| 单词 | 莎士比亚 |
| 释义 | 〔lonely〕Henry Bradley, one of the four editors of theOxford English Dictionary, said "It is a truth often overlooked, but not unimportant, that every addition to the resources of a language must in the first instance have been due to an act (though not necessarily to a voluntary or conscious act) of some one person.”In many casesthis one person may have been an author,since the first recorded instance of a word is often found in an author's work.Of course, as Bradley warns,this is the firstrecorded instance; it is possible that a given author picked up the word or sense somewhere elseor that these reside undiscovered in an earlier work.In any caseit might be a minor relief of our condition the next time we feel lonely to know that the first recorded instance of the wordlonely occurs in the works of Shakespeare. The passage appears inCoriolanus (1607-1608) in a speech by Coriolanus to his mother Volumnia:"My mother, you wot [know] well/My hazards still have been your solace, and/Believe't not lightly—though I go alone,/Like to alonely dragon, that his fen/Makes fear'd and talk'd of more than seen—your son/Will or exceed the common or be caught/With cautelous [crafty] baits and practice.” Lonely here, of course, has the sense "solitary.” The dragon does not feel dejected,or if he does,he does not seem to know how to reach out to others effectively.牛津英语词典 的四位编纂者之一亨利·布莱德雷说： “人们经常忽视这样一个现实，但它并非不重要，那就是对某种语言词汇的每一次添加都首先是由于某一个人的行为（尽管不一定是自愿的或有意识的行为）”。许多时候，这一个人可能是个作者，因为一个词有记载的首次使用往往出自一位作者的作品。当然，正如布莱德雷所提醒人们的，这是首次有记载的 的例子； 某个作者可能是从别处学到这个词或这个意思，或是这个词或意思在更早的作品中已经出现，只是未被人们发现。不管怎样，当我们知道lonely 这个词的有记载的首次使用出现在莎士比亚的作品中时，这些都不大能减轻我们的沮丧心情。 在卡里奥拉纳斯 （1607-1608年）中， 卡里奥拉纳斯对他母亲弗罗姆尼娅讲的一段话中有这样的文字：“我的母亲，你清楚地知道／我的冒险一直是你的安慰，而且／不要轻信——尽管我要只身前往，／就象去面对一条孤单的 龙，他的沼泽／令人谈而色变，尽管并未亲见——你的儿子／决意或是胜过凡人或是被狡猾的圈套和手段擒捉”。 Lonely 在这里的意思当然是“孤单的”。 龙不会感到沮丧，即便它感到沮丧，他也不太可能知道如何让别人体会到它的感情〔prudence〕"The better part of valor is discretion" (Shakespeare).“谨慎即大勇” （莎士比亚）。〔vehicle〕"Life's but a walking shadow"(Shakespeare)“生活不过是一个行走的阴影”(莎士比亚)〔Oxford〕English courtier and poet who is believed by some to have written Shakespeare's plays.牛津，爱德华·德威尔：英国朝臣与诗人，一些人认为是他写下莎士比亚的剧作〔opponent〕"And do as adversaries do in law,/Strive mightily, but eat and drink as friends" (Shakespeare).Anantagonist is an actively hostile opponent: “按法律的要求做事，/勇敢地战斗，但是要友好地生活” （莎士比亚）。Antagonist 意思是敌意很强烈的反对者： 〔history〕the histories of Shakespeare.莎士比亚的历史剧〔argument〕"sheath'd their swords for lack of argument"(Shakespeare)“因无争论理由收剑入鞘”(莎士比亚)〔bell〕"In a cowslip's bell I lie"(Shakespeare)“我躺在野樱草的钟形花冠中”(莎士比亚)〔Modjeska〕Polish-born American actress noted for her dramatic roles, especially in Shakespeare's tragedies.莫杰斯卡，海伦娜：(1840-1909) 波兰裔美籍女演员，因其戏剧角色而闻名，尤其在莎士比亚的悲剧中〔passing〕“'Tis a passing shame"(Shakespeare)“这是一次极大的羞辱”(莎士比亚)〔piping〕"in this weak piping time of peace"(Shakespeare)“在这和平的柔弱而宁静的时刻”(莎士比亚)〔argument〕"You and love are still my argument"(Shakespeare)“你和爱情仍是我的主题”(莎士比亚)〔mean〕"chok'd with ambition of the meaner sort" (Shakespeare). “被那种狭窄的野心憋得透不过气来” （莎士比亚）。 〔Castilho〕Portuguese author and translator who became a leader of the romantic movement in Portugal. He is known for his poems and his translations of Virgil, Ovid, and Shakespeare.卡斯帝霍，安东尼奥·费里西亚诺·德：(1800-1875) 葡萄牙作家和翻译家，葡萄牙浪漫主义运动的领袖。