| 单词 | 著作 |
| 释义 | 〔Stein〕American writer of experimental novels, essays, and plays. In Paris during the 1920's she was a central member of a group of American expatriates, including Ernest Hemingway. Her works includeThree Lives (1908) and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933). 斯坦因，格特鲁德：(1874-1946) 美国试验小说、散文和戏剧作家。20年代的巴黎她是一群美国移居国外者的核心成员，这些人包括欧内斯特·海明威。她的著作包括《三个生命》 （1908年）和 《艾丽斯·B·托克拉斯自传》 （1933年） 〔Ward〕British economist, conservationist, and writer whose works on ecology and political economy includeSpaceship Earth (1966) and Progress for a Small Planet (1980). 沃德，芭芭拉：(1914-1981) 英国经济学家、自然资源保护论者、作家，其关于生态保护和政治经济学方面的著作包括《地球飞船》 （1966年）和 《一个小行星的发展》 （1980年） 〔Hart〕American historian who edited or produced more than 100 works on American history, most notablyEpochs of American History (1891-1926). 哈特，阿尔贝特·布什内尔：(1854-1943) 美国历史学家，编辑或著作了关于美国历史的100多部作品，最著名的是《美国历史纪元》 （1891-1926年） 〔mattress〕The history of the wordmattress is a small lesson in the way amenities have come to Europe from the Middle East. During the earlier part of the Middle Ages,Arabic culture was more advanced than that of Europe.One of the amenities of life enjoyed by the Arabs was sleeping on cushions thrown on the floor.Derived from the Arabic wordṭaraḥa, "to throw,” the word maṭraḥ meant "place where something is thrown" and "mat, cushion.”This kind of sleeping surface was adopted by the Europeans during the Crusades,and the Arabic word was taken into Italian (materasso ) and then into Old French ( materas ), from which comes the Middle English wordmateras , first recorded in a work written around 1300. The Arabic word also became Medieval Latinmatracium, another source of our word.mattress 这个词的由来是康乐设施从中东传到英国的一个小小见证。 中世纪早期，阿拉伯人的文化要比欧洲文化进步。阿拉伯人生活中享受的一个康乐设施就是睡在铺在地上的垫子上。由阿拉伯语中的词taraha “扔”派生出来的词 matrah ， 意思是“铺着东西的地方”和“垫子，沙发”。这种睡觉方式被十字军东征时期的欧洲人采用，这个阿拉伯词因此进入意大利语(materasso )和古法语( materas )。 从这两个词又引出最早出现于1300年左右的一部著作中的中古英语词汇materas 。 这个阿拉伯词同时也被收入中世纪拉丁语，即matracium ， 这也是我们这个单词的另一个来源〔Andrews〕American historian who published numerous works on the colonial period.安德鲁，查尔斯·麦克莱恩：(1863-1943) 美国历史学家，发表过许多殖民时期的著作〔Raleigh〕English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he campaigned in Ireland and Cádiz, explored Guiana, colonized Virginia, and introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure. His literary works include poetry, memoirs, and a world history.罗利，沃尔特：(1552?-1618) 英国大臣，航海家，殖民者，作家。他是伊丽莎白一世的宠臣，曾在爱尔兰和卡迪兹活动，考察了圭亚那，在弗吉尼亚州移民，把烟草和马铃薯传入欧洲。詹姆斯一世时被判为叛国罪，获释后又到圭亚那进行了一次远征，远征失败而被处死。他的文学著作包括诗歌、回忆录和世界历史〔Bryce〕British diplomat and historian whoseAmerican Commonwealth (1888) is a classic study of government and politics. 布赖斯，詹姆斯：(1838-1922) 英国外交官和历史学家，其所写的《美国国民》 （1888年）是对政府和政治的具代表性的研究著作 〔Hobbes〕English political philosopher who wroteLeviathan (1651), which outlined his philosophy that human beings are fundamentally selfish. 霍布斯，托马斯：(1588-1679) 英国政治哲学家，他的著作《利维坦》 （1651年）表明了其人类的本质是自私的观点 〔Spock〕American pediatrician, educator, and writer. His bookBaby and Child Care, originally published in 1946, had a great influence on child-rearing. 斯波克，本杰明·麦克莱恩：(生于 1903) 美国儿科专家、教育家和作家，他的著作《婴幼儿保健常识》 最初发表于1946年，在育儿方面产生了很大的影响 〔Frye〕Canadian literary critic and theorist best known for his workAnatomy of Criticism (1957). An ordained minister in the United Church of Canada, his writings reflect religious interests and explore the nature of myth and symbolism. 