其他国家一样是礼义之邦” （理查德·斯蒂尔），但现代评论家有时反对在正式文体中这样使用 参见 but,if〔discus〕A small, brilliantly colored South American freshwater fish(Symphysodon discus) that has a disk-shaped body and is popular in home aquariums. 七彩神仙鱼：产于南美的一种色彩艳丽的小型淡水鱼（七彩神仙鱼） ，身体呈圆盘状，而且是一种很受欢迎的家养观赏鱼 〔nauseous〕Traditional critics have insisted thatnauseous is appropriately used only to mean "causing nausea" and that it is incorrect to use it to mean "affected with nausea,”as inRoller coasters make me nauseous. In this example,nauseated is preferred by 72 percent of the Usage Panel. What is curious, however,is that 88 percent of the Panelists indicated that they would prefernauseating in the sentenceThe children looked a little green from too many candy apples and nauseous rides. Thus it appears that like a handful of other words such astranspire, nauseous is actively used mainly in the sense in which it is considered incorrect. · While the use ofnauseous to mean "affected with nausea" may incur critical displeasure, it should be pointed out in its defense not only that it is quite common among educated speakersbut that it is subtly distinct fromnauseated in this sense. Nauseated is a passive participle, and hence suggests a condition induced by a specific external cause.By contrast,nauseous is an adjective that refers to an occurrent state whose cause may be nonspecific or unknown.The person who reports thatI woke up this morning feeling nauseous might not be willing to accept that he or she had beennauseated by any external agent. 传统的评论家坚持认为nauseous 只适合用于“引起人厌恶的”意思， 而用于指“患恶心症的”是不正确的，就像在巨浪滑行者使我感到恶心 中一样。 在这个例子中，nauseated 被72%的用法专题使用小组成员认为是合适的。 然而，有趣的是，88%的成员认为他们会选用nauseating 这个词， 用在句子太多的苹果糖和令人恶心的骑乘使得孩子们的脸色有点绿 中。 因此似乎像许多别的词如transpire那样，nauseous 积极地主要用于被人认为是不正确的意思中。 然而用nauseous 来指“患恶心症”可能引起评论的不愉快， 作为防卫我们应该指出不仅在受过教育的演说者中此种用法普遍，而且在这个意思上它和nauseated 有细微的区别。 Nauseated 是过去分词， 因此意味着由特殊的外部原因引导的条件。相反nauseous 是形容词指偶发的状态， 可能是非特殊的或不知道的。声称我早上起来时感到恶心 的人， 可能不情愿接受他或她被任何外界力量所恶心到 〔polyposis〕A hereditary disease in which numerous polyps erupt in a part of the body, especially on the lining of the colon and rectum, and often become malignant.息肉病：一种遗传性疾病，症状是在身体的某一部位出现许多息肉，尤指在结肠和直肠的内壁上的，而且经常转变成恶性的〔zoea〕A larval form of crabs and other decapod crustaceans, characterized by one or more spines on the carapace and rudimentary limbs on the abdomen and thorax. 蟹幼体：蟹和其它十足目甲壳纲动物的幼虫形式，其特点是在其背甲上有一个或多个脊椎，而且在腹部和胸部有一个或多个未发展完全的肢体〔trivial〕"I think all Christians . . . agree in the essential articles,and that their differences are trivial,and rather political than religious" (Samuel Johnson).Somethingtrifling is so unimportant or so small as to be scarcely worth notice: “我认为所有的基督徒…在主要问题上的意见是一致的，而他们的分歧都是不重要的，而且往往是政治方面的而非宗教方面的” （塞缪尔·约翰逊）。