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释义 〔mammoth〕The mammoth was introduced to the English-speaking world after mammoth skeletons were discovered in Siberia,so it is no surprise that this creature's name is taken from Russian,even though the animal roamed over Eurasia and North America.The Russian word, nowmamant' but formerlymamot as well, was borrowed into English in variant spellings.It was first recorded in 1706in the formMammuth, but in 1763 we find the formmammon. It is said that the Russian word is a borrowing of an Ostyak word (the Ostyak people live in western Siberia),but this has not been proved.猛犸这个词是在西伯利亚发现猛犸骨骼之后才引入英语的,所以这种动物的名称起源于俄语也就不足为奇了,尽管这种动物曾在欧亚大陆和北美到处游荡。俄语中的这个词,现在是mamant' , 但以前为mamot , 被引入英文时出现了不同的拼写方法。最早的记载是1706年,其形式是Mammuth, 但在1763年,其形式就变成了mammon。 据说俄语这个词也是源于一个奥斯加克语中一个词(奥斯加克人居住于西伯利亚西部),但这种说法还没有得到证实〔Handel〕German-born composer whose works include the English oratorioMessiah (1742) and the orchestral Water Music (1717). 韩德尔,乔治·弗雷德里克:(1685-1759) 德裔作曲家,作品包括英文清唱剧《弥赛亚》 (1742年)和管弦乐曲 《水上音乐》 (1717年) 〔dynamite〕The same man who gave us dynamite gave us the Nobel Peace Prize,an irony that was surely not lost on the pacifistic Alfred Nobel himself.It is perhaps less well known that Nobel also contributed the worddynamite. Coined in Swedish in the formdynamit, the word was taken from Greekdunamis, "power,” and the Swedish suffix-it, which corresponds to our suffix-ite used in various scientific fields. Greekdunamis also gave us words such as dynamic and dynamo and itself probably goes back to the verbdunasthai, "to be able,” from which comesdynasty. 正是那个为我们制造炸药的人建立了诺贝尔和平奖,这种反语在阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔,这个和平主义者身上反映出来。而鲜为人知的是诺贝尔还创造了dunamite 这个词。 该词以瑞典语dynamit 形式创造, 取自希腊文dunamis ,意为“力量”, 再加上瑞典语的后缀-it, 相当于英文用于各种科学领域的后缀-ite。 希腊词dunamis 还向我们提供了其他词,如 dynamic 和 dynamo , 而后者本身可能追源到动词dunasthai , 由此又产生了dynasty 〔rendering〕a rendering of Cicero's treatises into English.西塞罗著的英文译文〔orgy〕The wordorgy has become connected in the minds of many of us with unrestrained sexual activity, but its origins are much less licentious.We can trace the word as far back as the Indo-European rootwerg-, meaning "to do"and the source of our wordwork. Greekorgia, "secret rites, worship,” also comes from the rootwerg-, by way of the form.worg-. The Greek word was used with reference to the worship and the ritespracticed in the worship of various deities,such as Orpheus and Dionysus.The word in Greek did not denote sexual activity,although this was a part of some of the various rites.The rites of Dionysus, for example, included only music, dancing, drinking, and the eating of animal sacrifices.Having passed through Latin and Old French into Englishthe wordorgy is first recorded in English with reference to the secret rites of the Greek and Roman religions in 1589. It is interesting to note that the word is first recorded with its modern sense in 18th-century English and perhaps in 17th-century French.Whether this speaks to a greater licentiousness in society or not must be left to the historian,but certainly the religious nature of the word has gone into eclipse.单词orgy 已经以不加节制的性行为的概念深植于我们许多人的头脑之中, 但它的原意却并非是很放荡的。我们可以追溯该词到印欧的词根werg- 当中, 意思是“做”,并且是我们work 一词的来源。 