以其诗歌作品和对维吉尔、奥维德和莎士比亚的作品翻译而著名〔bay〕"I had rather be a dog, and bay the moon"(Shakespeare)“我宁愿是只狗，叫着去追月亮”(莎士比亚)〔Stratford〕A city of southeast Ontario, Canada, west-southwest of Toronto. It is an industrial center and the home of the Stratford Shakespearean Festival (founded 1953). Population, 26,262.斯特拉特福：加拿大安大略省东南部一城市，位于多伦多西南偏西。它是一个工业中心，也是斯拉特福莎士比亚节(1953年订立）的发源地。人口26,262〔Macready〕British actor particularly noted for his Shakespearean roles and his contributions to modern stagecraft.麦克里迪，威廉·查尔斯：(1793-1873) 英国演员，以其扮演的莎士比亚剧中角色和对现代舞台艺术的贡献而闻名〔sign〕"Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge" (Shakespeare).“大度的宽容是高贵品质的真正象征” （莎士比亚）。〔literate〕For most of its long history in English,literate has meant only "familiar with literature,” or more generally, "well-educated, learned";it is only during the last hundred years that it has also come to refer to the basic ability to read and write.Its antonymilliterate has an equally broad range of meanings: anilliterate person may be incapable of reading a shopping list or perhaps may only be unable to grasp an allusion to Shakespeare or Keats.The termfunctional illiterate is often used to describe a person who can read or write to some degree, but below a minimum level required to function in even a limited social situation or job setting.More recently, the meanings of the wordsliteracy and illiteracy have been extended from their original connection with reading and literature to any body of knowledge. For example, "geographic illiterates" cannot identify the countries on a map,and "computer illiterates" are unable to use a word-processing system.None of these uses ofliteracy or illiteracy are incorrect, but it might be preferable to use another word in instances where the context does not make the meaning clear.在英语悠久的历史中，literate 大部分时期只表示“精通文学的”或更概括一些， 指“受过良好教育的，有学问的”；仅仅是在上个世纪它才开始表示读和写的基本能力。它的反义词illiterate 有着同样广泛的意义： 一个illereare 的人也许连张购物单都不会读， 或许只是不理解莎士比亚或济慈的典故。functional illiterate 一词用于描写一个具有一定程度的读写能力， 但还不到甚至在一个有限的社会环境或工作环境中运用语言所须的最低水平。最近，literacy 和 illiteracy 这两词的含义已经从它们原先与阅读和文学的联系扩展到与任何一种知识的联系。 例如，一个“地理盲”不会在地图上寻找国家，而一个“计算机盲”不会使用文字信息处理系统。literacy 和 illiteracy 的这些用法都是正确的， 但是当上下文可能导致意义混淆时还是用其它词更好一些〔tenor〕"Life's but a walking shadow"(Shakespeare)“生命不过是一个行走的影子”(莎士比亚)〔Kittredge〕American scholar noted for his expertise on the works of Chaucer and Shakespeare.基特里奇，乔治·莱曼：(1860-1941) 美国学者，以其关于乔叟和莎士比亚作品的专门知识而著名〔stay〕"I will not stay thy questions. Let me go;/Or if thou follow me, do not believe/But I shall do thee mischief in the wood"(Shakespeare)“我不会等你发问。让我走；/或者如果你跟着我，不相信的话/我会在林中对你捣乱”(莎士比亚)〔and〕It is frequently asserted that sentences beginning withand or but express "incomplete thoughts" and are therefore incorrect. But this rule was ridiculed by grammarians like Wilson Follett (who ascribed it to "schoolmarmish rhetoric") and H.W. Fowler (who called it a "superstition"),and the stricture has been ignored by writers from Shakespeare to Virginia Woolf.Members of the Usage Panel were asked whether they paid attention to the rule in their own writing:24 percent answered "always or usually,” 36 percent answered "sometimes,” and 40 percent answered "rarely or never.”See Usage Note at both ,but ,try ,with 通常认为用and 或 but 开始的句子表达“不完整的思想”，因而是不正确的。 但这条规则被一些语法学家所嘲弄，如威尔逊·弗莱特（称之为“古板的修辞”），和H·W福勒（称之为“迷信”），从莎士比亚到弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫之间的作家都忽视了这条规定。