| 单词 | 荒原 |
| 释义 | 〔jungle〕Ultimately from Sanskrit jaṅgalam [desert, wasteland, uncultivated area] 最终源自 梵文 jaṅgalam [沙漠，荒原，未开垦的地域] 〔desert〕An empty or forsaken place; a wasteland:荒地，荒原：空旷，荒芜的地方；荒地：〔Eliot〕American-born British critic and writer whose poems "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915) andThe Waste Land (1922) established him as a major literary figure. He also wrote dramas, such as Murder in the Cathedral (1935), and works of criticism. He won the 1948 Nobel Prize for literature. 艾略特，托（马斯）·斯（特恩斯）：(1888-1965) 美裔英籍批评家与作家，他的诗作“普鲁福佛洛克的情歌”(1915年）和《荒原》 （1922年）确立了他在文坛的重要地位。他也写作短剧，如 《大教堂谋杀案》 （1935年）和作品评论。他获得了1948年诺贝尔文学奖 〔desert〕When Shakespeare says in Sonnet 72,"Unless you would devise some virtuous lie,/To do more for me than mine own desert,”he is using the worddesert in the sense of "worthiness; deserving,” a word that is perhaps most familiar to us in the plural, meaning "something that is deserved,”as in the phrasejust deserts. This word goes back to the Latin worddēservīre, "to devote oneself to the service of,”which in Vulgar Latin came to mean "to merit by service.” Dēservīre is made up ofdē-, meaning "thoroughly,” and servīre, "to serve.” Knowing this,we can distinguish thisdesert from desert, "a wasteland,” and desert, "to abandon,” both of which go back to Latindēserere, "to forsake, leave uninhabited,” which is made up ofdē-, expressing the notion of undoing, and the verb serere, "to link together.” We can also distinguish all threedeserts from dessert, "a sweet course at the end of a meal,” which is from the French worddesservir, "to clear the table.” Desservir is made up ofdes-, expressing the notion of reversal, and servir (from Latin servīre ), "to serve,” hence, "to unserve" or "to clear the table.”当莎士比亚在第72首十四行诗中说：“除非你能编出善意的谎言/把我说得比我本人强得多”，这里desert 的意思就是“应得的东西”。 对这个词，我们最熟悉的大概是其复数形式（意思是“应得的东西”）。例如在词组just deserts 中。 该词的起源可以追溯到拉丁词deservire ， 意为“为…而献身”，在俗拉丁语中，意思就变成了“依据服务应得…”。 Deservire 由de- 意思是“完全地，彻底地”和 servire “服务”组成。 知道了这些，我们就可以把desert 与 desert “荒原”和 desert “放弃”区别开来。 后面两个意义可追溯到拉丁语deserere “遗弃，无人居住”， 它由de- 表示“不做”的概念和动词 serere “连接到一起”组成。 我们也能把所有这三个deserts 与 dessert “正餐最后上的一道甜食”区分开来， 后者来自法语词desservir “收拾桌子”。 Desservir 由表达“反，逆”概念的des- 和 servir 组成（来自拉丁语 servire ）， 意为“服务”、“因此“、“不上菜”或“清理桌子”〔desert〕desert fauna.生长在荒原上的动物群〔buffalo〕The buffalo is so closely associated with the Wild West that it would seem natural to assume that its name comes from a Native American word, as is the case with the wordsmoose and skunk. In fact, however,buffalo can probably be traced back by way of one or more of the Romance languages, such as Portuguese, Spanish, or Italian, through Vulgar Latin and Latin and ultimately to the Greek wordboubalos, meaning "an antelope or a buffalo.” The buffalo referred to by the Greek and Latin words was, of course, not the American one but rather an Old World mammal, such as the water buffalo of southern Asia.Applied to the North American mammal,buffalo is in fact a misnomer, bison being the preferred term. As far as everyday usage is concerned, however,buffalo, first recorded for the American mammal in 1635, is older thanbison, first recorded in 1774. 野牛同西部荒原联系如此紧密以致人们很自然地认为这个名字源于美洲本地语言，就象这两个词moose 和 skunk。 然而，实际上buffalo 一词可以通过一种或更多种日耳曼语言，如葡萄牙语、西班牙语或意大利语溯源。 通过通俗拉丁语和拉丁语最终追溯到希腊词boubalos 意思是“羚羊或野牛”。 希腊语和拉丁语所指的野牛当然不是美洲野牛，而是东半球的一种哺乳动物，如南亚水牛。就北美哺乳动物来说，buffalo 实际上是用词不当， bison 才是合适的词。 然而就日常用法而言，buffalo 于1635年首次被用于记录美国哺乳动物， 比首次记录于1774年的bison 要早些 〔roadless〕roadless wilderness.无路可走的荒原〔jungle〕One might be surprised to learn that the wordjungle is not African in origin nor does it come from a word that only meant "land densely overgrown with tropical vegetation and trees.” Jungle goes back to the Sanskrit word jaṅgalam, meaning "desert, wasteland,”and also "any kind of uncultivated area, such as heavily forested land.”The Sanskrit wordjaṅgala- passed into various Indian languages and from one or more of these languages into English.In Englishjungle was used for land overgrown with vegetation, for the vegetation itself,and for such land outside India.The word was also extended figuratively in various ways.We have, for example, asphalt jungles, concrete jungles, blackboard jungles, academic jungles, corporate jungles,and, in a February 1972 issue of theGuardian, the government official who "lit up some lurid corners of the taxation jungle.”jungle 一词的词源不是非洲语，也不是来自仅仅意为“长满茂密的热带植物和树木的地带”的单词；知道这一点也许会让人吃惊。 Jungle 可追溯到梵语词 jangalam ， 其意为“荒漠，荒原”，也指“任何未开垦的地域，如茂密的森林”。梵语词jangala- 传入多种印度语中， 又从这其中的一种或多种语言再传入英语。在英语中jungle 用来指长满植物的地带， 指植物本身，也指印度以外的类似地带。该词也在多方面引申为比喻意义。例如，我们有柏油丛林、水泥丛林、黑板丛林、学术丛林、公司丛林，此外在1972年2月发行的一期卫报 上， 还出现了“揭露税收丛林中鲜为人知的龌龊勾当”的政府官员〔wold〕An unforested rolling plain; a moor.山地，荒原，荒野：无森林的波状平原；荒野〔wasteland〕Land that is desolate, barren, or ravaged.荒原：荒凉、贫瘠或遭到毁坏之土地 |
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