| 单词 | 背景 |
| 释义 | 〔connection〕Reference or relation to something else; context:背景：与其它事物的关系或关联；上下文：〔past〕Previous background, career, experiences, and activities:往事，过去：以前的背景、事业、经历和活动：〔stripe〕A textile pattern of parallel bands or lines on a contrasting background.条纹：与背景形成对比的平行条带或线条的编织图案〔fond〕The background of a design in lace.花边背景：在花边设计中的背景〔glitz〕"have started to glitz up their shows with filmed backdrops"(Bill Barol)“用朦胧的背景来装璜他们的表演”(比尔·巴罗尔)〔Kline〕American abstract expressionist painter many of whose works are characterized by bold, controlled black strokes on a white field.克兰，弗朗兹·约瑟夫：(1910-1962) 美国抽象派表现主义画家，其作品以白色背景上的几笔醒目的、压抑的黑色为特征〔venue〕The scene or setting in which something takes place; a locale:事件发生地点：某事发生的现场或背景；事件发生场所：〔anesthesia〕The following passage, written on November 21, 1846, by Oliver Wendell Holmes,a physician-poet and the father of the Supreme Court justice of the same name,allows us to pinpoint the entry ofanesthesia and anesthetic into English: "Every body wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give you a hint or two as to names—or the name—to be applied to the state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called ‘Anaesthesia’ [from the Greek word anaisthēsia, "lack of sensation"]. This signifies insensibility . . . The adjective will be ‘Anaesthetic.’ Thus we might say the state of Anaesthesia, or the anaesthetic state.”This citation is taken from a letter to William Thomas Green Morton,who in October of that year had successfully demonstrated the use of ether at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.Althoughanaesthesia is recorded in Nathan Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary in 1721, it is clear that Holmes really was responsible for its entry into the language.TheOxford English Dictionary has several citations for anesthesia and anesthetic in 1847 and 1848, indicating that the words gained rapid acceptance.下面是奥立佛·万德·霍姆斯写于1846年11月21的一段话。作者是个诗人医生和与其同名的最高法庭法官的父亲。这段话能使我们断定anesthesia 和 anesthetic 进入英语的背景： “每个人都希望能够参与一次伟大的发现。我所要做的是告诉你一两个提示去命名，或能被应用于某种状态的名称。我认为这种状态应该被叫做Anaesthesia ［从希腊词anaisthesia “感觉缺失”发展而来］。 这个词表示无感觉…其形容词应该是‘Anaesthetic’。这样我们可以说感觉缺失的状态或感觉缺失”。这段话是从寄给威廉·托马斯·格林·莫顿的一封信上摘录下的，莫顿同年十月在波士顿的马萨诸塞总医院曾成功使用了醚。尽管南森·巴利于1721年把anaethesia 选入了 通用英语词源词典 ， 但是很显然是霍姆斯首先把这个词引入英语。牛津英语词典 上有几处引用了1847年和1848年有 anesthesia 和 anesthetic 的句子， 说明这两个词很快就被人们所接受〔fraternity〕A group of people joined by similar backgrounds, occupations, interests, or tastes:一群同职业（同兴趣等）的人：由相似的背景、职业、兴趣或嗜好而联系在一起的一组人：〔indistinguishable〕indistinguishable twins; a moth with markings that make it indistinguishable from its background.难以分辨的双胞胎；蛾翅膀上的斑纹使得它与背景无法分辨〔context〕The circumstances in which an event occurs; a setting.背景：事件发生于其中的环境；背景〔spot〕A mark on a surface differing sharply in color from its surroundings.斑点：鲜明区别于背景的表面颜色标记〔story〕The event, situation, or other material for such an article or broadcast.报道题材：这种新闻报导或广播报导的事件，环境或其他背景材料〔whiteprint〕A photomechanical copy, usually of a line drawing, in which black or colored lines appear on a white background.白背景印相：通常是线条画的照相制版印相，是在白色背景上印黑色或彩色的线条〔Tarrytown〕A village of southeast New York on the Hudson River north of New York City. Founded by the Dutch in the 17th century, it was the home of Washington Irving and the setting for many of his short stories. Population, 10,648.塔利顿：美国纽约州东南部一村庄，位于哈得孙河沿岸，纽约城北。由荷兰人在17世纪建立，是华盛顿·欧文的故乡，同时也是他的许多短篇小说的背景。人口10,648〔prehistory〕The circumstances or developments leading up to or surrounding a current situation, event, or development; background:背景：导致或围绕目前状况、事件或发展的情况或发展状况；背景：〔pass〕To be accepted as a member of a group by denying one's own ancestry or background.