trifling 指的是某物太小或太不重要以致于几乎不值得注意： 〔Philistine〕"our plastic, violent culture, with its philistine tastes and hunger for novelty"(Lloyd Rose)“我们易受影响的扭曲的文化，趣味低级而且缺乏新颖性”(劳埃德·罗斯)〔parent〕The Usage Panel is better disposed to accept the verbparent than in previous surveys, though a majority continues to find it unacceptable.In 1968 it was acceptable to only 19 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey45 percent accepted it in the sentenceIn looking for foster homes, we give preference first to relatives and second to families with prior experience in parenting. · The use of the verbparent to mean "act as a parent to" is not entirely new:it occurs as early as 1884 in a metaphorical context.But its use in a literal sense with respect to children is a recent development and reflects a modern reconceptualization of family life.The word is not completely synonymous with the traditional expressionraise a child, though the precise nature of the differences may depend on the context.For some speakers,use of the word suggests a self-conscious shift from child to parent as the focus of the parental relationship,and it may be this implication that feeds critical reservations about the verb.But the usage also reflects a widespread practical realizationthat the activities required of a parent extend well beyond the direct interactionwith the child emphasized inchild raising. Thus theparenting classes for young parents offered by schools and state agencies encompass not only the activities traditionally associated with raising a childbut also topics such as personal self-sufficiency, household financial management, and methods of dealing with schools and health care agencies.See Usage Note at father 用法小组比以往更倾向于接受动词parent 了， 虽然还有大部分人觉得不可接受。1968年仅有19％的小组成员认同这种用法；在最近的调查中，有45％的人接受了它,如在：在寻找收养家庭时，我们首先选孩子的亲戚，其次是有过养育孩子经历的家庭 这样的句子中的用法。 Parent 的意为“做…的父（母）”动词用法， 并不完全是个新用法：早在1884年，在一个比喻性的文章中就出现过了。但就孩子这方面而言，它的本义是近期发展的结果并反映了现代家庭生活的观念。这个词并不与习语 raise a child 完全同义， 尽管不同之处确切的性质可能取决于说话背景。但对一些人来说，使用这个词暗含一个把家长的关系作为重点的自觉的从孩子到父母的转换，也许正是这个隐含的用意引起了关于这个动词批评性的保留。然而，这个用法也反映了广泛的现实认识，即要求父母的活动扩展到超出直接与孩子的相互作用，这个相互作用在 child raising 这个短语中有所强调。 因此，由学校和国家专门部门向年轻家长提供的 parenting 课， 不仅包括传统上与抚养孩子有关的事务，而且还包括诸如个人自给自足、家庭财政管理和同学校和保健部门打交道的方法等课题 参见 father〔Murdoch〕Irish-born writer whose intricate and philosophical novels includeUnder the Net (1954) and The Sea, the Sea (1978). 默多克，（简）伊里斯：(生于 1919) 爱尔兰裔美国作家，其深奥而且带有哲理性的小说包括《在网下》 （1954年）和 《海，海》 （1978年） 〔Izalco〕An active volcano, about 2,388 m (7,828 ft) high and still increasing in height, of western El Salvador. It is sometimes called "the Lighthouse of the Pacific.”伊萨尔科火山：一座活火山，约2,388米(7,828英尺）高，而且高度仍不断增长，位于萨尔瓦多西部。有时被称为“太平洋的灯塔”〔see〕"I saw the pots . . . red-hot . . . and observed that they did not crack at all" (Daniel Defoe).“我看见缸子…又红又热…而且发现它们根本就不会破裂” （丹尼尔·狄佛）。〔opossum〕The wordopossum takes us back to the earliest days of the United States. The settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, was founded in 1607 by the London Company, chartered for the planting of colonies.Even though the first years were difficult,promotional literature was glowing.In one such piece,A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colonie in Virginia, published in 1610, we find this passage: "There are . . . Apossouns, in shape like to pigges.”This is the first recorded use ofopossum, although in a spelling that differs from the one later settled on to reproduce the sound of the Virginia Algonquian word from which our word came.The wordopossum and its shortened form possum, first recorded in 1613 in more promotional literature, remind us of a time when the New World was still very new, settlers were few,and the inhabitants for whom the New World was not new were plentiful.