| 单词 | 荒野 |
| 释义 | 〔bush〕Land remote from settlement:荒野：远离住区的土地：〔fell〕An upland stretch of open country; a moor.高原，荒野：开阔地区隆起的地带；丘原〔wilderness〕An extensive area, such as a desert or an ocean, that is barren or empty; a waste.荒野：大片土地, 例如沙漠、海洋，这些地区贫脊或空旷；荒野〔wilderness〕Deer comes from the Old English word dēor, meaning "beast.” Clearly the word has narrowed in meaning and lost its general sense.But another word in English,wilderness, may point to this general sense of Old English dēor. The etymology ofwilderness is variously given, but one etymology traces the-der- of wilderness back to dēor and wild- back to Old English wilde, "wild.” Der- may thus carry on dēor in its general sense, reminding us that wild beasts might be the only inhabitants of a wilderness.Wilderness, though it may have existed in Old English, is first found in 13th-century Middle English.Deer 来自于古英语中意为“野兽”的一词 deor 。 很明显这个词的词义缩小了，失去了它较笼统的意义。但英语中的另一个词wilderness, 大概会指出古英语中 deor 的笼统意义。 wilderness 的词源很多， 但一种说法顺着wilderness 中的 -der- 找到 deor ，顺着 wild- 中找到古英语中的 wilde “野蛮的”。 Der- 大概因此具有笼统意义上的 deor 的意义， 提醒我们野兽大概是荒野处的唯一居民。Wilderness 尽管在古英语中已存在， 但是在13世纪中世纪英语中首次出现的〔conflict〕"Yet still the poachers came . . . for affrays in woods and on moors with liveried armies of keepers" (Patricia Morison).See also Synonyms at discord “仍有侵入者…不断到树林和荒野中对身着制服的守卫军队骚扰挑衅” （帕特里夏·莫里森） 参见同义词 discord〔wold〕An unforested rolling plain; a moor.山地，荒原，荒野：无森林的波状平原；荒野〔maroon〕The history of the wordmaroon, which we associate with desert islands, takes us back to the days of slavery, when the nounmaroon was a term in English for a Black person who lived in the mountains and forests of Dutch Guiana (Suriname) and the West Indies, a term that is still used in parts of the Caribbean.These were plantation slaveswho had run away to live free in uncultivated parts.The English word is taken from the French wordmarron, "runaway Black slave,”which in turn was an alteration of American Spanishcimarrón, meaning "runaway slave.”Cimarrón is perhaps from cima, "summit.” Having come into English (first recorded in 1666),maroon took on a life of its own and came to be used as a verbmeaning "to be lost in the wilds,”from which our sense "to put ashore on a deserted island or coast" evolved.单词maroon 与荒岛有关联，其历史可追溯到奴隶制时代， 当时英语中的maroon 这个词指的是生活在荷属圭亚那（苏里南）和西印度群岛的黑人， 在加勒比的某些地区这个词仍在使用。这些人本是种植园里的奴隶，他们逃到未开发的土地上自由自在地生活。英语中的这个词源于法语中的marron ， 意思是“逃亡的黑奴”，它又是美洲西班牙语cimarron 的变形， 其意为“逃亡的奴隶”。Cinmarron 可能源于 cima ，“顶峰”。 进入英语之后（最早的记载在1666年），maroon 具有了自己的内涵， 而且开始被作为动词使用，意思是“在荒野中迷失方向”，我们的“将…置于一个荒凉的岛上或海岸边”这个意思就是从这里发展而来〔moor〕A broad area of open land, often high but poorly drained, with patches of heath and peat bogs.沼泽：一片大面积的开阔地，通常很高但排水不好，有成片的荒野和泥炭田〔heath〕An extensive tract of uncultivated open land covered with herbage and low shrubs; a moor.荒地：一大片未开垦的覆盖有草本植物和低矮灌木丛的开阔地；荒野〔Moro〕Spanish [Moor, Moro] 西班牙语 [荒野，摩洛人] 〔bewilder〕The wordbewilder is probably used much more commonly in its figurative sense "to confuse" than in its literal sense "to cause to lose one's bearings; disorient.” Yet the latter sense is most likely the clue to the original source of this word.Bewilder, first recorded in 1684, is made up of the prefix be-, here meaning "completely,” and the verb wilder, meaning "to cause to lose one's way,” first found in 1613. Wilder may in turn be a back-formation from wilderness, a much older word than wilder. Users of English might have erroneously thought thatwilderness was derived from an older verb wilder, which they then used with reference to the loss of one's way that can occur in a wilderness.单词bewilder 大概多用其比喻意义“使迷惑”，而少用其字面意义“使失去方向；使迷失方向”。 虽然后者更接近这个词的本意。Bewilder 一词于1684年首次有文字记载，由前缀 be- 这里意为“完全地”和1613年首次发现的意为“使迷路”的动词 wilder 组成。 