弗莱，诺斯拉：加拿大的文学评论家与理论家，著作以《批判的剖析》 （1957年）为人知晓，并被授与加拿大统一教廷的神职。其著作反应出他对宗教的狂热，智力探索谜底与象征主义的本质 〔Kant〕German idealist philosopher who argued that reason is the means by which the phenomena of experience are translated into understanding. His classic works includeCritique of Pure Reason (1781) and Critique of Practical Reason (1788), in which he put forward his system of ethics based on the categorical imperative. 康德，伊曼纽尔：(1724-1804) 德国唯心主义哲学家，主张经验现象通过理性转变成知性。其经典著作包括《纯粹理性批判》 （1781年）和 《实践理性批判》 （1788年）。在这些著作中他提出了基于绝对命令的伦理学体系 〔North〕English translator whose edition of the works of Plutarch served as a source for many of Shakespeare's plays.诺思爵士，托马斯：(1535?-1601?) 英国翻译家，他的关于蒲鲁特克著作的版本被用作许多莎士比亚戏剧的来源〔Scripture〕A passage from such a writing or book.象这样一本著作或书中的片段〔canter〕Most of those who have majored in English literature,and many more besides,know that Chaucer'sCanterbury Tales were told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury to visit the shrine of England's famous martyr Thomas à Becket.Many pilgrims other than Chaucer's visited Canterbury on horse,and phrases such asCanterbury gallop, Canterbury pace, and Canterbury trot described the easy gait at which they rode to their destination. The first recorded instance of one of these phrases,Canterbury pace, is found in a work published before 1636. However, in a work written in 1631 we find a shortened form,the nounCanterbury, meaning "a canter,” and later, in 1673,the verbCanterbury, meaning "to canter.” This verb, or perhaps the noun,was further shortened, giving us the verbcanter, first recorded in 1706,and the nouncanter, first recorded in 1755. 专业是英语文学史的绝大多数人，还有许多其他的人，都知道乔叟的 坎特伯雷故事集 是由一群朝圣者在坎特伯雷的路上讲述的， 他们去那里是为了瞻仰英格兰著名的殉道士托马斯· 贝科特的神殿。除了乔叟笔下的这些朝圣者外的许多其他朝圣者也骑着马前去。一些短语，例如Canterbury gallop，Canterbury pace 和 Canterbury trot 描述了这些朝圣者在骑往他们的目的地时的缓和步态。 这些短语最早见于记录的例子Canterbury pace 发现于1636年之前出版的一部著作中。 然而，在写于1631年的一部著作中我们找到了一个缩略的形式，名词Canterbuty， 意即“慢跑”； 后来在1673年，又有了动词Canterbury, 意为“慢跑。” 这一动词，或者也许是这个名词，后来又被进一步缩写成canter, 该动词最早被记录于1706年，而名词canter 则被最早记录于1755年 〔Trench〕British poet and philologist whose works includeOn the Study of Words (1851) and English Past and Present (1855). 特伦奇，理查德·切尼维克斯：(1807-1886) 英国诗人和语言学家，著作包括《词语研究》 （1851年）和 《英语的过去和现在》 （1855年） 〔Lear〕British artist and writer of nonsense verse, included in such works as his firstBook of Nonsense (1846). 李尔，爱德华：(1812-1888) 英国艺术家和打油诗作家，作品包括在如他的第一部《无聊书》 （1846年）等著作中 〔Jung〕Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology. Among his contributions to the understanding of the human mind are the concepts of extraversion and introversion and the notion of the collective unconscious. Jung's works includeThe Psychology of the Unconscious (1912) and Psychological Types (1921). 荣格，卡尔·古斯塔夫：(1875-1961) 瑞士精神病学家，创建了分析心理学。在了解人类心智方面做出的贡献是提出了外倾型和内倾型的概念以及集体无意识的概念。其著作包括《无意识心理学》 （1912年）和 《心理类型》 （1921年） 〔James〕American psychologist and philosopher. A founder of pragmatism and the psychological movement of functionalism, he developed an approach to intellectual issues that greatly influenced American thought. His works includeThe Will to Believe (1897) and The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902). 