| 单词 | 至少 |
| 释义 | 〔haute〕"In Washington, haute gastronomy is at least as important as the national economy"(Ann L. Trebbe)“在华盛顿，精美烹调技术至少和国民经济一样重要”(安L.特雷比)〔healthy〕The distinction in meaning betweenhealthy ("possessing good health") and healthful ("conducive to good health") was ascribed to the two terms only as late as the 1880's. This distinction, though tenaciously supported by some critics,is belied by citational evidence—evidence clearly indicating thathealthy and healthful have shared the meaning "conducive to good health" since at least the mid-16th century, or for more than 400 years. Use ofhealthy in this sense is to be found in the works of a broad group of distinguished speakers and writers of English, with this example being typical: Healthy （“拥有良好的健康状况”）和 healthful （“有益于健康的”）在意思上的区别直到19世纪80年代才被确定。 虽然有些专家固执地支持这种区别，但它与引文中得出的证据不符——这些证据清楚地表明至少从16世纪中叶或者说四百多年来，healthy 和 healthful 都有“有益于健康的”这一意义。 Healthy 这一意义从一大群杰出的演讲者和作家的作品中可以找到，在这个意义上的用法以这个例子最具代表性： 〔paragon〕An unflawed diamond weighing at least 100 carats.无瑕钻石：至少重100克拉的无瑕钻石〔iconoclast〕An iconoclast can be unpleasant company,but at least the modern iconoclast only attacks such things as ideas and institutions.The original iconoclasts destroyed countless works of art.Eikonoklastēs, the ancestor of our word, was first formed in Medieval Greek from the elements eikōn, "image, likeness,” and -klastēs, "breaker,” fromklan, "to break.” The images referred to by the word are religious images,which were the subject of controversy among Christians of the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries, when iconoclasm was at its height.Those who opposed images did not, of course, simply destroy them, although many were demolished;they also attempted to have the images barred from display and veneration.During the Protestant Reformationimages in churches were again felt to be idolatrous and were once more banned and destroyed.It is around this time thaticonoclast, the descendant of the Greek word, is first recorded in English (1641), with reference to the Greek iconoclasts.In the 19th centuryiconoclast took on the secular sense that it has today, as in "Kant was the great iconoclast" (James Martineau).亵渎偶像者可能令人生厌，但至少现代的偶像毁坏者只是攻击思想和制度这类东西。最初的偶像破坏者却毁掉了无数的艺术作品。Eikonoklastes 最早见于中世纪希腊语，是我们现代词的前身，由 eikon 意为“图象，相象”和 -klastes 意为“毁坏者”组成， 它又来源于klan “打碎”的意思。 此词所说的肖像是指宗教的肖像，8至9世纪当毁坏偶像主义在拜占庭帝国盛行时，宗教偶像成为基督教徒中争执的焦点。反对宗教肖像的人尽管销毁了不少画像，但这并不是他们唯一的形式，他们也试图禁止偶像展览和偶像崇拜。在新教改革时期，教堂里的宗教画像再次被认为是盲目崇拜而遭到禁止和毁灭。正是在这一时期iconoclast 一词开始作为希腊语的衍生词在英语中出现， 第一次记录于1641年。到19世纪，iconoclast 一词开始有了现代的含意， 比如在“康德是一位伟大的传统叛逆者”（詹姆士·马提诺）〔transpire〕Transpire has been used since the mid-18th century in the sense "leak out, become publicly known,” as inDespite efforts to hush the matter up, it soon transpired that the colonels had met with the rebel leaders. This usage was objected to as a Gallicism when it was first introducedbut has long been standard.The more common use oftranspire to mean "occur" or "happen" has had a more troubled history.Though it dates at least to the beginning of the 19th century,it has been the object of critical opprobrium for more than a hundred years,charged with being both pretentious and unetymological.There is some signthat resistance to this sense oftranspire is abating, however. In a 1969 survey the usagewas acceptable only to 38 percent of the Usage Panel;in the most recent surveyit was acceptable to 58 percent in the sentenceAll of these events transpired after last week's announcement (though many of the Panelists who accepted the usage also remarked that it was pretentious or pompous).Transpire 这个词从18世纪中叶开始一直有“泄漏，为公众所知”的意思， 如尽管竭力掩盖事实真相，但人们很快就得知军官们已经与反叛者的领导人会晤。 