词语opossum 把我们带回到了早期的美国社会。 伦敦公司，作为开拓殖民地的委托者，在1607年建立了弗吉尼亚詹姆斯敦的居民点。即使在最初的年代里很困难，激进文学也开始抬头。在其中有一篇于1610年出版的弗吉尼亚殖民地的真实宣言 ， 其中有一段“一种形似猪的动物”，就是最早的关于opossum 的记录， 虽然它的拼写和现在我们所使用的弗吉尼亚阿尔贡金语的拼写有所不同。词语opossum 和其缩写形式 possum 最初于1613年记录在更加激进的文学作品中， 让我们回想起当新大陆还很陌生而且只有很少的居住者时，已有许多对于新大陆并不陌生的土著居民〔see〕 Contemplate implies looking attentively and thoughtfully: Contemplate 暗示专心而且彻底地看着： 〔scour〕To range over (an area) quickly and energetically.穿梭：在（某一地区）迅速而且有活力的穿行〔kudu〕Either of two large African antelopes(Tragelaphus strepsiceros or T. imberbis) having a brownish coat with narrow, white vertical stripes and, in the male, long, spirally curved horns. 捻角羚：两种非洲大羚羊（大弯角羚 羚羊属 或 小弯角羚 羚羊属） 之一，长有带白色细长竖纹的棕色皮毛，而且雄性有螺旋形弯曲的长角 〔rarely〕In an earlier surveya large majority of the Usage Panel found this construction unacceptable in formal writing.Butever has been used as an intensive with rarely for several hundred years, and the construction is common in informal contexts.By contrast, the constructionsrarely (or seldom ) if ever and rarely (or seldom ) or never are unexceptionable: 根据以前做的调查，大多数用法专题小组认为这种结构不可接受，尤其在正式文章中。但ever 用在 rarely 之后表示强调已有几百年的历史， 而且这种结构在非正式场合是常用的。相反，rarely （或 seldom ) if ever 和 rarely （或 seldom ) or never 这样的结构却是完全能接受的： 〔Charlemagne〕King of the Franks (768-814) and founder of the first empire in western Europe after the fall of Rome. His court at Aix-la-Chapelle became the center of a cultural rebirth in Europe, known as the Carolingian Renaissance.查理曼：法兰克国王(768-814年），而且是罗马灭亡后西欧第一个帝国的创始人，他在艾克斯拉沙佩勒的宫廷成为欧洲文化复兴的中心，因加洛林文艺复兴而闻名〔coccolith〕A microscopic skeletal plate made of calcite that protects certain marine phytoplankton and which, in a fossilized state, forms chalk and limestone deposits.球石：由方解石制成的显微骨架板，保护某些海洋浮游植物，而且它在变成化石状态时形成白垩和石灰石沉积物〔liable〕Liable, apt, and likely are often used interchangeably in constructions with following infinitives, as inJohn is liable to lose, John is apt to lose, and John is likely to lose. The three words are distinct in meaning.A widely repeated rule holdsthatliable should only be used if the subject would be adversely affected by the outcome expressed by the infinitive. The rule therefore permitsJohn is liable to fall out of his chair if he doesn't sit up straight but notThe chair is liable to be slippery, though constructions of the latter type have long been common in reputable writing.Apt usually suggests that the subject has a natural tendency enhancing the probability of an outcome, and that the speaker is in some way apprehensive about the outcome.Thusapt is more naturally used in a sentence like The fuel pump is apt to give out at any minute than in Even the clearest instructions are apt to be misinterpreted by those idiots (since the instructions are not at fault)or inThe fuel pump is apt to give you no problems for the life of the car (since there is no reason that the speaker should regard such an outcome as unfortunate).Likely is