| 单词 | 聪明 |
| 释义 | 〔adder〕The biblical injunction to be wise as serpents and innocent as doves looks somewhat alien in the Middle English guise "Loke ye be prudent as neddris and symple as dowves.”Neddris, which is perhaps the strangest-looking word in this Middle English passage, would beadders in Modern English, with a different meaning and form. Adder, an example of specialization in meaning, no longer refers to just any serpent or snake, as it once did, but now denotes only specific kinds of snakes.Adder also illustrates a process known as false splitting, or juncture loss: the word came from Old Englishnǣdre and kept its n into the Middle English period, but later during that stage of the language people started analyzing the phrasea naddre as an addre —the false splitting that has given us adder. “象蟒蛇一样聪明，象白鸽一样无邪”的圣经训谕与在中古英语中的“象蛇一样智虑，象鸽子一样简单”的表达法看起来颇为不同。Neddris 也许是中古英语的中看起来较奇怪的一个词， 在现代英语中为adders ，意义和形式相差很大。 Adder 作为意义特殊化的一个例子，不再象从前一样表示蟒蛇或蛇， 而只表示蛇的特殊种类。Adder 同时也说明了错误分离或连音遗失的过程： 这个词来源于古英语的needre 并在中古英语中保留 n ， 但是在后来的英语发展阶段，人们开始将词组a naddre 分析为 an adder --这种错误的分离给我们提供了 adder 一词 〔apt〕Quick to learn or understand:聪明的：迅速学习或理解的：〔subtle〕Characterized by skill or ingenuity; clever:技艺精湛的，聪明的：以技能或才智为特征的；聪明的：〔tactician〕A clever maneuverer.聪明的有谋略的人〔wizard〕wise [wise] * see wise 1wise [聪明的] * 参见 wise1〔prude〕Being a prude has never been widely considered a good thing,but if we dig further into the history of the wordprude, we will find that it had a noble past.The change for the worse took place in French.Frenchprude first had a good sense, "wise woman,” but apparentlya woman could be too wise or, in the eyes of some,too observant of decorum and propriety,and soprude took on the sense in French that was brought into English along with the word, first recorded in 1704.The French word first meant "wise woman"becauseprude was a shortened form of prude femme (earlier in Old Frenchprode femme ), a word that was modeled on earlierpreudomme, "a man of experience and integrity.” The second part of this word is, of course,homme, "man.” Old Frenchprod, meaning "wise, prudent,” is from Vulgar Latin prōdis with the same sense. Prōdis in turn comes from Late Latin prōde, "advantageous,” derived from the verbprodesse, "to be good.” We can see that the history ofprude is filled with usefulness, profit, wisdom, and integrity, but in spite of all this,things did not turn out that well.人们从来没有普遍地认为做一个拘守礼仪的人是一件好事，但是如果我们深挖prude 这个词的历史， 我们会发现这个词有一个体面的过去。这个词变成贬义是在法语中发生的。法语词prude 开始时是褒义的，意为“明智或聪明的女人，” 但是很显然，女人可能会过于聪明或者在某些人的眼里，对仪表和行为的得体过分注重，这样法语词prude 就有了这个和词一起被引入英语的意思， 并最早记载于1704年。这个法语词开始时的意思之所以是“聪明的女人”，因为prude 是 prudefemme 的缩写形式 （更早的时候在古法语中为prodefemme )， 这个词模仿更早的一个词preudomme “一个富有经验而又正直的男人”而来。 这个词的第二部分当然是意为“男人”的homme。 意思是“聪明，谨慎”的古法语prod 由一个相同意思的俗拉丁词 prodis 而来。 Prodis 从后期拉丁语 prode 演变而来，意为“有利的”， 该词又从意思为“从善”的动词prudesse 衍生而来。 我们现在明白prude 的历史充满了有利、利益、智慧或忠诚的意思， 但尽管如此，事情并没有变得那么好〔brainstorm〕A sudden clever plan or idea.妙主意：突然想到的聪明计划或主意〔smarten〕To make oneself smart or smarter.使轻快，使敏捷：使自己变得聪明或敏捷〔smart〕Smart is a word that has digressed considerably from its original meaning of "stinging, sharp,”as in a smart blow. The standard meaning of "clever, intelligent,”probably picks up on the original semantic element of vigor or quick movement.Smart has taken on other senses as a regionalism. In New England and in the Southsmart can mean "accomplished, talented.” The phraseright smart can even be used as a noun meaning "a considerable number or amount": "We have read right smart of that book" (Catherine C. Hopley).smart 这个词的原意是 “刺痛的，剧烈的”，就象在词组 一次强烈的打击中一样，后来这个词的意思有了很大的转变。 