詹姆斯，威廉：(1842-1910) 美国心理学家和哲学家。作为机能心理学的创始人和实用主义创始人，他提出的思想指导行为观点极大地影响了美国人的思想。著作有《信仰的意愿》 （1897年）和 《宗教信仰经验》 （1902年） 〔Motley〕American historian and diplomat whose written works includeThe Rise of the Dutch Republic (1856). 马特利，约翰·洛斯罗普：(1814-1877) 美国历史学家和外交家，著作有《荷兰共和国的兴起》 （1856年）等 〔Macaulay〕British historian, writer, and politician whose works include the popularHistory of England (1849-1861), numerous essays for the Edinburgh Review, and a volume of narrative poems, Lays of Ancient Rome (1842). 麦考利，托马斯·巴宾顿：(1800-1859) 英国历史学家、作家和政治家，著作包括受欢迎的《英国史》 （1849-1861年），为 《爱丁堡评论》 撰写的众多文章和一卷叙述诗集 《古罗马之歌》 （1842年） 〔Spinoza〕Dutch philosopher and theologian whose controversial pantheistic doctrine advocated an intellectual love of God. His best-known work isEthics (1677). 斯宾诺莎，布鲁克：(1632-1677) 荷兰哲学家及神学家，他的颇有争议的泛神论主义在知识分子中引发了对上帝的热爱之情。他最为著名的著作为《伦理学》 （1671年） 〔Mondrian〕Dutch painter whose works, characterized by intersecting perpendicular lines and planes of primary colors, and writings, notablyNeoplasticism (1920), profoundly influenced the development of abstract art. 蒙得里安，皮特：(1872-1944) 荷兰画家，作品以交错的三原色为基色的垂直线条和平面为特点，他的著作包括《新造型主义》 （1920年），对抽象艺术的发展曾经产生很深影响 〔identify〕In the sense "to associate or affiliate (oneself) closely with a person or group,”identify has developed two distinct subsenses. In one, the verb suggests a psychological empathy with the feelings or experiences of another person,as inMost young readers readily identify (or identify themselves ) with Holden Caulfield. This usage derives originally from psychoanalytic writing,where it has a specific technical sense,but like other terms from that field,it was widely regarded as jargon when introduced into the wider discourse.In particular,critics seized on the fact that in this sense the verb was often used intransitively,with no reflexive pronoun.As Wilson Follett wrote in 1966,"The critic . . . could help restore the true notion in these words if he would give upidentifying at large and resume identifying himself with Ivan Karamazov, Don Quixote, Mary Poppins, or whomever.” In recent years, however, this use ofidentify with without the reflexive has become a standard locution. Eighty-two percent of the Usage Panel accepts the sentenceI find it hard to identify with any of his characters; whereas only 63 percent now accepts this same usage when the reflexive pronoun is used,as inI find it hard to identify myself with any of his characters. · Omission of the reflexive with this use ofidentify serves among other things to distinguish it from use of the verb to mean "to associate (oneself) with the goals, interests, or principles of a group.” This use of the verb can be traced back to the 18th century,but it is now somewhat less acceptable to the Panel than the first sense under discussion:58 percent of the Panel accepts the sentenceShe identified herself with the campaign against drug abuse, and only 40 percent acceptsShe identified with the campaign against drug abuse, where no reflexive pronoun is used. 在“使（自己）密切联系或依附于别人”这一意思中的。identify 一词又有两种不同的含义。 第一，这个动词表现了对其他人的感情或经历在心理上的认同，例如大多数青年读者很快认同了 （或 identify themselves ) 霍尔顿·科尔菲德。 这种用法来源于有关心理分析的著作，在这些著作中，这个词具有特殊的科技含义，不过就象从该领域引入的其它词语一样，这个词在日常生活使用中还带有专业术语的痕迹。特别指出的是，批评家们在发现这个词常常作为不及物动词来用，后面不带反身代词。