希腊语orgia, “秘密仪式,崇拜”, 也来源于词根werg-, 形式为worg- 。 希腊语中用其指崇拜以及一些仪式,这些仪式用于表达对各神明的崇拜,比如俄耳甫斯和狄俄尼索斯。该词在希腊语中并不是表示性行为,尽管性行为也是各种仪式中的一个部分。例如,狄俄尼索斯的仪式中仅仅包括音乐、舞蹈、饮酒和吃祭祀动物。从拉丁语和古法语转到英语,orgy 这一词在1589年首次在英文有记载表示希腊和罗马秘密宗教仪式含义。 有趣的是,该词早在18世纪也许17世纪就已有其现代意义的首次记载了。不论它是不是指社会中的一种大型的狂欢节(这是历史学家的事了),有一点是非常明确的,那就是这个词的宗教本质已经逐渐消失了〔diabetes〕Diabetes is named for one of its distressing symptoms.The disease was known to the Greeks asdiabētēs, a word derived from the verbdiabainein, made up of the prefixdia-, "across, apart,” and the word bainein, "to walk, stand.” The verbdiabeinein meant "to stride, walk, or stand with legs asunder"; hence, its derivativediabētēs meant "one that straddles,” or specifically "a compass, siphon.”The sense "siphon" gave rise to the use ofdiabētēs as the name for a disease involving the discharge of excessive amounts of urine. Diabetes is first recorded in English, in the formdiabete, in a medical text written around 1425. 糖尿病因其痛苦的症状之一而得名。此病症闻名于希腊语diabetes , 是动词diabainein 派生出的单词, 由前缀dia- “穿过,隔开”和单词 bainein “走,站”构成。 动词diabeinein 表示“跨过,走过或两条腿分开站着”; 因此,其派生词diabetes 表示“一个人叉腿站着”, 或专指“指南针,虹吸管”。在diabetes 使用“虹吸管”是表示排尿量过多的一种病的名称。 Diabaets 一词第一次被记录到英文中是在1425年前后的一本医学课本中,以diabete 的形式出现 〔pariah〕In the wordpariah, which can be used for anyone who is a social outcast, independent of social position,we have a reminder of a much more rigid social system,where only certain people could be pariahs.The caste system of India placed members of the pariah caste very low in society;until 1949 they were also known asuntouchables. The wordpariah, however, which we have extended in meaning, came into English from Tamil paṛaiyar, the plural of paṛaiyan, the caste name, which literally means “(hereditary) drummer"and comes from the wordpaṛai, the name of a drum used at certain festivals. The word is first recorded in English in 1613.Its use in English and its extension in use probably owe much to the close relationship that developed between Great Britain and India.Indeed, many of the British servants in India were from the pariah caste.pariah 一词能用于任何一个被社会遗弃的人, 不管他的社会地位如何,在这个词中,对我们有一个更严酷的社会体制的暗示,在这种体制下,仅仅某些特定的人才能成为被社会遗弃的人。印度的社会体制把被遗弃者的社会地位订得很低,直到1949年这些人还仍旧被称作是不可接触者 。 然而,我们已经扩展了含义的pariah 一词从泰米尔语 paraiyar 即 paraiyan 的复数转入英语中来, 字面含义是“(世袭)鼓手”,源于一种特定节日用的鼓名parai 。 1613年这个词首次在英语中有所记录。它在英文中的运用和用法的扩展可能很大程度是由于大不列颠和印度的密切关系。的确,在印度许多英国人的佣人都来自于贱民阶层〔chrysalis〕"All that is gold does not glitter" we may say when confronted withkhrus- or khruso-, the combining form of the Greek word khrusos, "gold.” We find this form,for example, in the Greek wordkhrusallis, "chrysalis,” which refers specifically to a gold-colored pupa.This Greek word gave us ourchrysalis, first recorded in English in the 17th century. As Modern Englishchrys- or chryso- the Greek formkhrus- or khruso- has also been used to make words that did not exist in Greek. Among the more interesting of these arechrysocracy, "rule of the wealthy,” andchrysotherapy, "the treatment of disease with gold compounds.”“闪光的不都是金子”,当我们面对khrus- 或 khruso- ,即希腊词 khrusos 的结合形式时(意为“金子”),我们可以这样说。 我们发现这种形式,如希腊词khrusallis 意为“蛹”, 特别指金色的蛹。这个希腊词产生的chrysalis 首次于17世纪以英文记载。 作为现代英语中的chrys- 或 chryso- , 希腊形式的khrus- 或 khruso- 也被用来组成希腊语中不存在的词。 