| 单词 | 自由民 |
| 释义 | 〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词，其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人，或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”，大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意； 中古英语中肯定是贬意，其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人，粗野的人”，相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面，Surly 开始是个高尚的字，后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例，我们可以看到，surly 的拼法只有一个， 另一个是sirly ，它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir （给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称）。 因此，sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中，开始的意思为（有威严的，高傲的）。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中， 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”，以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思， 也正是在这层意义上，它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔moot〕An ancient English meeting, especially a representative meeting of the freemen of a shire.（古英国的）会议：古代英国的会议，尤指州郡中自由民的代表会议〔burgess〕A freeman or citizen of an English borough.市民，自由民：英国自治城市的自由民或公民〔genuine〕possibly from alteration of ingenuus [native, freeborn] * see ingenuous 可能源自 ingenuus的变化 [本国的，自由民的] * 参见 ingenuous〔ceorl〕A freeman of the lowest class in Anglo-Saxon England.平民中的最底层：英格兰盎格鲁-撒克逊的最底层的自由民〔freeborn〕Relating to or befitting a person born free.关于或适于自由民的〔freeman〕A person not in slavery or serfdom.自由民：没处在奴隶或家奴地位的人〔quitrent〕A rent paid by a freeman in lieu of the services required by feudal custom.免役租，代役租：自由民支付的租金来代替封建惯例要求的服役〔yeomanry〕The class of yeomen; small freeholding farmers.自由民：自由民阶级；小自耕农〔freedman〕A man who has been freed from slavery.自由民：被解放了的奴隶〔thane〕A freeman granted land by the king in return for military service in Anglo-Saxon England.大乡绅：被国王授与土地作为在安格鲁一撒克逊英格兰服军役的回报的自由民 |
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