正如威尔逊·福勒特1966年写到的，“如果评论家们很早就全面放弃identifying 而重新使用 identifying himself with 伊万·卡拉玛佐夫、堂吉诃德、玛丽·波普斯等人物，那就会有助于探询出这些词的真实含意。” 不过，近年来使用identify with 中间不加反身代词已成为一种标准搭配。 用法专题小组中82%的成员认为我觉得很难认同于他小说中的人物 一句是正确的； 而现在只有63%的成员接受使用反身代词来表达同一意思的句子，即I find it hard to identify myself with any of his characters。 省略反身代词以及其它一些方法，使identify 这种用法区别于它作为动词在“与某个集团的目标、利益或原则相联系”一句中的意思。 它作为动词的用法可追溯到18世纪，不过对于用法专题小组来说它没有第一种解释那样被易于接受：58%的小组成员接受她支持反对滥用药物的运动 这一说法， 只有40%的成员接受不要反身代词的She identified with the campaign against drug abuse 这一说法 〔Brooks〕American literary historian, critic, and translator who wrote many books on the literary history of America, includingThe Flowering of New England (1936), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize. 布鲁克斯，范·威科：(1886-1963) 美国文学史家、批评家和翻译家。曾写有多部关于美国文学史的著作，作品有《新英格兰的繁荣》 （1936年），该书获普利策奖 〔poison〕The phrasepoison potion besides being alliterative also consists of doublets, that is, two words that go back ultimately to the same source in another language.The source for both words is Latinpōtiō, which meant "the act of drinking, a drink, or a liquid dose, as of a medicine or poison.”Our wordpotion retains the form of the Latin word (actually the form of the stem pōtiōn- ) and the "dose" sense, although it passed through Old French (pocion ) on its way to Middle English ( pocion ), first recorded in a work composed around 1300.In Old Frenchpocion is a learned borrowing, one that was deliberately taken from Latin in a form corresponding to the Latin form.But the Latin word had also passed through Vulgar Latin into Old French in the different formpoison. This word meant "beverage,” "liquid dose,” and also "poison beverage, poison.”The wordpoison is first recorded in Middle English in a work composed around 1200. Poison potion 这一词组除了押头韵外还是由同源异形词构成的， 也就是两词最终可归结到另一种语言中的同一本源。这两个词的来源都是拉丁词potio , 意为“喝的行为、一种饮品或一定的液体剂量，如药或毒药。”我们今天所使用的potion 保留了这一拉丁词的形式（实际上是词干 potion- 的形式）和“药剂”的意思， 虽然它是经由古法语（pocion ）传入中古英语的（ pocion ）， 该中古英语记录最早见于1300年左右著成的一部著作中。在古法语中pocion 是一个学术性的借词， 该词是以一种和其拉丁文形式对应的形式主动从拉丁文中借用的。但这一拉丁词也已经以另一种形式通过俗拉丁语，即poison ，传入古法语。 这个词意为“饮料、”“液体剂量”以及“毒性的饮料、毒药。”Poison 这个词最早是在一部大约在1200年写成的著作中记进中古英语的。 〔Theophrastus〕Greek philosopher who succeeded Aristotle as leader of the Peripatetics and refined the work of Aristotle in botany and natural history.西奥佛雷特斯：继亚里斯多德之后的作为逍遥派领袖的希腊哲学家，并改进了亚里斯多德在植物学和自然史方面的著作〔Ennius〕Roman poet. His works, including plays, annals, and satires, greatly influenced later authors but survive today only in fragments.爱尼尔斯，克恩图斯：罗马诗人。其著作包括戏剧、编年史和讽刺诗，对后来的作家影响甚大，但今天仅存片言只字〔review〕To write or give a critical report on (a new work or performance, for example).写评论：给（例如一本新著作或行为）写或给予评论〔text〕A passage from a written work used as the starting point of a discussion.主题：所写著作中用作讨论开始的段落〔Goldman〕Russian-born American anarchist. Jailed repeatedly for her advocacy of birth control and opposition to military conscription, she was deported to the Soviet Union in 1919. Her writings includeMy Disillusionment in Russia (1923) and Living My Life (1931). 戈德曼，爱玛：(1869-1940) 俄籍美国无政府主义者，由于鼓吹节育和反对征兵制而多次入狱，1919年她被遣送回苏联。