其中最有趣的有chrysocracy , 意为“富裕的法则”,和chrysotherapy , 意为“用金化合物治病”〔orthoepist〕A specialist in orthoepy, especially one of a number of 16th- and 17th-century scholars who proposed reforms of English spelling so that it would more systematically reflect pronunciation.正音学的研究者:尤指16与17世纪改良英文拼法让英文可以更系统化反应发音的正音学专家〔Thomas〕American publisher who founded theMassachusetts Spy, an anti-British newspaper (1770), and produced many books, including the first English Bible printed in the colonies. 托马斯,以赛亚:(1749-1831) 美国出版商,创建了反英报纸《马萨诸塞的间谍》 (1770年),并出版了在殖民地印刷的第一本英文圣经等很多书 〔echo〕One might think that our wordecho is from the name of the nymph Echo, whom Greek mythology associates with echoes.According to one version of her story,she was torn to pieces by shepherds driven to this act by the god Pan, who was hopelessly in love with her.Pieces of Echo hidden in the ground still respond to Pan's frenzied cries,producing the phenomena known as echoes.A second version of her tale has it that Echo, as a penalty for distracting Hera from observing Zeus's infidelities, lost all power of speech,except the ability to reply.This defect lost her the love of Narcissus,which caused Echo to pine away until only her voice was left.The hapless nymph, however, cannot even claim credit for echoesbecause the Greek wordēkhō, the source of Englishecho, existed with our common noun sense before any mention of Echo is found.Our wordecho is first recorded in Middle English in a work composed in 1340. 您可能想到echo 这个词来自仙女埃科的名字, 她在希腊神话中与回声有关。关于她的故事,有一种说法认为,神潘爱她无望,便指使牧羊狗将她撕成碎片。她的碎片藏在地下时仍在回答潘的疯狂叫喊,于是产生了回声。另一种说法是,埃科使得赫拉察觉不到宙斯的不忠,作为惩罚被剥夺了说话的能力,只能重复别人的话。这个缺陷使她失去了纳西色斯的爱情,于是埃科不断憔悴消损,最后只留下她的声音。可惜的是这位不幸的女神并不能因为制造了回声这个词而居功,因为希腊语ekho , 即英语中echo 的来源, 早在任何关于埃科的故事之前就存在了。我们现在的词echo 最早是在1340年出现于中世纪英文作品中 〔subtitle〕a film that was subtitled for English-speaking audiences.一部给讲英文的观众加了字幕的电影〔exorcise〕An oath is to be found at the etymological heart ofexorcise, a term going back to the Greek wordexorkizein, meaning "to swear in,” "to take an oath by,” "to conjure,” and "to exorcise.” Exorkizein in turn is formed from the prefixex-, "thoroughly,” and the verb horkizein, "to make one swear, administer an oath to,” derived from horkos, "oath.” Our wordexorcise is first recorded in English in a work composed possibly before the beginning of the 15th century, and in this useexorcise means "to call up or conjure spirits" rather than "to drive out spirits,” a sense first recorded in 1546.誓言在语源学中是exorcise 的基本意思, 而这个词又可以追溯到希腊语exorkizein, 后者意味着“宣誓”、“发誓”、“恳求”和“驱赶”。 Exorkizein 依次由含有“完全地”这个意思的前缀ex- 和含有“使发誓,在誓言约束下”这个意思的动词 horkizein 构成,后者源自 horkos “誓言”。 我们现在用的exorcise 最早在英文中的记录出自一本可能早于15世纪初写的一本著作中。 在当时,exorcise 通常意味着“召回灵魂”, 而不是1546年才最早记录到的“驱赶鬼魂”这个含义〔jingo〕From the phrase by jingo [used in the refrain of a bellicose 19th-century English music-hall song] 源自片语 by jingo [用于19世纪的一首好斗性的英文歌舞杂耍歌曲的叠歌中] 〔surly〕The fact that the wordsurly means "churlish" nicely indicates its fall in status. Churlish derives from the word churl, which in its Old English form ceorl meant "a man without rank, a member of the lowest rank of freemen,” as well as "peasant" in general. In Old Englishceorl may have been a term of contempt; it certainly became one in Middle English,wherecherl meant "base fellow, boor,” with