当这种用法一开始出现时，有人把它当作法国式用法而提出异议，但现在它早已成为标准用法。Transpire 更为普通的用法是“发生”或“碰巧发生”的意思， 这个用法的历史更为复杂。尽管这种用法至少可以追溯到19世纪初期，但一百多年以来它一直遭到批评反对，人们认为这个用法不仅矫饰而且在词源上毫无根据。但是有迹象表明，对transpire 的这个词义的异议正在消失。 在一次1969年进行的调查中，用法委员会成员中只有38%的人接受这种用法。在最近进行的一次调查中，有58%的人认为象在所有这些事件都发生在上个星期的宣告之后 这样的句子中，这个词的用法是可以接受的 （许多接受这种用法的使用者也指出这种用法很矫柔造作）〔calendar〕A table showing the months, weeks, and days in at least one specific year.日历：一种表格，表示出至少某一年内的月份、星期和日〔premiere〕In entertainment contextsthe verbpremiere has by now become the standard way of saying "to introduce to the public,” at least partly because of its ubiquitous use on television.Over the past 20 yearsthis use has won the sometimes grudging acceptance of the Usage Panel.The exampleThe Philharmonic will premiere works by two young Americans was acceptable to 51 percent of the Panelists in the most recent survey, up from 14 percent in 1969.But only 10 percent of the Panelists in the most recent survey accepted extension of the verb to nonentertainment contexts,as in Last fall the school premiered new degree programs in word processing and accounting. 在娱乐场合下，动词premiere 现在已经成为表示“介绍给公众”的标准说法， 这至少在某种程度上是由于它在电视上广泛地使用。在过去的二十年里，这一用法已经赢得了用法专题使用小组的有时勉强的接受。例句交响乐曲将让两个美国年轻人首次出演其作品 在最近的一次调查中已经被51%小组成员接受了， 比1969年的14%有所提高。但在这次调查中只有10%的成员接受将此用法扩展至非娱乐性场合，如去年秋天学校首次推出字处理和会计两门新的学位课程 〔gallery〕In Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and southern Alabama,an open roofed porch that runs along at least one side of a house is called agallery: "Out on the small front gallery she had hung Bobinôt's Sunday clothes to air" (Kate Chopin).Craig M. Carver, the author ofAmerican Regional Dialects, points out that the word gallery, from Old French galerie, was borrowed into British English in the 15th century and was brought over to the American colonies by English-speaking settlers.Although the word in the sense "porch" did not survive in the American English of the East Coast,it was borrowed separately, probably from Acadian French,into the English of 18th-century Louisianaand there survived as part of the Gulf Southern dialect.在得克萨斯州、阿肯色州、路易斯安那州、密西西比和南部阿拉巴马，至少在房屋的一侧延伸出来的一种敞开屋顶的门廊被称作gallery： “出了前面的小门廊，她把博比内的最好的衣服晾在那里” （凯特·肖邦）。美国区域方言 的作者克雷格·M·卡弗尔指出 gallery 来源于古代法语 galerie ， 在15世纪借入英语并由讲英语的殖民者带入美国殖民地。虽然该词当作“门廊”的意义没有在东海岸的美式英语中保存下来，但是它很有可能被分开借自阿卡迪亚的法语，并在18世纪进入路易斯安那英语，并在那里保存下来而成为南部港口方言的一部分〔flunky〕The wordflunky has come into Standard English from Scots, in which the word meant "liveried manservant, footman,”coming at least by the 19th century to be a term of contempt.The word is first recorded and defined in a work about Scots published in 1782.The definition states that aflunky is "literally a sidesman or attendant at your flank,” which gives support to the suggestion thatflunky is a derivative and alteration of flanker, "one who stands at a person's flank.”flunky 一词从苏格兰演变为标准英语。 苏格兰语中，该词意思为“穿制服的男仆，脚夫，”至少在19世纪时变为表示蔑视的词语。该词首先于1782年的一本有关苏格兰的书中得到记载和定义。