著作有《我在俄国的幻灭》 （1923年）和 《我的一生》 （1931年） 〔circus〕The modern circus owes its name but fortunatelynot its regular program of events to the amusement of ancient times.The Latin wordcircus, which comes from the Greek word kirkos, "circle, ring,” referred to a circular or oval area enclosed by rows of seats for spectators.In the center ring, so to speak, was held a variety of events,including chariot races and gladiatorial combats, spectacles in which bloodshed and brutality were not uncommon.The first use ofcircus recorded in English, in a work by Chaucer written around 1380,probably refers to the Circus Maximus in Rome.Our modern circus, which dates to the end of the 18th century,was originally an equestrian spectacle as well,but the trick riders were soon joined in the ring by such performers as ropedancers, acrobats, and jugglers.Even though the circular shape of the arena and the equestrian nature of some of the performances are carried over from its Roman namesake,the modern circus, despite occasional accidental violence,has little connection with its brutal namesake of long ago.现代马戏团应把它的名称归因于古时候的娱乐，值得庆幸地不是归因于它的固定节目。拉丁文的circus 源于希腊文 kirkos “圆，环”， 指被容纳观众的座位围起的圆形或椭圆形场地。在称之为中央环地的场地中举行多种表演，包括战车赛跑和角斗，屠杀和残暴的景象并不少见。英语中记录的circus 的最早使用， 是在乔叟写于大约1380年的一本著作里，可能意指罗马的大竞技场。现代马戏团可追溯到18世纪末，最初也是马术表演，但走钢丝演员、高空杂技演员和杂耍演员很快在圆形场地中加入特技骑手的行列。尽管马戏场地的圆形形状和一些表演的马术实质是由罗马的同名物得到的，现代马戏团，尽管偶尔出现意外的暴力，与它久远以前残暴的同名物几乎没有关联〔Machiavelli〕Italian political theorist whose bookThe Prince (1513) describes the achievement and maintenance of power by a determined ruler indifferent to moral considerations. 马基雅维利，尼克尔：(1469-1527) 意大利政治理论家，他的著作《君主论》 （1513年）阐述了一个意志坚定的统治者不顾道德观念的约束如何获得并保持其权力 〔Veblen〕American economist who described a fundamental conflict between the provision of goods and the making of money. In his popular studyThe Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) he coined the phrase conspicuous consumption. 维布伦，索尔斯坦·本德：(1857-1929) 美国经济学家，他描述了商品供给和创造利润之间的根本矛盾。在他的流行著作《有闲阶级论》 （1899年）中，他杜撰了 《夸耀性消费》 这一短语 〔Bonheoffer〕German Protestant theologian and philosopher whose works concern Christianity in the modern world. He was executed for his role in a plot to assassinate Hitler.朋赫斐尔，迪特里希：(1906-1945) 德国新教神学家和哲学家，其著作涉及现代社会中的基督信仰。他因参与刺杀希特勒的密谋而被处决〔Carroll〕American political pamphleteer and adviser who wrote prolifically for anti-Catholic and pro-Union causes. In 1862 she published a pamphlet that outlined what was to become President Abraham Lincoln's constitutional theory concerning the rebellious states.卡洛尔，安娜·埃拉：(1815-1893) 美国政治小册子作者及顾问，为反对天主教和拥护联邦的事业而撰写了大量著作。她于1862年发表了一本小册子，描画了日后成为亚伯拉罕·林肯总统论述叛乱各州的宪法理论的大致轮廓〔Grove〕British musicologist whoseDictionary of Music and Musicians (first published 1878-1889) has become a standard reference work. 格罗夫，乔治：(1820-1900) 英国音乐研究家，其著作《音乐和音乐家辞典》 （1878-1889年间首次出版）已成为标准参考书 〔content〕Often contents The subject matter of a written work, such as a book or magazine. 常作 contents 内容：文字作品的主题内容，如著作或杂志〔Palmer〕American scholar and educator. Among his works areThe Field of Ethics (1901) and The Autobiography of a Philosopher (1930). 帕尔默，乔治·赫伯特：(1842-1933) 美国学者和教育家。其著作有《伦理学领域》 （1901年）和 《一位哲学家的自传》 （1930年） 〔Nazimova〕Russian-born American actress noted as an interpreter of the works of Ibsen, Chekhov, and O'Neill.纳济莫娃，安拉：(1879-1945) 俄国裔的美国女演员，因作为伊普森，柴可夫斯基，欧尼尔著作的表演者而闻名〔bibliography〕A list of writings used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work.作者参考书目：某一作者在准备某一著作时用到或参考的作品目录 |
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