它的标准意思“聪明的，智慧的”，也许是从原来的词素“活力或快速运动”中来的。Smart 有地区性的其它意思。 在新英格兰和南方，smart 可以译为“有才能的，有天赋的”。 词组right smart 还可以用作一个名词， 意为“数量大的”： “我们读过了那本书的大半部分” （凯瑟琳·C·霍普雷）〔dexterity〕Mental skill or adroitness; cleverness.聪明，伶俐：智力上熟练或灵巧；聪明〔quaint〕Middle English [clever, cunning, peculiar] 中古英语 [聪明、狡猾、特殊] 〔nimble〕Quick, clever, and acute in devising or understanding:机敏的：有敏捷、聪明和机灵的想法或理解力的：〔insipience〕sapiēns [wise] * see sapient sapiēns [聪明] * 参见 sapient〔sage〕from Latin sapere [to be wise] * see sep- 源自 拉丁语 sapere [聪明，明智] * 参见 sep- 〔fox〕A crafty, sly, or clever person.诡计多端的人：狡诈、诡诈或聪明的人〔joker〕An insolent person who seeks to make a show of cleverness.无耻的人：极力想显示其聪明的厚颜无耻的人〔soubrette〕A young woman regarded as flirtatious or frivolous.风流少妇：轻佻风流的少妇或者聪明活泼的少妇〔scintillate〕To be animated and brilliant:有活力的及聪明的：〔clever〕"If I ever felt inclined to be timid as I was going into a room full of people,I would say to myself,‘You're the cleverest member of one of the cleverest families in the cleverest class of the cleverest nation in the world,why should you be frightened?’” (Beatrice Webb). “一旦我进入充满人的房间而感到胆怯时，我就会对自己说， ‘你是这个世界上最聪明国家的最聪明阶层的最聪明家庭的最聪明成员，为什么你会被吓着呢？’ （比阿特丽斯·韦伯）。〔kludge〕The wordkludge is not "etymologist-friendly,” having many possible origins,none of which can be definitively established.This term, found frequently in the jargon of the engineering and computer professions,denotes a usually workable but makeshift system, modification, solution, or repair.Kludge has had a relatively short life (first recorded in 1962 although it is said to have been used as early as 1944 or 1945) for a word with so many possible origins. The proposed sources of the word, Germanklug, kluge, "intelligent, clever,” or a blend ofklutz and nudge or klutz and refudge, do not contain all the necessary sounds to give us the word,correctly pronounced at least.The notions thatkludge may have been coined by a computer technician or that it might be the last name of a designer of graphics hardware seem belied by the possibility that it is older than such origins would allow.It seems most likely that the wordkludge originally was formed during the course of a specific situation in which such a device was called for.The makers of the word,if still alive,are no doubt unaware that etymologists need informationso they can stop trying to "kludge" an etymology together.单词kludge 不是“词源学家的朋友”， 有很多可能的来源，每一个都不能准确成立。这个词，经常在工程和电脑业的行话中找到，表示一个通常能工作但是临时凑合的系统、修改、解答或修理。作为一个有这么多可能的来源的词，kludge 却有一个相对小的年纪（1962年第一次有记载，尽管据说早到1944年或1945年就已经使用）。 该词被推荐的来源是德文klug, kluge “聪明的，灵巧的”， 或者klutz 和 nudge 的混合或 klutz 和 refudge 的混合， 没有包含能向我们给出这个词的所有必需的声音，至少是正确的发音。kludge 可能是由电脑技术人员杜撰的或者它可能是图形显示硬件的一名设计者的姓， 这些看法由于它比这些来源能允许的时间要早的可能性而被误解。看起来最可能的是单词kludge ， 最早是在需要这样的设备的特定环境中形成的。这一单词的制造者，如果还健在的话，毫无疑问意识不到词源学家需要此类信息，这样他们才能终止“临时搭配”成一个词源的努力〔wit〕The ability to perceive and express in an ingeniously humorous manner the relationship between seemingly incongruous or disparate things:风趣：能够用聪明且幽默的方式说出或洞察出似乎不协调或不相干的事物之间的关系的能力：〔perspicacity〕Acuteness of perception, discernment, or understanding.