当用法专题小组的成员被问到在他们的自己写作中是否也注意到这条规则时：24%的人回答“一直是这样或一般是这样”，36%的人回答“有时这样”，40%的人回答“很少或从来没有” 参见 both,but,try,with〔Dyce〕Scottish-born critic who edited the works of James Shirley (1833) and Christopher Marlowe (1850) and is best known for his edition of Shakespeare (1857).戴斯，亚历山大：(1798-1869) 苏格兰裔批评家，曾编辑过詹姆斯·雪莱(1833年）以及克里斯托夫·马洛威(1850年）的作品，以他编的莎士比亚作品集而闻名(1857年）〔brow〕"Speak you this with a sad brow?”(Shakespeare)“你带着悲伤的神情如此说?”(莎士比亚)〔absquatulate〕The vibrant energy of American English sometimes appears in the use of Latin affixes to create jocular pseudo-Latin "learned" words.There is a precedent for this in the language of Shakespeare,whose plays contain scores of made-up Latinate words.Midlandabsquatulate has a prefix ab-, "away from,” and a suffix-ate, "to act upon in a specified manner,” affixed to a nonexistent base form-squatul-, probably suggested bysquat. Hence the whimsicalabsquatulate, "to squat away from.” Another such coinage is Northernbusticate, which joins bust with -icate by analogy with verbs like medicate. Southernargufy joins argue to a redundant -fy, "to make; cause to become.” These creations are largely confined to regions of the United States where change is slow,and where the 19th-century love for Latinate words and expressions is still manifest.For example, Appalachian speech is characterized by the frequent use ofrecollect, aggravate, oblige, and other such words. 美国英语的创造力有时表现在用拉丁文词缀去创造滑稽的假拉丁文“文雅”的单词。莎士比亚的语言是一先行者，他的戏剧中有大量创造出来的拉丁词。中部地区的absquatulate 有一前缀 ab-， 表“离开，走开，” 和一个后缀-ate， 表“以特殊方式行事，” 这些再加在一个不存在的词根上-squatul-， 也许是由squat 而来的。 所以奇特的absquatulate 表“走开，离开。” 另外一个这样的造词是从北部的busticate 来的，这是把 bust 加上 -icate 变来的，如同源动词 medicate。 南部的argufy 把 argue 加上多余的 -fy， 意为“变成；使成为”。 这种造词只见于美国变化较慢的地区，在那儿仍保持了19世纪那种喜好拉丁语词语的习惯。比如在阿巴拉契亚地区的语言中，如同recollect，aggravate，oblige 和其他这样一些词经常被使用的 〔shake〕"She starts like one that spies an adder / . . . The fear whereof doth make him shake and shudder" (Shakespeare).See also Synonyms at agitate ,dismay “她象看到蝮蛇一般突然跳起来/…这种恐惧使他震颤” （莎士比亚） 参见同义词 agitate,dismay〔ridicule〕"Seldom he smiles, and smiles in such a sort/As if he mock'd himself, and scorn'd his spirit" (Shakespeare).“他很少笑，笑时又以这样的神态/好象是在嘲笑自己并看不起自己的灵魂” （莎士比亚）。〔of〕"A plague of all cowards, I say"(Shakespeare)“所有懦夫遭天谴，我说”(莎士比亚)〔stuff〕"We are such stuff/As dreams are made on"(Shakespeare)“我们是会做梦的人”(莎士比亚)〔work〕"I have had my labor for my travail" (Shakespeare). “我已把自己劳动奉献给艰苦的工作” （莎士比亚）〔Marlowe〕English playwright and poet whose development of blank verse influenced Shakespeare. His plays includeTamburlaine the Great (c. 1587) and Edward II (c. 1592). 马洛，克里斯托弗：(1564-1593) 英国剧作家和诗人，他对无韵诗的发展影响胜过莎士比亚。他的剧作包括《帖木耳大帝》 （1587年）和 《爱德华二世》 （1592年） 〔host〕Host was used as a verb in Shakespeare's time, but this usage was long obsoletewhen the verb was reintroduced (or perhaps reinvented) in recent yearsto mean "perform the role of a host.”The usage occurs particularly in contexts relating to institutional gatherings or television and radio shows,where the person performing the role of host has not personally invited the guests to his or her own establishment (thus it would be odd to sayThis evening we are hosting a dinner party at our house for my husband's cousins from New York ). Perhaps because the verb involves a suspect extension of the traditional conception of hospitality,it initially met with critical resistance.In a 1968 surveyonly 18 percent of the Usage Panel accepted the usage in the sentenceThe Cleveland chapter will host this year's convention. Over time, however,the usage