churlish descending in meaning accordingly. Surly, on the other hand, started its life at the top of the scale but fell just as far. Looking at instances of this word in Middle English and Early Modern English,we see thatsurly was only one spelling for this word, another spelling beingsirly, which makes it clear that it came from the word sir, the term of honor for a knight or for a person of rank or importance in general. Thussirly, the form under which the early spellings of the word are entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, first meant "lordly.” Surly, entered as a separate word in the OED and first recorded in 1566, meant perhaps "lordly, majestic,” in its earliest use,subsequently being used in the sense "masterful, imperious, arrogant.” As the gloss "arrogant" makes clear, the wordsirly could have a negative sense, and it is this area of meaning that is responsible for the current "churlish" sense of the word.surly 意为“粗野的”事实生动地说明了这个词的地位下降。 Churlish 是 churl 的派生词,其古英文形式 ceorl 的意思是“没有爵位的男人,或者是自由民中最低等级的男人”,大概象“农民”一样。 古英语中ceorl 可能含有贬意; 中古英语中肯定是贬意,其cherl 的意思是“卑贱的人,粗野的人”,相应地 churlish 的意思也下降了。 另一方面,Surly 开始是个高尚的字,后来地位同样下降。 从中古英语和早期现代英语中的实例,我们可以看到,surly 的拼法只有一个, 另一个是sirly ,它清楚地表明这个字来自 sir (给于骑士或有等级或有身份的人的尊称)。 因此,sirly 这个字的最初形式记载在 牛津英语词典 中,开始的意思为(有威严的,高傲的)。 Surly 作为另一个字最初于1566年记录在 OED 中, 最初的意思是“老爷的、尊贵的”,以后的意思为“老爷般的、命令式的、傲慢的”。“傲慢”这个字条清楚地说明sirly 可能有过否定的意思, 也正是在这层意义上,它和目前“粗野的”意义有关〔sunbeam〕The period of European history from the 5th to the 11th century,although often called the Dark Ages,in fact did much to preserve and extend the light of civilization.One of the relatively minor contributions of the time, albeit a fortunate one for us, is the addition of the wordsunbeam to the English language. The word is believed to have entered English in the 9th century through the work of the English king Alfred the Great. A scholar as well as a king, Alfred undertook a number of translations of great Latin writings,rendering them into the English of his time, now known as Old English.Among the works translated during Alfred's reign was a store of narratives and information about England's earliest connections with the Church,called theHistoria Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, or The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, a work composed by the Venerable Bede. Several times in his book Bede uses the Latin phrasecolumna lucis, which we would today translate as "a column of light.”Since the Old English translator did not have the wordcolumn in his vocabulary, he substituted the word beam, which meant "a tree" or "a building post made from a tree.”Columna lucis thus became sunnebeām, or "sun post,” which survives as our sunbeam. Ifsunbeam is perhaps a less stately expression than "column of light,” it has nevertheless served us well. From it the wordbeam alone came to mean "a ray or rays of light"; it subsequently became a verb meaning "to radiate.”It now allows us not only to beam with pride or happinessbut also to beam our broadcasts to other countries and ourselves, as some would have it, through space.Column would never do. 欧洲历史上从5世纪到11世纪这段时期,尽管经常成为黑暗的年代,但为保存和发展文明之光做了很多努力。这个时期相对不太重要的贡献之一,但对我们来说 十分幸运的就是阳光光束 这个单词加进了英语语言中。 