聪明，敏锐：敏锐的洞察力、判断力或理解力〔riff〕Rapid, clever, often rhythmic speech, as by a disc jockey:（主持人的）即兴谈话，主持：快速的、聪明的、经常是有节奏的讲话，如无线电音乐唱片主持人的话语：〔go〕Go has long been used to describe the production of nonlinguistic noises, as inThe train went "toot.” The cow goes "moo.” In recent years, however,younger speakers have extended this use ofgo to the report of speech, as inThen he goes, "You think you're real smart, don't you.” For speakers young enough to get away with it,this usage serves a useful purpose in informal spoken narrative as an explicit indicator of a direct quotation, particularly when the speaker wishes to mimic the accent or intonation of the original spoken source.Largely restricted to the "narrative present" used in vivid description,it is highly inappropriate in formal speech or writing.Go 很久以来用来描述非语言学上的发声， 如在火车发出“突突”声， 牛“哞哞”地叫。 然而，近些年来，年轻的演讲者把go 的这一用法运用到演讲报告中去了， 如在接着他说道，“你认为你 的确 聪明，是吗？” 。 由于年轻人太年轻了而被人们忽视了这一误用，这一用法在非正式口语中作为直接引语的明显的指示词起到十分有益的作用，尤其在说话者想模仿原口语材料的重音或语调时，这一作用更明显。主要用于生动形象的“描述”里，限于陈述句现在时中，在正式的演讲或书面语中十分不适用〔artifice〕Cleverness or skill; ingenuity.策略：聪明或技巧；机智〔evade〕To use cleverness or deceit in avoiding or escaping.逃避，逃脱：用聪明的方法或欺骗避免或逃脱〔outguess〕To gain the advantage over (another) by cleverness or forethought; outwit.智胜：由于事先考虑周到或聪明而胜过（别人）；以机智取胜〔longheaded〕Foresighted; wise.有远见的；聪明的〔both〕both men and women; an attorney well regarded for both intelligence and honesty.男人和女人；才智和聪明均受好评的律师〔mentor〕The wordmentor is an example of the way in which the great works of literature live on without our knowing it. The word has recently gained currency in the professional world,where it is thought to be a good idea to have a mentor, a wise and trusted counselor, guiding one's career, preferably in the upper reaches of the organization.We owe this word to the more heroic age of Homer,in whoseOdyssey Mentor is the trusted friend of Odysseus left in charge of the household during Odysseus's absence. More important for our usage of the wordmentor, Athena disguised as Mentor guides Odysseus's son Telemachus in his search for his father.Fénelon in his romanceTélémaque (1699) emphasized Mentor as a character, and so it was that in French (1749) and English (1750)mentor, going back through Latin to a Greek name, became a common noun meaning "wise counselor,” first recorded in 1750.Mentor is an appropriate name for such a person because it probably meant "adviser" in Greekand comes from the Indo-European rootmen- 1, meaning "to think.”词语mentor 使我们看到了伟大的文学作品是如何在我们毫无察觉的情况下而经久而不衰的。 这个词最近开始在职业界通用起来，在职业界中，能有一个“良师”， 一个忠实而又聪明的顾问来指导你的职业生涯，尤其是你的提升，真不失为一个好办法。这个词来源于荷马英雄时代，在荷马史诗Odyssey 中，孟托是奥德赛的忠实朋友，奥德赛出征时将其留下以掌管家事。 对于我们今天mentor 这个词的用法更为重要的一个事实是， 雅典娜将自己装扮成孟托而引导奥德赛之子忒勒马科斯去寻找他的父亲。费奈隆在他的传奇故事泰雷马克历险记 （1699年）中强调了孟托这一人物， 正因为如此，这一从一个希腊人名经拉丁文演化而来的词mentor 在法语(1749年）和英语(1750年）中成了一个意为“贤明的顾问”的普通名词， 并在1750年被首次记载。Mentor 对于一个贤明的顾问是个合适的名称， 因为它在希腊语中可能有“顾问”之意，而且源自印欧语词根men- 1， 又有“思考”之意〔sly〕 Cunning stresses cleverness and ingenuity,often at the expense of moral principles: Cunning 强调聪明机智，通常不顾道德标准： 〔far〕a brilliant student who will go far.会很有发展的聪明学生〔intelligent〕The smartest lawyers avoid the appearance of manipulating juries.最聪明的律师避免让人看上去是在控制陪审团。〔malapert〕alteration influenced by apert [clever, saucy] * see pert 受 apert的影响 [聪明的，无礼的] * 参见 pert〔imagination〕The ability to confront and deal with reality by using the creative power of the mind; resourcefulness:机智，聪明：通过运用大脑的创造力而形成的应对和处理现实事务的能力；机智：〔consider〕She is considered an intelligent woman.她被认为是一个聪明的女人。〔picaresque〕Of or involving clever rogues or adventurers.流浪汉的：聪明的无赖或冒险者的，或涉及这些人的〔dexterous〕Having mental skill or adroitness.机敏，聪明：有脑力上的机智或伶俐的〔intelligent〕Having a high degree of intelligence; mentally acute.聪颖的，聪明的：有较高智力水平；聪明的〔hip〕Cognizant; wise:聪明的；机灵的；内行的： |
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