| 单词 | 苏格兰语 |
| 释义 | 〔bogle〕Scots bogill 苏格兰语 bogill 〔fogy〕Scots fogey 苏格兰语 fogey 〔MacDiarmid〕Scottish poet whose works, many written in Scots, reflect his support for political independence from Great Britain and sparked a revival of modern Scottish literature.麦克德米德，休：(1892-1978) 苏格兰诗人，他的许多诗均用苏格兰语写成，反映了他对苏格兰从英国统治下取得政治独立的支持并推动了现代苏格兰文学的复兴〔scaup〕Perhaps from Scots scalp, scaup [bed of mussels (from its feeding on shellfish)] 可能源自 苏格兰语 scalp, scaup [河蚌床（以贝类水生动物为食）] 〔bunting〕Perhaps from Scots buntin [plump, short] 可能源自 苏格兰语 buntin [膨胀的，短的] 〔Lallan〕Scots as spoken in southern and eastern Scotland.苏格兰低地的方言：在苏格兰南部和东部讲的苏格兰语〔tee〕Back-formation from obsolete Scots teaz [taken as a pl.] 源自 已废苏格兰语 teaz的逆构词 [用作复数] 〔spree〕Perhaps alteration of Scots spreath [cattle raid] 可能为 苏格兰语 spreath的变化 [牛的袭击] 〔spree〕A spending spree seems a far cry from a cattle raid,yet etymologists have suggested that the wordspree comes from the Scots word spreath, "cattle raid.” The wordspree is first recorded in a poem in Scots dialect in 1804 in the sense of "a lively outing.” This sense is closely connected with a sense recorded soon afterward (in 1811), "a drinking bout,”while the familiar sense "an overindulgence in an activity,”as in aspending spree, is recorded in 1849. Scots and Irish dialect also have a sense "a fight,”which may help connect the word and the sense "lively outing" with the Scots wordspreath, meaning variously, "booty,” "cattle taken as spoils,” "a herd of cattle taken in a raid,” and "cattle raid.” The Scots word comes from Irish and Scottish Gaelicspréidh, "cattle,” which in turn ultimately comes from Latin praeda, "booty.” This last link reveals both the importance of the Latin language to Gaelicand a connection between cattle and plunder in earlier Irish and Scottish societies.狂欢作乐似乎与牛的袭击相去甚远，然而词源学表明spree 来自苏格兰语 spreath “牛的袭击”。 Spree 在1804年首次出现于苏格兰方言写成的一首诗中，意为“活跃的出游”。 这个意思与不久之后(1811年）出现的意思“狂饮”很接近，而相近的意思“无节制的狂热行为”，比如spending spree 于1849年出现。 苏格兰和爱尔兰方言还有“打架”的意思，这可能有助于将该词同其意义与苏格兰语spreath 的不同意思相联系，这些意思为“战利品”、“作为掠夺品的牛”、“袭击中所得的一群牛”或“牛袭击”。 这个苏格兰词来自爱尔兰和苏格兰盖尔人的语言 spréidh “牛”（此词最终源自拉丁语 praeda “战利品”）。 这一最后的联系不仅表明拉丁语同盖尔语的重要联系，也表明早期爱尔兰和苏格兰社会中牛和劫掠的联系〔spindrift〕Variant of Scots spenedrift 苏格兰语 spenedrift的变体 〔faubourg〕The close political ties between Scotland and France during the 15th through 17th centuries were reflected in linguistic borrowing from French to Scots,as in the case offaubourg, a synonym for suburb. In Englandfaubourg seems to have lost the competition with the more popular suburb. However, in contemporary American English the word still exists,although it is virtually confined to the city of New Orleans, where,in fact,faubourg remains in use because of the city's French background. Even there it is used not as a common noun likesuburb but in combination in the names of various quarters of the city,for example,Faubourg Sainte Marie. These city districts, like their counterparts in Paris,such asFaubourg Saint-Germain and Faubourg Saint-Antoine, originally lay outside the city limits, hence the designationfaubourg, originally from Old French fors, "outside,” and borc, "town.” As the population grew outward,these former suburbs became part of the city proper.在苏格兰语对法语语言上的借用反应了15世纪到17世纪之间苏格兰与法国紧密的政治纽带，例如faubourg， 是 suburb 的同义词。 在英国，faubourg 看起来已丧失了与更流行的 suburb 的竞争力。 然而，在当代美国英语中，这个词仍然存在，尽管实际上它限于新奥尔良城。