定义中说flunky 在“字面意思是身边的人或身旁的随从”， 该定义支持了有关flunky 是由 flanker 派生和演变而来的说法， 意思是“一个站在别人身边的人”〔myriapod〕Any of several arthropods, such as the centipede or millipede, having segmented bodies, one pair of antennae, and at least nine pairs of legs.多足纲的节肢动物：几种节肢动物的任一种，如蜈蚣或千足虫，长有分节的身体、一对触角和至少九对足〔walk〕The gait of a quadruped in which at least two feet are always touching the ground, especially the gait of a horse in which the feet touch the ground in the four-beat sequence of near hind foot, near forefoot, off hind foot, off forefoot.四足动物步法：至少两只脚总是接触地面，尤指马的步法，四足以四拍的方式踏地，顺序为左后脚，左前脚，右后脚，右前脚〔bistro〕According to a popular story,bistro came into existence as a French word when Russian soldiers entered Parisian restaurants and cafés after the fall of Napoleon in 1815 shouting "bystro, bystro,” Russian for "quickly, quickly.” Bistros seem to have been named not for this desire for quick servicebut possibly for a commodity to be found in at least some of them,since the French wordbistro may be related to the word bistouille, "raw spirits, rotgut.” Another possibility is that the wordbistro comes from the dialectal word bistraud, "young cowherd.” In Standard French the term may have come to mean "wine merchant's helper" and then "an establishment selling wine.”Although the French wordbistro is first recorded in 1884, evidence for the English wordbistro is not found until the early 1920's. 根据传说，bistro 原是一个法国词而产生的，当1815年拿破仑失败后俄国士兵进入巴黎饭馆和咖啡店，就叫嚷着 "bistro，bistro，” 俄语的意思为“快点，快点”。 “酒馆”似乎是因这种要求快速服务的愿望而得名，但可能是源于在酒馆中至少可以找到的一种商品，因为法国词bistro 可能与另一个意为“生酒，劣等烧酒”的词 bistouille 有关。 另一种可能是bistro 一词来自方言 bistrand， 意为“年轻的放牛娃”。 在标准法语中该词可能指“酒商的助手”，后来指“卖酒的企业。”虽然法语bistro 一词在1884年最先有记载， 但英语bistro 一词直到19世纪20年代初期才有出现的迹象 〔deceptively〕There appears to be a great deal of confusion about the sense ofdeceptively when it is used to modify an adjective. Does the sentenceThe proof is deceptively simple mean that the proof is simpler or more difficult than it appears?The Usage Panel was asked to choose among paraphrases for the sentenceThe pool is deceptively shallow: 50 percent said that it means "The pool is shallower than it appears";32 percent said that it means "The pool is deeper than it appears";and 18 percent found it ambiguous.Thus the writer who used such a sentence in a warning notice could expect that at least half the public would either misinterpret the messageor would be uncertain as to which sense was intended.Where the context does not make the meaning clear,a substitute should be used,asThe pool is shallower than it looks or The proof is simple, despite appearances. 当用deceptively 修饰一形容词时，该词的意思似乎大有令人困惑之处。 The proof is deceptively simple 一句中，是比它看起来更容易的意思呢， 还是比它看起来更难的意思呢?有人曾要求用法专题使用小组的成员对The pool is deceptively shallow 一句的释义进行选择， 百分之五十的成员认为该句意为：“池塘看起来很浅”；百分之三十二的成员认为该句意为：“池塘看起很深”；而百分之十八的成员则认为该句意义含混模糊。因此，把这句话写在警告牌上的作者可能会发现至少有一半的公众不是误解这则信息，就是不能确定这句话的意图究竟是什么。在上下文不能使意义明了的地方，应该换一种表达方式，如这个池塘比它看起来要浅 或 证明很简单，尽管看起来有些难 〔complex〕Consisting of an independent clause and at least one other independent or dependent clause. Used of a sentence.复合句的：包含一个独立主句和至少一个独立或非独立从句的。用于句子〔orlop〕The lowest deck of a ship, especially a warship, having at least four decks.最下层甲板：至少有四层甲板船的最下层甲板，特别是军舰类〔least〕waited at least an hour.至少等了一小时〔cage〕A structure for confining birds or animals, enclosed on at least one side by a grating of wires or bars that lets in air and light.