人们相信这个词是通过英格兰国王阿尔费雷德大帝的努力于9世纪进入英语的。阿尔费雷德不仅是位国王,他还是位学者,他着手翻译了许多部重要的拉丁文作品,他将它们译成他那个时代的英文,即现在所说的古英语。在阿尔费雷德统治时期翻译的作品中,有一部有关于英格兰与教会的最早联系的丰富叙述和信息,书名是Historia Ecclesiastic Gentis Anglorum 或 The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (英国人民的基督教历史),作者是尊敬的比德。 在这本书中,比德数次使用了拉丁文短语columna hucis , 今天我们将其译为“一束阳光”。因为古英语翻译家在他所掌握的词汇中还没有column (柱子)这个词,所以他用 beam 这个词代替, 当时的意思是“树”或“用树做成的建筑物的支柱”。Columna lucis 就这样成了 sunnebeam 或“光束”, 它以 sunbeam 的形式存在。 或许sunbeam(阳光光束) 这种表达方法不如“光柱”这么堂皇,但是它很合我们用。 由此,beam 这个词单独也可作“一束光或多束光”讲, 而且它逐渐地变成了动词,意思是“发射,发光”。现在我们不仅可以说因骄傲或幸福而散发光彩,还可以说通过大气向其它国家和我们自己广播,如果他们进行的话。Column 可不行 〔examine〕A student who is being examined might prefer at times to deal with a swarm of bees rather than be weighed in the balance once again.The history of the wordexamine involves both phenomena. Examine, first recorded in English in a work composed before 1338,goes back to the Latin wordexāmināre, which in turn is derived fromexāmen, meaning both "a swarm of bees" and "the apparatus or process of weighing, balance.” Exāmen has these senses because it is formed from the prefixex-, "out of,” and the root .ag-, "to drive, force.” The semantic possibilities of this combination are shown by the senses of the related verbexigere, which meant "to drive out,” "to exact payment,” "to demand,” and "to inquire after or into.”The verbexāmināre derived from exāmen has the sense "to swarm" as well as the senses "to weigh, balance,” and "to consider critically.”一个正在考试的学生有时宁愿去对付一群蜜蜂也不愿再一次参加考试。examine 这个词的历史涉及到以上两种现象。 Examine 在英文最早的记录是出现于1338年以前的一本书中,回溯到拉丁文中的examinare, 其源自examen, 意思不但包括“蜂群”,还包括“衡量和平衡的程序或装置”。 Examen 具有这些含义是因为它由前缀ex-, 意为“超出”,和词根 ag-, 意为“驱使,强迫”组成的。 这个组合在语义上包含的几种可能被相关动词exigere 的意义表达出来, 它的含义有“赶出”、“要求支付”、“需要”和“问候或调查”。examinare 这个动词源自 examen, 含有“云集”的意思, 同时也有“衡量、平衡”和“吹毛求疵地考虑”等含义〔kiosk〕The lowly kiosk where one buys a newspaper or on which one posts advertisements is like a child in a fairy tale who though raised by humble parents is really the descendant of kings.The wordkiosk was originally taken into English ultimately from Turkish, in which its sourceköshk meant "pavilion.” The open structures referred to by the Turkish word were used as pavilions and summerhouses in Turkey and Persia.The first recorded use ofkiosk in English (1625) has reference to these Middle Eastern structures, which Europeans imitated in their own gardens and parks. In France and Belgium,where the Turkish word had also been borrowed,their wordkiosque was applied to something lower on the scale, structures resembling these pavilions but used as places to sell newspapers or as bandstands. England borrowed this lowly structure from Franceand reborrowed the word,which is first recorded in 1865with reference to a place where newspapers are sold.用来购买报纸或张贴广告的普通的凉亭好像是神话故事中尽管由地位低下的父母抚养但确实是国王后代的儿童一样,单词kiosk 收入英文的起源最早是土耳其语, 土耳其语中它的出处koshk 意为“大帐篷”。 在土耳其语中开敞的建筑物用来作为土耳其和波斯的帐篷和凉亭。英语中最早记录的kiosk 的使用(1625年)参照于欧洲人在他们自己的花园和公园中仿制的中东式建筑。 在法国和比利时,这个土耳其语单词也被借用,它们的单词kiosque 适用于结构上类似于这些凉亭,但规模上比较矮,用作卖报纸的场所或室外音乐台的建筑。 