| 单词 | 苏格兰人 |
| 释义 | 〔raid〕The members of an army traveling on a particularroad to carry out a raid probably would not draw a connection between the two words.However,raid and road descend from the same Old English word rād. Theai in raid represents the standard development in the northern dialects of Old English long a, while theoa in road represents the standard development of Old English long a in the rest of the English dialects. Old Englishrād meant "the act of riding" and "the act of riding with a hostile intent; that is, a raid,”senses that no longer exist for our wordroad. It was left to Sir Walter Scott to revive the Scots formraid with the sense "a military expedition on horseback.”The Scots weren't making all the raids, however.Others seem to have returned the favor,for we find these words in the Middle EnglishCoventry Leet Book : "aftur a Rode . . . made uppon the Scottes at thende of this last somer.”The "Rode" was led by the non-Scottish Duke of Gloucester, who was later crowned as Richard III, and Henry Percy, Duke of Northumberland.一支部队的士兵在某条road （路）上行进以发动一场 raid （袭击）， 这大概不会使这两个词之间产生什么联系。然而raid 和 road 这两个词源于古英语中的同一个词 rad 。 Raid 中的 ai 代表了古英语中北部发言中长 a 的标准发展， 而road 中的 oa 代表了其它地区古英语方言中长 a 的发展。 古英语中rad 的意思是“骑马的行动和出于敌意而骑马的行动； 也就是说，一次奇袭，”词意中不再有路 这个意思。 沃尔特·斯科特爵士又恢复了raid 这个词的苏格兰语形式， 其意思是“马上的远征”。然而，奇袭并不只是由苏格兰人发动。别人似乎也保留了对这个词的偏好，因为我们在中世纪英语的考文垂史料 中发现了这段话： “在去年夏末对苏格兰发动的奇袭之后…”。该“奇袭”是由后来被冠以查理三世的格洛斯特的非苏格兰公爵和诺森柏兰的亨利·珀西公爵领导的〔native〕a native Scot.土生的苏格兰人〔scatter〕"only a few industrious Scots perhaps, who indeed are dispersed over the face of the whole earth" (George Chapman).“真正分散在整个地球表面的苏格兰人也许只有几个” （乔治·查普曼）。〔Scot〕A native or inhabitant of Scotland.苏格兰人：苏格兰本土人或居民〔Scots〕from Scotte [sing. of] Scottes [Scotsmen] * see Scot 源自 Scotte Scottes的单数 [苏格兰人] * 参见 Scot〔Scottish〕Of or relating to Scotland or its people, language, or culture.苏格兰的：苏格兰的，苏格兰人的，苏格兰语言或者苏格兰文化的，和与其有关的〔Pict〕One of an ancient people of northern Britain. They remained undefeated by the Romans and in the ninth century joined with the Scots to form a kingdom later to become Scotland.皮克特人：英国北部的古代民族之一，罗马人一直未能征服他们，9世纪时他们与苏格兰人联合建立了王国，后成为苏格兰〔tartan〕Any of numerous textile patterns consisting of stripes of varying widths and colors crossed at right angles against a solid background, each forming a distinctive design worn by the members of a Scottish clan.格子图案：任一种苏格兰人所穿的有许多格子图案的织物，该图案由在同一种颜色的背景上成直角相交的宽度和颜色各异的条纹组成，其中每一种条纹都形成一个独立的图案〔perseverance〕"The Scots fought with desperate tenacity" (John Morley). “苏格兰人进行绝望的顽抗” （约韩·莫里）。 〔Scotchman〕A Scotsman.See Usage Note at Scottish 苏格兰人 参见 Scottish〔Falkirk〕A burgh of central Scotland west of Edinburgh. At the Battle of Falkirk (1298), said to be the first battle in which the longbow proved decisive, the troops of Edward I defeated the Scots. Population, 37,800.福尔柯克：苏格兰中部的一自治都市，在爱丁堡以西。据说福尔柯克战役(1298年）第一次证明了长弓的决定性作用，爱德华一世军战败了苏格兰人。人口37,800〔native〕a native of Scotland now living in the United States.现居住于美国的苏格兰人〔monteith〕Possibly after Monteith (Monteigh), an eccentric 17th-century Scotsman who wore a cloak scalloped at the hem 可能源自 孟提斯 （孟提斯），身披扇贝凹口边饰大氅的古怪的17世纪苏格兰人 〔tam〕A tam-o'-shanter.苏格兰人所戴的宽顶无檐圆帽〔bluebonnet〕A person wearing such a cap.苏格兰人：戴蓝扁帽的人〔schottische〕from schotte [a Scot] 源自 schotte [苏格兰人] 〔Mendelssohn〕German conductor, pianist, and composer of works characterized by emotional restraint and classical form. They include theReformation (1830), Italian (1833), and Scotch (1842) symphonies. 门德尔松，费利克斯：(1809-1847) 德国指挥家，钢琴家及作曲家，其作品以感情压抑和古典形式为特征。其作品包括交响曲《改革》 （1830年）、 《意大利人》 （1833年）及 《苏格兰人》 （1842年）等 〔bluebonnet〕A broad, blue woolen cap worn in Scotland.蓝扁帽：苏格兰人所戴的，用蓝呢做的宽沿扁平圆帽〔southron〕Often Southron A person who lives in the south, especially an Englishman as called by a Scotsman. 