冒充：为被一个团体接受为成员掩盖自己的家世或背景〔Titian〕Italian painter who introduced vigorous colors and the compositional use of backgrounds to the Venetian school. His works include the altarpieceThe Assumption of the Virgin (1518). 提香：意大利画家，他把鲜明的色彩和背景的混合使用带入了威尼斯画派。他的作品包括圣坛背壁装饰画《圣母升天》 （1518年） 〔fellow〕A person of equal rank, position, or background; a peer.同辈：头衔、地位或背景相同的人；匹敌〔typhoon〕Perhaps few words better illustrate the polyglot background of English thantyphoon, with its Chinese, Arabic, East Indian, and Greek background. The Greek wordtyphon, both the name of the father of the winds and a common noun meaning "whirlwind, typhoon,” was borrowed into Arabic (as was many a Greek word during the Middle Ages, when Arabic learning both preserved the classical heritage and expanded upon it, passing it on to Europe).Ùūfān, the Arabic version of the Greek word, passed into languages spoken in India,where Arabic-speaking Moslem invaders had settled in the 11th century.Thus the descendant of the Arabic word,passing into English (first recorded in 1588) through an Indian languageand appearing in English in forms such astouffon and tufan, originally referred specifically to a severe storm in India.China, another great empire, gave us yet another word for a storm,in this case the hurricane that occurred in the waters around China.This Chinese word in its Cantonese form,toi fung, was similar to our Arabic borrowing and is first recorded in English guise astuffoon in 1699. The various forms coalesced and finally becametyphoon. 也许很少有单词能像typhoon 一样表明汉语、阿拉伯语、东印度语和希腊语的多国语言背景。 希腊单词typhon 既是风神的姓名又是意为“旋风，台风”的普通名词， 被借入到阿拉伯语（就象在中世纪时许多希腊语单词进入阿拉伯语一样，那时，阿拉伯人的学问保存了古典的风格，同时在把它传向欧洲时又有所扩充）。Tufan ，希腊语的阿拉伯语形式， 传入到了印度人使用的语言，11世纪时讲阿拉伯语的穆斯林入侵者在印度定居下来。这样，阿拉伯语单词的衍生，从印度语言进入英语（最早记载于1588年），并以如touffon 和 tufan 的形式出现于英语中， 最先特指印度的猛烈风暴。中国，另一个大帝国，给了我们风暴的另一个单词，这里指的是在中国附近洋面发生的飓风。汉语单词的广东语形式toi fung 同我们的阿拉伯语借用词相近， 最早以tuffoon 的形式于1699年载入英语。 各种形式合并在一起最后变成了typhoon 〔background〕The ground or scenery located behind something.背景：位于某物后面的场地或景色〔Boccaccio〕French-born Italian poet and writer whose classic work, theDecameron (1351-1353), is a collection of 100 tales set against the melancholic background of the Black Death. 薄伽丘，乔瓦尼：(1313-1375) 法裔意大利诗人和作家，代表作有《十日谈》 （1351-1353年），其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的100个故事 〔vignetter〕A device used to print photographs and illustrations with borders that fade gradually into the background.晕映器：印刷照片和图片并使之边缘逐渐消失到背景之中的一种设备〔prehistory〕“[He] then told me the curious prehistory of his obsessive interest in the seduction theory" (Janet Malcolm)“然后[他] 告诉了我他对诱惑理论产生强烈兴趣的奇怪的背景” (珍尼特·马尔科姆)〔mounting〕Something that serves as a support, setting, or backing:底托：起支撑、背景或衬托作用的物体：〔backgrounder〕"In a White House backgrounder on July 18 I had sketched the Administration's philosophy for post-Vietnam Asia"(Henry A. Kissinger)“在7月18日白宫举行的背景介绍会中，我概略地叙述了政府对越战后亚洲的策略哲学”(亨利A.基辛格)〔backdrop〕The setting, as of a historical event; the background.背景：背景，如历史事件的背景；背景情况〔round〕Fully shaped so as to stand free of a background:形状完整并可脱离背景的：〔relief〕The projection of figures or forms from a flat background, as in sculpture, or such a projection that is apparent only, as in painting.浮雕：从平坦的背景上的凸起的物体或形状，如雕刻中的突出物，或只在绘画中才明显的突出物〔preface〕A preliminary statement or essay introducing a book that explains its scope, intention, or background and is usually written by the author.