事实上，faubourg 保持在新奥尔良的使用是因为这个城市的法语背景。 它甚至不是像suburb 那样作为一个普通名词使用， 而是与城市的不同区的名字连在一起，例如圣玛丽亚区 。 这些城区，就像它们在巴黎的对应地区，如圣格梅茵区 和 圣安东尼区 一样，一般位于城区的外围， 因此名称faubourg 源自于古法语 fors ，“外面”，和 borc， “城镇”。 随着人口的向外增长，这些前郊区成了城区的一部分〔tag〕Perhaps variant of Scots tig [touch, tap] 可能为 苏格兰语 tig的变体 [触摸，拍击] 〔glom〕Probably from Scots glam [to snatch at] 可能源自 苏格兰语 glam [攫取，夺取] 〔slogan〕Alteration of Scots slogorne [battle cry] 苏格兰语 slogorne的变化 [战斗时发出的呐喊] 〔skullduggery〕Probably alteration of Scots sculduddery [obscenity, fornication] 可能为 苏格兰语 sculduddery的变化 [猥亵；私通] 〔dotty〕Probably alteration of Scots dottle [silly] 可能为 苏格兰语 dottle的变化 [傻的] 〔sleuth〕To track down the history of the wordsleuth requires a bit of etymological sleuthing in itself.The immediate ancestor of our word is the compoundsleuthhound, "a dog, such as a bloodhound, used for tracking or pursuing.”This term took on a figurative sense,"tracker, pursuer,”which is closely related to the sense "detective.”Fromsleuthhound came the shortened form sleuth, recorded in the sense "detective" as early as 1872.The first part of the termsleuthhound means "track, path, trail,” and is first recorded in a Middle English work written probably around 1200.The Middle English word, which had the formsloth, with eu representing the Scots development of the Middle English (ō), was a borrowing of the Old Norse word slōdh, "a track or trail.” 要追溯sleuth 这个词的历史， 需要进行一点词源追踪。我们这个词最直接的来源是sleuthhound 这个复合词， 它的意思是“一种用于跟踪和追逐的狗，如警犬”。这个词获得了一种修辞上的意思，“跟踪者，追逐者”，这与“侦探”这个意义非常贴近。从sleuthhound 这个词产生了其缩写的形式 sleuth ， 早在1872年就有了“侦探”这个意思的文字记载。sleuthhound 这个词的前半部意思是“路径、道路或途径”， 它最早被记载在1200年左右的中世纪英语作品中。中世纪英语中的这个词借自古代挪威语中的slōdh ，“路径或途径”，它的形式是 sloth ，其后的 eu 代表了苏格兰语对中世纪英语(ō)的发展 〔jockey〕Diminutive of Scots Jock 苏格兰语 Jock的小后缀 〔crummie〕From Scots crumb [crooked] 源自 苏格兰语 crumb [弯曲的] 〔pollack〕Alteration of Scots podlok 苏格兰语 podlok的变化 〔doggone〕Alteration of Scots dagone 苏格兰语 dagone的变化 〔dirk〕Scots durk 苏格兰语 durk 〔divot〕Scots [a turf] 苏格兰语 [草皮] 〔Scottish〕Scottish is the full, original form of the adjective. Scots is an old Scottish variant of the form; Scotch is an English contraction of Scottish that at one time also came into use in Scotland ( as in Burns's"O thou, my Muse! guid auld Scotch drink!” ) but subsequently fell into disfavor.To some extent these facts can serve as a guide in choosing among the many variant forms of related words,such asScot, Scotsman or Scotswoman, or Scotchman or Scotchwoman, for one of the people of Scotland; Scots, (the) Scotch, or, rarely, (the) Scottish for the people of Scotland; andScots, Scotch, or Scottish for the dialect of English spoken in Scotland. The forms based onScotch are English and disfavored in Scotland, while those involving the full formScottish tend to be more formal. In the interest of civility, forms involvingScotch are best avoided in reference to people. But there is no sure rule for referring to things,since the history of variation in the use of these words has also left many expressions in which the choice is fixed,such asScotch broth, Scotch whisky, Scottish rite, and Scots Guards. Scottish 是这个形容词最完整，最原始的形式。 Scots 是这种形式的一种古老的苏格兰英语变体； Scotch 是苏格兰语的一个英语缩写形式并且苏格兰人曾用过( 例如波恩斯写过“喔你，我的灵感!最古代的苏格兰饮料!” )， 但后来就不令人喜欢了。在某种意义上讲这些事实可以帮助我们在那些有联系的各种变体中选择，例如Scot, Scotsman 或者 Scotswoman, 或者 Scotchman 或者 Scotchwoman, 来指定一个苏格兰的人； Scots, (the)Scotch, 或者，很少见的 (the) Scottish 来指定一个苏格兰人； 以及Scots, Scotch, 或者 Scottish 来指示在苏格兰讲的英语方言， 以Scotch 为基础的形式是英语在苏格兰不受欢迎， 但是包括完整形式Scottish 的那些形式趋向于更正式。 