more general than either liable or apt. It ascribes no particular property to the subject that enhances the probability of the outcome:whileJohn is apt to lose the election may suggest that the loss will result from something John does or fails to do, John is likely to lose the election does not. Nor does it suggest anything about the desirability of the outcome from the point of view of either the speaker or the subject.A football coach who saysWe are apt to win may be suspected of sarcasm,and one who saysWe are liable to win may be suspected of having bet on the opposition;onlyWe are likely to win is consistent with the expression of an unambivalent expectation of victory. See Usage Note at likely Liable，apt 和 likely 在如下不定式结构中经常可以互换， 例如 John is liable to lose，John is apt to lose 和 John is likely to lose 。 这三个词的意思是有区别的。一条公认的语法规则认为，只有当主语受不定式所表示的动作或结果的不利影响时，才使用liable 。 因此这条规则允许说如果约翰不坐直身子的话，他很容易从椅子上掉下来的 ， 但不允许说椅子可能很滑 ， 尽管在规范的写作中，后一种类型的句型已经很普遍了。Apt 通常表示主语有增加某种结果的可能性的自然倾向， 而且说话者对此结果多少有些忧虑。因此，apt 用在句子 燃料泵可能随时停止运转 中，比用在 即使是最明了的指令也有可能被那些白痴误解 中更自然 （因为错的不是指令），也比用在燃料可能不会对你的车的使用寿命带来什么问题 中更合适 （因为说话者没有理由认为这样一个结果很不幸）。Likely 比 liable 或 apt 更具概括性。 它并不说明增加了一个结果的可能性的主语是否具有何特性：句子约翰在选举中可能会失败 可能暗示失败归因于约翰所做的或没能做的某件事， 而句子约翰在选举中有可能失败 则没有这种暗示。 另外，它也没有关于说话者或主语是否喜欢某一结果的暗示。如果一位足球教练说We are apt to win ， 他可能带有讽刺意味，但如果他说We are liable to win ， 他的意思是他认为他们可能会输；只有说We are likely to win ，才明确表示有希望获胜 参见 likely〔shall〕The sentenceYou shall have your money expresses a promise ("I will see that you get your money"), whereasYou will have your money makes a simple prediction. · Such, at least, are the traditional rules.But the distinction has never taken firm root outside of what H.W. Fowler described as "the English of the English" (as opposed to that of the Scots and Irish), and even there it has always been subject to variation.Despite the efforts of generations of American schoolteachers, the distinction is largely alien to the modern American idiom.In Americawill is used to express most of the senses reserved for shall in English usage, andshall itself is restricted to first person interrogative proposals, as inShall we go? and to certain fixed expressions, such asWe shall overcome. Shall is also used in formal style to express an explicit obligation,as inApplicants shall provide a proof of residence, though this sense is also expressed bymust or should. In speech the distinction that the English signal by the choice ofshall or will may be rendered by stressing the auxiliary, as in I will leave tomorrow ("I intend to leave"); by choosing another auxiliary, such as must or have to; or by using an adverb such as certainly. · Many earlier American writers observed the traditional distinction betweenshall and will, and some continue to do so.The practice cannot be called incorrect,though it may strike American ears as somewhat mannered.But the distinction is difficult for those who do not come by it natively,and Americans who essay ashall in an unfamiliar context run considerable risk of getting it wrong, and so of being caught out in that most embarrassing of linguistic gaffes, the bungled Anglicism.See Usage Note at should 句子你将得到你的钱 表达了一种承诺（“我将保证你得到你的钱”）， 而你会得到你的钱 仅仅做出了简单预测。 