笼，栏：一种用于限制鸟类或动物的结构，至少有一面由绳子或条子组成的栅栏构成，供空气和光亮进入〔millionaire〕A person whose wealth amounts to at least a million dollars, pounds, or the equivalent in other currency.百万富翁：财产总数至少有一百万美元、英磅或其他相当货币的人〔taste〕The sense of what is proper, seemly, or least likely to give offense in a given social situation.得体：对在一种特定的社交场合中何为得体、适当的或至少不会冒犯他人的一种意识〔cenospecies〕A group of related ecospecies capable of interbreeding so as to produce at least partially fertile hybrids.杂交种：一组有血亲关系并能异种杂交的生物，产生至少有部分繁殖能力的变种〔transistor〕A small electronic device containing a semiconductor and having at least three electrical contacts, used in a circuit as an amplifier, a detector, or a switch.晶体管：一种小型电子装置，包含一个半导体和至少三个电接头并构成一个电路，用作扩音器、检波器或开关〔call〕To stop whatever one has been doing, for the remainder of the day or at least for the present.到此为止：对这一天的剩余时间或至少是现在，停止正在做的一切事情〔Windbreaker〕"Whether a trenchcoat, balmacaan or windbreaker, it is a coverup that makes sense"(New York Times)"Politicians love photo opportunities featuring helicopters, devastation and nifty windbreakers"(San Francisco Chronicle)“不管是战壕雨衣、短大衣还是风衣，至少是个管用的遮蔽”(纽约时报)“政治家喜欢以直升飞机、毁坏和时髦的防风茄克衫为主要特征的照片”(旧金山记事)〔anxious〕Anxious has a long history of use roughly as a synonym for eager, but many would prefer that the distinction between the two words be maintained and thatanxious be used only when its subject is worried or uneasy about the anticipated event. In the traditional view, one may sayWe are anxious to see the strike settled soon but notWe are anxious to see the new show of British sculpture at the museum. Fifty-two percent of the Usage Panel rejectsanxious in the latter sentence. But general adoption ofanxious to mean "eager" is understandable, at least in colloquial discourse,since it provides a means of adding emotional urgency to an assertion,in its implication that the subject's desire for a certain outcome is so strong that frustration of that desire will lead to unhappiness.Note, in this connection, the analogous use of sentences such asI'm dying to see your new baby in informal style. Anxious 在很长一段时间以来，一直大致作为 eager 的同义词来用， 但很多人喜欢保留这两个词之间的区别，即只有当主体对预测事件忧虑不安时才用anxious 。 在传统观点看来，可以说我们渴望看到罢工问题很快解决 ， 但不能说我们渴望在博物馆里见到新的英国雕塑展览。 52%的用法使用小组成员反对anxious 在后一个句子中的用法。 但通常用anxious 来表示"eager"是可以理解的， 至少在口语中是这样，既然它加强了某一主张在感情上的迫切性，它隐喻的一层意思就是，主体对某一特定结果的愿望是如此强烈，以至于这种欲望受挫就会导致不愉快。注意与此有关的类似句子如我很渴望见到你们新出生的孩子 也是非正式的 〔cool〕She may be detached,she may even be unfeeling,but at least she's not hypocritically effusive. See also Synonyms at cold 她可能冷漠，她甚至可能冷酷无情，但至少她不会假惺惺地过分热情 参见同义词 cold〔circumstance〕Use of the idiomunder the circumstances is justified by both logic and reputable precedent,and objections to it must be accounted at best overfussy if not also,as H.W. Fowler put it, "puerile.”习语under the circumstances 的使用， 由逻辑和规范的先例两者来证明为正确，否则对于此点的反对至少会被看作过于咬文嚼字，正如福勒所评价的“幼稚”〔Mulhouse〕A city of northeast France south of Colmar. Dating from at least 803, it became a free imperial city in 1308, allied itself with the Swiss from the 15th to the 18th century, and in 1798 voted to join France. Population, 112,157.摩洛斯：法国东北部城市，位于科尔马以南。其历史至少可上溯到803年，1308年成它为自由帝国城市，并于15世纪到18世纪于瑞士结成联盟，1798年投票表决并入法国。人口112,157〔put〕At least put forth a semblance of effort when you scrub the floor.