序言：介绍一本书的预备性陈述或散文，用以解释其范围、意图或背景，通常由作者撰写〔faubourg〕The close political ties between Scotland and France during the 15th through 17th centuries were reflected in linguistic borrowing from French to Scots,as in the case offaubourg, a synonym for suburb. In Englandfaubourg seems to have lost the competition with the more popular suburb. However, in contemporary American English the word still exists,although it is virtually confined to the city of New Orleans, where,in fact,faubourg remains in use because of the city's French background. Even there it is used not as a common noun likesuburb but in combination in the names of various quarters of the city,for example,Faubourg Sainte Marie. These city districts, like their counterparts in Paris,such asFaubourg Saint-Germain and Faubourg Saint-Antoine, originally lay outside the city limits, hence the designationfaubourg, originally from Old French fors, "outside,” and borc, "town.” As the population grew outward,these former suburbs became part of the city proper.在苏格兰语对法语语言上的借用反应了15世纪到17世纪之间苏格兰与法国紧密的政治纽带，例如faubourg， 是 suburb 的同义词。 在英国，faubourg 看起来已丧失了与更流行的 suburb 的竞争力。 然而，在当代美国英语中，这个词仍然存在，尽管实际上它限于新奥尔良城。事实上，faubourg 保持在新奥尔良的使用是因为这个城市的法语背景。 它甚至不是像suburb 那样作为一个普通名词使用， 而是与城市的不同区的名字连在一起，例如圣玛丽亚区 。 这些城区，就像它们在巴黎的对应地区，如圣格梅茵区 和 圣安东尼区 一样，一般位于城区的外围， 因此名称faubourg 源自于古法语 fors ，“外面”，和 borc， “城镇”。 随着人口的向外增长，这些前郊区成了城区的一部分〔ethnicity〕Ethnic character, background, or affiliation.属于少数民族：种族特性、背景或关系〔junk〕The wordjunk is an example of the change in meaning known as generalization, and very aptly too, since the amount of junk in the world seems to be generalizing and proliferating rapidly. The Middle English wordjonk, ancestor of junk, originally had a very specific meaning restricted to nautical terminology.First recorded in 1353,the word meant "an old cable or rope.”On a sailing ship it made little sense to throw away useful materialsince considerable time might pass before one could get new supplies.Old cable was used in a variety of ways,for example, to make fenders,that is, material hung over the side of the ship to protect it from scraping other ships or wharves.Junk came to refer to this old cable as well. The big leap in meaning taken by the word seems to have occurred whenjunk was applied to discarded but useful material in general. This extension may also have taken place in a nautical context,for the earliest, more generalized use ofjunk is found in the compound junk shop, referring to a store where old materials from ships were sold.Junk has gone on to mean useless waste as well. Junk 一词是被称为词义扩大化的例子；由于世界上垃圾的数量正在迅速扩散和激增，该词词义的扩大也是很适宜的。 junk 一词源自古英语单词 jonk ， 其最初的意思只限于航海术语当中。1353年首次记载下来时，该词义为“旧缆绳或旧绳子”。在帆船上，扔掉有用的东西是不明智的，因为也许要过去好长一段时间才有可能得到新的供应品。旧缆绳可用在很多不同的方面，例如用来做防撞物，即悬在船舷上保护船舷不受其它船只或码头刮擦的材料。Junk 同样也用来指旧缆绳。 当junk 普遍地被用来指丢弃了的然而有用的材料时，该词的词义发生了巨大的变化。 该词的词义延伸也可能已经出现在与航海有关的背景中，因为junk 一词最早的、更为概括性的使用是在 junk shop 这一复合词中发现的。 该词指出售船上旧材料的商店。Junk 仍继续用来指没用的废旧物品 〔cover〕A false background and identity, especially for a spy.假身份：虚假的背景和身份，尤指间谍〔setting〕The context and environment in which a situation is set; the background.背景：某一情形的背景或环境；背景〔flash〕Gleam implies transient or constant light that often appears against a dark background: Gleam 暗指在黑色的背景上不断出现的短暂亮光： 〔raised〕Projecting from a flat background; in relief; embossed:高出来的，凸起的：从一个扁平的背景上凸出来的；浮雕式的；凸起的：〔intensify〕The press has intensified its scrutiny of the candidate's background.新闻界已增强了对该人背景的调查〔Richler〕Canadian writer whose novels, based on his working-class Jewish background, includeThe Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz (1959) and Saint Urbain's Horseman (1971). 里奇勒，莫德凯：(生于 1931) 加拿大作家，他的小说以他的工人阶级犹太背景，包括《杜德·克拉维茨的学徒生涯》 （1959年）及 《圣乌尔班的骑手》 （1971年） 〔prosopography〕A study, often using statistics, that identifies and draws relationships between various characters or people within a specific historical, social, or literary context:人学：经常使用统计的一种研究，这种研究确定和勾画在某一历史的、社会的或文学的背景中各种人之间关系： |
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