这些至少是传统规则。但是这种用法上的区别仅局限于H·W·福勒所描述的“英格兰人的英语”（与苏格兰人和爱尔兰人的英语相对），即使在英格兰英语中它一直在变化。尽管经过几代美国学校教师的努力，这种区别对现代美国习惯用语仍是相当生疏的。在美国，will 被用来表达在英国用法中大多为 shall 保留的含义， 而shall 则限于第一人称疑问句式的提议， 如在我们该走了吧? 及某些固定表达中， 例如我们会克服的。 Shall 也用在正式文体中表示明确职责，如申请者应提供居留证明 ， 虽然这个意义也可用must 或 should 表达。 在口语中可以通过强调助动词shall 或 will ，如 我 将 于明天离开 （“我打算明天离开”）；或通过选择另一个助动词 must 或 have to ；或通过使用如 certainly 这样的副词来表达英国人用这两个词时的区别。 许多早期的美国作家注意到了shall 和 will 之间的传统区别， 而且一些人仍在继续这样做。这种用法不能被称作不正确，虽然美国人听起来有点矫揉造作的意味。但是这种区别对于那些不能通过母语了解它的人是困难的，而且在一个不熟悉的上下文中，试图用shall 的美国人很有可能犯错误， 因而在许多令人难堪的语言即被搞得一团糟的英式英语中出丑 参见 should〔opponent〕 Adversary suggests a more formidable opponent and can imply animosity: Adversary 暗含难以对付的对手，而且可能产生敌意： 〔lean〕 Lank describes one who is thin and tall,andlanky one who is thin, tall, and ungraceful: Lank 用来形容瘦而高的人，而lanky 则指瘦高而且难看的人： 〔elve〕An extremely dim, short-lived, expanding disk of reddish light found above thunderstorms and believed to be created by electromagnetic pulses from intense lightning.淘气精灵：出现在雷雨上方的微弱、短暂、延伸的红光盘，而且据信是由强烈闪电时的电磁脉冲所造成的〔indifferent〕“[His] maturity appears in the detached clear-sightedness with which he could observe his own character" (David Cecil). “［他的］ 成熟表现在他客观公正而且敏锐的洞察力中，正是这种洞察力使他能省视自己的性格” （戴维·塞西尔）。〔verbal〕Verbal has been used to refer to spoken, as opposed to written, communication by reputable writers since the 16th century, and the usage cannot be considered incorrect.But critics are right to observe that this use ofverbal may sometimes invite confusion with the use meaning "by linguistic means.” Thus the phrasemodern technologies for verbal communication may refer only to devices such as radio, the telephone, and the loudspeaker, or also may refer to devices such as the telegraph, the teletype, and the fax machine.In such contexts the wordoral is always available to convey the narrower sense of communication by spoken means. Verbal 自16世纪以来一直为优秀作家所使用，用来指与书面交流相对的口头交流， 而且不能认为这一用法是不正确的。但是批评家们却正确地评论说verbal 的这一用法有些时候可能会与意指“通过语言的方式”的用法相混淆。 由此modern technologies for verbal communication（用于语言交流的现代技术） 这一短语可能只用于指诸如无线电广播、电话以及扬声器之类的装置， 或者也有可能又指诸如电报机、电传打字机以及传真机之类的装置。在这种情况中，oral 一词总是用来表示用口头方式的狭义上的交流 〔website〕A set of interconnected webpages, usually including a homepage, generally located on the same server, and prepared and maintained as a collection of information by a person, group, or organization.网站：一连串互相连接的网页，通常含有一个首页，而且一般都放置在同一个服务器下，由某个人、团体或机构作为一种信息集来制作和维持〔noncommittal〕"His face was the color of a freshly baked pork pie and as noncommittal"(Thomas Pynchon)“他的脸色象刚刚烤过的猪肉饼，而且表情暖昧”(托马斯·平琼)〔secret〕a menacing and furtive look to his eye. Somethingsurreptitious is stealthy, furtive, and often unseemly or unethical: 他眼中流露出威胁和狡黠的眼神。 说某物Surreptitious 是指鬼鬼祟祟的、狡猾的， 而且经常是不体面或无美感的： 〔then〕With considerably more in addition:而且远不止此：〔concertize〕"has worked extensively on Broadway, has also made several movies, starred in a television series and concertized regularly throughout the country"(Jeremy Gerard)“在百老汇辛苦地干过，也拍过几部电影，在电视系列片中作过客串明星，而且定期举办全国巡回音乐会”(杰里米·杰勒德) |
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