Wilder 可能从 wilderness 反演而来，一个比 wilder 古老得多的词。 英语使用者可能误以为wilderness 是从更古老的动词 wilder 产生的， 于是他们把wilderness与可能发生在荒野中的迷路联系起来〔Azazel〕Hebrew 'ăzā’zēl [removal, scapegoat (ritually sent into the wilderness), perhaps originally a divine name] 希伯来语 'ăzā’zēl [移动，替罪羊（按仪式遣送到荒野中），可能源于一种神的名字] 〔wilderness〕An unsettled, uncultivated region left in its natural condition, especially:荒野，荒地：保留天然条件的无人定居的未开垦地区，尤指：〔marshal〕Hard-riding marshals of the Wild West in pursuit of criminalsreemphasize the relationship of the wordmarshal with horses. The Germanic ancestor of our wordmarshal is a compound made up of .marhaz, "horse" (related to the source of our word mare ), and .skalkaz, "servant,” meaning as a whole literally "horse servant,”hence "groom.”The Frankish descendant of this Germanic word,.marahskalk, starting from these humble beginnings, came to designate a high royal official and also a high military commander, not surprisingly so, given the importance of the horse in medieval warfare.The word passed into the period (beginning in 800) in which we speak of Old French, after the Franks and their Germanic language had been fused with the surrounding culture descended from Roman Gaul.When the Normans established a French-speaking official class in England,the Old French word came with them.The Middle English source of our word is first recorded as a surname in 1218 (and the surname Marshal, now spelled Marshall, has been held by some famous people),but it is first recorded as a common noun with the sense "high officer of the royal court" in the first English language proclamation (1258) by an English king, Henry III, after the Norman Conquest.Marshal was applied to this high royal official's deputies, who were officers of courts of law,and the word continued to designate various officials involved with courts of law and law enforcement,including the horseback-riding marshals we are familiar with in the United States.西部荒野骑着马对罪犯紧追不舍的警长形象，再次强调了marshal 这个词与马之间的联系。 我们这个单词marshal 的日耳曼语原形是一个由 marhaz “马”（与 mare 的语源相关）和 skalkaz “仆人，佣人”组成的合成词， 字面意思是“马的仆人”，也就是后来的“马夫”。这个日耳曼词的法兰克语的演变marahskalk 从最初卑微的含义演变到特指高级王室官员及高级军事将领， 不仅如此，在中世纪的战场上马也被提升到了重要地位。在法兰克人和他们所说的日耳曼语一起融入周围的罗马高卢人文化之后，这个词进入了我们讲古法语的时代（开始于800年）。当诺曼底人在英格兰建立了一个讲法语的官员阶层之后，古法语里的这个词便随之而来。该词在中世纪英语中最早于1218年作为一个姓氏被记录下来（一些著名人士的姓马歇尔，现在的拼写法为Marshall)，但作为指“王室的高级官员”的普通名词，它最早出现于英国王亨利三世在诺曼征服之后做的一篇英文公告(1258年）。在此文中Marshal 用于指高级王室官员的代表， 也就是司法官员。该词涉及法律和法律实施的不同官员的含义延续了下来，其中就包括我们所熟悉的美国西部骑在马背上的警长〔trail〕A marked or beaten path, as through woods or wilderness.小径：标有记号或踩出的一条道路，如穿越森林或荒野的〔bush〕the Australian bush.澳大利亚的未开垦荒野〔Exmoor〕A moorland plateau of Cornwall in southwest England. It is a popular tourist area with notable prehistoric ruins.埃克斯穆尔高地：英格兰西南康沃尔的一片荒野高原。它是一个受欢迎的旅游区，有著名的史前遗迹〔morel〕feminine diminutive of Latin Maurus [Mauritanian, Moor] * see Moor 拉丁语 Maurus的阴性小后缀 [毛里塔尼亚的，荒野] * 参见 Moor〔Adams〕American photographer noted for his magnificent black-and-white photographs of the American wilderness.亚当斯，安塞尔：(1902-1984) 美国摄影家，以其表现美国荒野的精美的黑白照片而著名〔Colum〕Irish-American writer who was associated with the Irish Renaissance. His volumes of poetry includeWild Earth (1907) and Images of Departure (1968). 科拉姆，帕德莱克：(1881-1972) 爱尔兰裔美籍作家，支持爱尔兰复兴。他的诗集包括《荒野》 （1907年）和 《离别印象》 （1968年） 〔chimpanzee〕A gregarious anthropoid ape(Pan troglodytes) of tropical Africa, having long dark hair and somewhat arboreal habits and exhibiting humanlike behavior and a high degree of intelligence. It is now considered vulnerable to extinction in the wild. 黑猩猩：产于非洲热带地区的一种长有长长的黑毛群居类人猿（黑猩猩） ，有一些栖于树上的生活习惯且表现出与人类相似的行为以及高等的智力，现在被认为在荒野里很可能灭绝 |
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