当你擦地板时至少能表现出努力的样子〔least〕According to the lowest possible assessment; not less than:至少：根据最低可能的判断；不少于：〔rondo〕A composition having a principal theme that occurs at least three times in its original key between contrasting subordinate themes.回旋曲：一种主题在形成对应的副主题之间的最初旋律中至少出现三次的音乐作品〔regiment〕A military unit of ground troops consisting of at least two battalions, usually commanded by a colonel.团：由至少两个营组成的地面部队的军队单位，通常由一位中校指挥〔endocentric〕Of or relating to a group of syntactically related words, at least one of which is functionally equivalent to the function of the whole group. For example, the nountable in the noun phrase the old table is endocentric because it has the same grammatical function as the whole noun phrase. 向心的：造句上相关字语的，或与其相关的；至少其中有一字在机能上要与整体的机能一致。例如，在名词词组the old table（旧桌子） 中的名词 table 就是一个向心字语，因为其和整个名词词组具有相同的语法功能 〔company〕A subdivision of a military regiment or battalion that constitutes the lowest administrative unit. It is usually under the command of a captain and is made up of at least two platoons.连：军事团或营的再分单位，组成最低行政单位。它通常由上尉指挥，并至少有两个排组成〔Dillinger〕American gangster who was declared Public Enemy Number One by the F.B.I. in 1933 for his role in a string of bank robberies and at least three murders. He died in a gun battle with F.B.I. agents in front of the Biograph Theater in Chicago.狄林杰尔，约翰：(1902-1934) 1933年由于在一连串银行抢劫案和至少三起谋杀罪中的行为而被联邦调查局宣布为头号公敌的美国歹徒。他在芝加哥百高福戏院前面同美国联邦调查局的联邦特工的枪战中死亡〔polyhydric〕Containing at least two hydroxyl groups.多羚（基）的：含有至少两个羚基的〔esterification〕A chemical reaction resulting in the formation of at least one ester product.酯化反应：能引起至少一个醋产品的形成的反应的一种化学反应〔billionaire〕A person whose wealth amounts to at least a billion dollars, pounds, or the equivalent in other currency.亿万富翁：财富至少有十亿美元、英镑或与之数量相当的其他货币的人〔radical〕Symbol R An atom or a group of atoms with at least one unpaired electron.符号 R 原子因，基团：至少有一个游离电子的原子或一组原子〔reek〕Reek is a word that can be said to have been degraded by the company that it has kept. The Old English wordrēocan, one of two ancestors of our word, meant "to emit vapor, steam, or smoke,” while the other Old English ancestor,rēcan, meant "to fumigate, expose to smoke,” or "to cause to emit smoke, burn incense.”Burning incense and fumigating are certainly a far cry from the sort of thing now denoted by the verbreek. But at least in one case Old Englishrēocan did mean "to stink,” hardly a surprise when one considers how bad some smoke smells. Middle Englishreken, the descendant of these two Old English words, never meant "to stink,” but it could refer to a stench while meaning "to rise, ascend.”It would seem that the various exhalations of heated persons and animals, of freshly shed blood, and of smoke referred to by Middle Englishreken and its Modern English descendantreek eventually overwhelmed the word, so that as far as concrete senses are concerned, we largely think of it as meaning "to stink.”Reek 这个词可以说是近墨者黑的典型。 意为“散发出蒸气或烟”的古英语单词是reocan 的两个词源之一， 而另一个古英语词源是recan ， 意为“熏，与烟接触，”或“使散发烟，焚香”。焚香和熏的义项与今天使用的动词reek 的意义已相差甚远。 但至少古英语中reocan 确有“发出恶臭”之意，想到烟有多难闻，生出这一意思也就不足为奇了。 中古英语reken 是这两个古英语词的后代， 但却从无“发出恶臭”之意，在表示“上升，登高”之意时可以指臭气。中古英语reken 一词可指发热的人和畜的各种呼气、刚流出的鲜血以及烟， 其现代英语传下的词reek 最终覆盖了此词的本来意义， 以致我们一般认为该词的具体意思是“发出难闻的气味”〔least〕The dinner menu is the least of my worries tonight. The least you can do is to be polite.今晚我一点也不用担心晚餐的菜单。你至少可以礼貌点 |
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