has become increasingly well establishedand appears to serve a useful purpose in describing the activities of one who performs the ceremonial or practical role of a host (in arranging a conference or entertainment, welcoming guests, and so forth).In our most recent survey53 percent of the Panelists accepted the usage in the phrasea reception hosted by the Secretary of State. The verb is less well accepted when used to describe the role of a performer who acts as a master of ceremonies for a broadcast or film,where the relation of the word to the notion of "hospitality" is stretched still further.Only 31 percent of the Panel accepted the use of the verb in the sentenceStudents have watched Sex, Drugs and AIDS, a graphic film hosted by actress Rae Dawn Chong. · The verbcohost has likewise become well established in its use to refer to those who collaborate in assuming responsibility for an occasion. Fifty-eight percent of the Usage Panel accepted this use in the sentenceThe Department of Architecture and the Department of History will be cohosting a reception for conference participants. Host 一词在莎士比亚时代用作动词， 但自那时起这一用法很长时间不用了，直到近年来又被重新起用（或者可能重新创造），用来表示“担当主人的角色”。这一用法尤其在学术聚会或电视、电台节目的情况下使用，在这些情况下，身为主人的人并没有以私人身份邀请客人去到他或她自己的家中，（这样的话，如果我们说今天晚上我们将在家中为我丈夫来自纽约的表兄妹‘主办’一个晚餐会 就会觉得有点别扭）。 也许是因为有人认为这一动词用法会扩大传统的“好客”概念，所以一开始它就遭到了批评性抑制。在1968年的一次调查中，用法专题使用小组中18%的成员在如下句子中的用法，即克利夫兰分会将主办本年度的大会。 但是，随着时间的推移，这一用法已逐渐被接受，并在描绘一个担当司仪或具体的主人任务（例如安排会议或娱乐活动，欢迎客人等等）时起到了很好的作用。在我们最近一次的调查中，用法专题使用小组中的53%的成员接受了短语由国务卿出面举办的招待会 中"host"一词的用法。 但当这一动词用法用来描绘作为广播节目或电影节目的主持人的主持工作时，人们就不太接受其用法，因为这样用，这个词与“好客”这一概念的关系就更松了。只有31%的用法专题使用小组成员接受host在句子学生们观摩了 由 演员雷·唐·宗主持解说的纪录片 ‘性、毒品与艾滋病’”中的动词用法。 同样，用来表示分工合作共同举办某一活动的动词cohost 也已被普遍接受。 58%的用法专题使用小组成员接受这一动词在如下句子中的用法：建筑系和历史系将共同为与会者举办一次招待会 〔naked〕"naked to mine enemies"(Shakespeare)“在我的敌人面前暴露弱点”(莎士比亚)〔Shakespeare〕English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, include historical works, such asRichard II, comedies, including Much Ado about Nothing and As You Like It, and tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear. He also composed 154 sonnets. The earliest collected edition of his plays, the First Folio, contained 36 plays and was published posthumously (1623). 莎士比亚，威廉：(1564-1616) 英国戏剧家和诗人，他的作品被认为是英语文学作品中最伟大的戏剧，其中大多在伦敦的全球戏院演出过，包括历史作品，例如《理查德二世》 ；喜剧包括 《无事自扰》 和 《如愿》 ；悲剧包括 《哈姆雷特》 、 《奥赛罗》 和 《李尔王》 。他还作过154首十四行诗。他最早的戏剧集子，第一对开本，包含了36个戏剧，并在他死后出版(1623年） 〔Terry〕British actress. The preeminent English-speaking actress of her day, she was known for her Shakespearean roles and her correspondence with George Bernard Shaw.泰莉，埃伦·艾丽斯：(1847-1928) 英国女演员。当时卓越的英语演员，以其在莎士比亚戏剧中所扮演的角色和与乔治·萧伯纳的通信而著称〔Abbey〕American artist who illustrated editions of Herrick and Shakespeare and painted the muralQuest of the Holy Grail (1890-1902). 艾比，艾德温·奥斯丁：(1852-1911) 美国艺术家，为赫里克和莎士比亚的作品作插图，画了《圣杯的远征》 的壁画（1890-1902年） 〔faithless〕"To thine own self be true,/And it must follow, as the night the day,/Thou canst not then be false to any man" (Shakespeare).One who isdisloyal is false to persons or things that are due allegiance: “对你自己忠实，/并长久坚持，/你将不会对别人虚情假意” （莎士比亚）。Disloyal 的人对人或事业缺乏忠心和忠诚： 〔provoke〕"Let my presumption not provoke thy wrath" (Shakespeare). “希望我的揣测不会激起你的怒气” （莎士比亚）。 〔habit〕"His real habitude gave life and grace/To appertainings and to ornament" (Shakespeare).“他的习惯是增添生机和光彩/对那些附属物和装饰物” （莎士比亚） |
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