常作 Southron 南部地区人：住在南方的人，尤指苏格兰人所称的英格兰人〔Scottish〕Scottish is the full, original form of the adjective. Scots is an old Scottish variant of the form; Scotch is an English contraction of Scottish that at one time also came into use in Scotland ( as in Burns's"O thou, my Muse! guid auld Scotch drink!” ) but subsequently fell into disfavor.To some extent these facts can serve as a guide in choosing among the many variant forms of related words,such asScot, Scotsman or Scotswoman, or Scotchman or Scotchwoman, for one of the people of Scotland; Scots, (the) Scotch, or, rarely, (the) Scottish for the people of Scotland; andScots, Scotch, or Scottish for the dialect of English spoken in Scotland. The forms based onScotch are English and disfavored in Scotland, while those involving the full formScottish tend to be more formal. In the interest of civility, forms involvingScotch are best avoided in reference to people. But there is no sure rule for referring to things,since the history of variation in the use of these words has also left many expressions in which the choice is fixed,such asScotch broth, Scotch whisky, Scottish rite, and Scots Guards. Scottish 是这个形容词最完整，最原始的形式。 Scots 是这种形式的一种古老的苏格兰英语变体； Scotch 是苏格兰语的一个英语缩写形式并且苏格兰人曾用过( 例如波恩斯写过“喔你，我的灵感!最古代的苏格兰饮料!” )， 但后来就不令人喜欢了。在某种意义上讲这些事实可以帮助我们在那些有联系的各种变体中选择，例如Scot, Scotsman 或者 Scotswoman, 或者 Scotchman 或者 Scotchwoman, 来指定一个苏格兰的人； Scots, (the)Scotch, 或者，很少见的 (the) Scottish 来指定一个苏格兰人； 以及Scots, Scotch, 或者 Scottish 来指示在苏格兰讲的英语方言， 以Scotch 为基础的形式是英语在苏格兰不受欢迎， 但是包括完整形式Scottish 的那些形式趋向于更正式。 考虑到礼数时，带Scotch 的形式在指人时会被尽量回避的。 不过并没有一个固定的规则来指示事物，因为由于在使用这些字时不同变体的历史已经使许多表述方式固定下来了，例如苏格兰浓汤，苏格兰威士忌，苏格兰仪式 和 苏格兰卫兵 〔shall〕The sentenceYou shall have your money expresses a promise ("I will see that you get your money"), whereasYou will have your money makes a simple prediction. · Such, at least, are the traditional rules.But the distinction has never taken firm root outside of what H.W. Fowler described as "the English of the English" (as opposed to that of the Scots and Irish), and even there it has always been subject to variation.Despite the efforts of generations of American schoolteachers, the distinction is largely alien to the modern American idiom.In Americawill is used to express most of the senses reserved for shall in English usage, andshall itself is restricted to first person interrogative proposals, as inShall we go? and to certain fixed expressions, such asWe shall overcome. Shall is also used in formal style to express an explicit obligation,as inApplicants shall provide a proof of residence, though this sense is also expressed bymust or should. In speech the distinction that the English signal by the choice ofshall or will may be rendered by stressing the auxiliary, as in I will leave tomorrow ("I intend to leave"); by choosing another auxiliary, such as must or have to; or by using an adverb such as certainly. · Many earlier American writers observed the traditional distinction betweenshall and will, and some continue to do so.The practice cannot be called incorrect,though it may strike American ears as somewhat mannered.But the distinction is difficult for those who do not come by it natively,and Americans who essay ashall in an unfamiliar context run considerable risk of getting it wrong, and so of being caught out in that most embarrassing of linguistic gaffes, the bungled Anglicism.See Usage Note at should 句子你将得到你的钱 表达了一种承诺（“我将保证你得到你的钱”）， 而你会得到你的钱 仅仅做出了简单预测。 这些至少是传统规则。但是这种用法上的区别仅局限于H·W·福勒所描述的“英格兰人的英语”（与苏格兰人和爱尔兰人的英语相对），即使在英格兰英语中它一直在变化。尽管经过几代美国学校教师的努力，这种区别对现代美国习惯用语仍是相当生疏的。在美国，will 被用来表达在英国用法中大多为 shall 保留的含义， 而shall 则限于第一人称疑问句式的提议， 如在我们该走了吧? 及某些固定表达中， 例如我们会克服的。 Shall 也用在正式文体中表示明确职责，如申请者应提供居留证明 ， 虽然这个意义也可用must 或 should 表达。 在口语中可以通过强调助动词shall 或 will ，如 我 将 于明天离开 （“我打算明天离开”）；或通过选择另一个助动词 must 或 have to ；或通过使用如 certainly 这样的副词来表达英国人用这两个词时的区别。 许多早期的美国作家注意到了shall 和 will 之间的传统区别， 而且一些人仍在继续这样做。这种用法不能被称作不正确，虽然美国人听起来有点矫揉造作的意味。但是这种区别对于那些不能通过母语了解它的人是困难的，而且在一个不熟悉的上下文中，试图用shall 的美国人很有可能犯错误， 因而在许多令人难堪的语言即被搞得一团糟的英式英语中出丑 参见 should〔Saxon〕A person of English or Lowland Scots birth or descent as distinguished from one of Irish, Welsh, or Highland Scots birth or descent.英格兰人：区别于威尔士人、爱尔兰人或苏格兰人或苏格兰高地人的英国人或苏格兰低地人〔Scot〕from Old English Scottas [Scotsmen, Irishmen] 源自 古英语 Scottas [苏格兰人，爱尔兰人] 〔Scot〕From Middle English Scottes [Scotsmen] 源自 中古英语 Scottes [苏格兰人] |
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