英国从法国引进了这种普通建筑,并且重新引入了这个单词,它的最早记载是在1865年,与卖报纸的场所有关〔doodle〕One might wonder what, if any, connection exists amongYankee Doodle, a doodlebug, and the doodle that one draws when one is bored or abstracted. The worddoodle in the latter two uses may come from a Low German word meaning "fool.”"Fool,” the first (and now probably obsolete) sense of the worddoodle to be recorded in English (1628),would seem naturally to have been used inYankee Doodle, the name of a tune composed in 1755 to mock the American colonists. However, the origin ofDoodle in this expression is unknown; it may be fromtootle, because the piece was apparently composed originally for flute or fife.In the case ofdoodlebug, it is thought that doodle, meaning "simpleton,” is the first part of the insect name.The sense "absent-minded scrawl" may come directly from the sense "fool"or from a British dialectal verb, meaning "to cheat, fritter time away,”that was derived from the noun sense "fool.”人们也许会问YonkeeDoodle, doodlebug, 和意思为心不在焉地乱涂的 doodle 之间有无联系。 单词doodle 在后两种用法中大概来自低地德语中, 意思为“傻瓜”的一个单词。“傻瓜”,doodle 的第一含义(现在可能已不再用), 英文记载是在1628年,被用在1755年谱成的用来讽刺美国殖民者的曲子YankeeDoodle 中。 然而,在该表达中Doodle 的词源尚不清楚; 也许来自tootle, 因为该曲原本很明显是用笛子或横笛演奏的。在doodlebug 中, doodle 被认为意思为“傻瓜”, 是昆虫名的第一部分。“心不在焉地乱涂”可能直接来自“傻瓜”,或者来自英国方言动词,意为“欺骗,打发时间”的,这个动词来源于名词“傻瓜”〔NEB〕New English Bible.《新英文圣经》〔marshal〕Hard-riding marshals of the Wild West in pursuit of criminalsreemphasize the relationship of the wordmarshal with horses. The Germanic ancestor of our wordmarshal is a compound made up of .marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare ), and .skalkaz, "servant,” meaning as a whole literally "horse servant,”hence "groom.”The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word,.marahskalk, starting from these humble beginnings, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander, not surprisingly so, given the importance of the horse in medieval warfare.The word passed into the period (beginning in 800) in which we speak of Old French, after the Franks and their Germanic language had been fused with the surrounding culture descended from Roman Gaul.When the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England,the Old French word came with them.The Middle English source of our word is first recorded as a surname in 1218 (and the surname Marshal, now spelled Marshall, has been held by some famous people),but it is first recorded as a common noun with the sense "high officer of the royal court" in the first English language proclamation (1258) by an English king, Henry III, after the Norman Conquest.Marshal was applied to this high royal official's deputies, who were officers of courts of law,and the word continued to designate various officials involved with courts of law and law enforcement,including the horseback-riding marshals we are familiar with in the United States.西部荒野骑着马对罪犯紧追不舍的警长形象,再次强调了marshal 这个词与马之间的联系。 我们这个单词marshal 的日耳曼语原形是一个由 marhaz “马”(与 mare 的语源相关)和 skalkaz “仆人,佣人”组成的合成词, 字面意思是“马的仆人”,也就是后来的“马夫”。这个日耳曼词的法兰克语的演变marahskalk 从最初卑微的含义演变到特指高级王室官员及高级军事将领, 不仅如此,在中世纪的战场上马也被提升到了重要地位。在法兰克人和他们所说的日耳曼语一起融入周围的罗马高卢人文化之后,这个词进入了我们讲古法语的时代(开始于800年)。当诺曼底人在英格兰建立了一个讲法语的官员阶层之后,古法语里的这个词便随之而来。该词在中世纪英语中最早于1218年作为一个姓氏被记录下来(一些著名人士的姓马歇尔,现在的拼写法为Marshall),但作为指“王室的高级官员”的普通名词,它最早出现于英国王亨利三世在诺曼征服之后做的一篇英文公告(1258年)。在此文中Marshal 用于指高级王室官员的代表, 也就是司法官员。该词涉及法律和法律实施的不同官员的含义延续了下来,其中就包括我们所熟悉的美国西部骑在马背上的警长
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