考虑到礼数时，带Scotch 的形式在指人时会被尽量回避的。 不过并没有一个固定的规则来指示事物，因为由于在使用这些字时不同变体的历史已经使许多表述方式固定下来了，例如苏格兰浓汤，苏格兰威士忌，苏格兰仪式 和 苏格兰卫兵 〔feckless〕Scots feck [effect] alteration of effect 苏格兰语 feck [影响] effect的变化〔raid〕Scots [raid on horseback] 苏格兰语 [马上奇袭] 〔scoot〕Scots [to eject, squirt] 苏格兰语 [喷射，喷涌] 〔shieling〕From Scots shiel [hut] 源自 苏格兰语 shiel [小屋] 〔bunker〕Scots bonker [chest] 苏格兰语 bonker [箱，柜] 〔tweed〕of Scots tweel [twill] 苏格兰语 tweel的变化 [斜纹毛呢] 〔langsyne〕Scots lang syne 苏格兰语 lang syne 〔Geordie〕Scots [diminutive of] George 苏格兰语 George的小后缀 〔dinky〕Probably from Scots dink [neat, trim] 可能源自 苏格兰语 dink [整洁的，整齐的] 〔agley〕Scots gley [to squint] from Middle English glien [possibly of Scandinavian origin] 苏格兰语 gley [斜眼看] 源自 中古英语 glien [可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语的] 〔raid〕The members of an army traveling on a particularroad to carry out a raid probably would not draw a connection between the two words.However,raid and road descend from the same Old English word rād. Theai in raid represents the standard development in the northern dialects of Old English long a, while theoa in road represents the standard development of Old English long a in the rest of the English dialects. Old Englishrād meant "the act of riding" and "the act of riding with a hostile intent; that is, a raid,”senses that no longer exist for our wordroad. It was left to Sir Walter Scott to revive the Scots formraid with the sense "a military expedition on horseback.”The Scots weren't making all the raids, however.Others seem to have returned the favor,for we find these words in the Middle EnglishCoventry Leet Book : "aftur a Rode . . . made uppon the Scottes at thende of this last somer.”The "Rode" was led by the non-Scottish Duke of Gloucester, who was later crowned as Richard III, and Henry Percy, Duke of Northumberland.一支部队的士兵在某条road （路）上行进以发动一场 raid （袭击）， 这大概不会使这两个词之间产生什么联系。然而raid 和 road 这两个词源于古英语中的同一个词 rad 。 Raid 中的 ai 代表了古英语中北部发言中长 a 的标准发展， 而road 中的 oa 代表了其它地区古英语方言中长 a 的发展。 古英语中rad 的意思是“骑马的行动和出于敌意而骑马的行动； 也就是说，一次奇袭，”词意中不再有路 这个意思。 沃尔特·斯科特爵士又恢复了raid 这个词的苏格兰语形式， 其意思是“马上的远征”。然而，奇袭并不只是由苏格兰人发动。别人似乎也保留了对这个词的偏好，因为我们在中世纪英语的考文垂史料 中发现了这段话： “在去年夏末对苏格兰发动的奇袭之后…”。该“奇袭”是由后来被冠以查理三世的格洛斯特的非苏格兰公爵和诺森柏兰的亨利·珀西公爵领导的〔flunky〕The wordflunky has come into Standard English from Scots, in which the word meant "liveried manservant, footman,”coming at least by the 19th century to be a term of contempt.The word is first recorded and defined in a work about Scots published in 1782.The definition states that aflunky is "literally a sidesman or attendant at your flank,” which gives support to the suggestion thatflunky is a derivative and alteration of flanker, "one who stands at a person's flank.”flunky 一词从苏格兰演变为标准英语。 苏格兰语中，该词意思为“穿制服的男仆，脚夫，”至少在19世纪时变为表示蔑视的词语。该词首先于1782年的一本有关苏格兰的书中得到记载和定义。定义中说flunky 在“字面意思是身边的人或身旁的随从”， 该定义支持了有关flunky 是由 flanker 派生和演变而来的说法， 意思是“一个站在别人身边的人”〔flat〕Alteration of Scots flet [inner part of a house] 苏格兰语 flet的变化 [房屋的内部] 〔tram〕Scots [shaft of a barrow] 苏格兰语 [手推车的车辕] 〔glamour〕Scots [magic spell] 苏格兰语 [有魔力的符咒] 〔prove〕Proved is actually the older form of the past participle; proven is a Scottish variant that was first introduced into wider usage in legal contexts: Proved 实际上是过去式的较早形式； proven 是这个词的苏格兰语变体， 它首先在法律领域得到广泛的使用： |
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