| 单词 | 虽然 |
| 释义 | 〔accompany〕 However,by is quite commonly used in sentences of the second type, and the usage is grammatically defensible.The phrase introduced withby normally represents the subject of a related active sentence; thus, the sentenceThe salmon was accompanied by a delicious watercress salad is the unexceptional passive of the sentence A delicious watercress salad accompanied the salmon. By the same token,with can be used with persons when they are the instruments of an act of accompanying performed by someone else. We can sayThe Secret Service accompanied the candidate with six burly bodyguards, or we can use the passiveThe candidate was accompanied with six burly bodyguards (by the Secret Service). The choice between the two prepositions really depends on the intended sense.Although the traditional rule may serve as a guide to which sense is likely to feel the most natural,it should not be taken as a categorical stricture.但是by 在第二种形式的句子中也常用， 而且这种用法在语法上是可行的。由by 引导的短语一般表示一相关主动句中的主语； 因此句型伴有可口的水田芥菜色拉的鲑鱼 就是 用可口的水田芥菜色拉来搭配鲑鱼 这类句型的必然被动语态。 同样，当某些人是其他人所安排的陪同活动中的工具的时候，with 也可用于人。 我们可以说特工处派了六个强壮的保镖护随候选人， 或者我们可以用被动态用六个强壮的保镖护随候选人（是由秘密机关安排的）。 事实上是基于使用意图而在这两个介词之间进行选择的。虽然以传统的语法规则为导引可使人感到含义上极为自然，但不能就此认为这是绝对的限制〔automatic〕The wordsautomatic pilot or automatic transmission bring to mind mechanical devices that operate with minimal human intervention. Yet the wordautomatic, which goes back to the Greek word automatos, "acting of one's own will, self-acting, of itself,” made up of two parts,auto-, "self,” and -matos, "willing,” is first recorded in English in 1748 with reference to motions of the body, such as the peristaltic action of the intestines: "The Motions are called automatic from their Resemblance to the Motions of Automata, or Machines, whose Principle of Motion is within themselves.”Although the writer had machines in mind,automatic could be used of living things, a use we still have, although not the primary one. The association ofautomatic chiefly with machinery may represent one instance of many in which we have come to see the world in mechanical terms. 这些单词automatic pilot 或 automatic transmission 带给我们只需最小人力介入即可操作的机械装置的意识。 但这个词automatic， 追溯至希腊单词 automatos， “以个人自身的意志行动，自我行动，” 由两部分组成，auto-， “自我的，”和 -matos， “意愿，” 以作为身体运动的含义于1748年首次记录于英语，如体内的肠蠕动： “这些运动被称为身体内自动的运动，是与机器运动的相似性得出的，其运动原理在于其自身内部。”虽然作者头脑中有机器印象，automatic 可以被用于生物，这种用法虽然不是基本的，但我们仍在使用。 主要将automatic 与机器相联系可能反映了我们眼中的世界越加机械化的情况 〔headquarter〕In an earlier surveya majority of the Usage Panel found both these examples to be unacceptable in formal writing.Although ample citational evidence exists for these usages,writers who wish to avoid criticism should consider the use of alternative expressions,for example:The magazine has just assigned him to (or has stationed him in ) a building that houses many foreign journalists. 在一次较早的调查中，大部分用法专题使用小组成员认为这两个例子在正式写作中是不能被接受的。虽然在大量引文中证实存在这种用法，但为免于批评，作家应该考虑运用其它表达方法来代替，例如：杂志社派他 （或者 has stationed him in ） 去有很多外国记者的大楼。 〔rent〕When young people talk about theirrents, that is, their parents, they are using a slang term that is of interest to language historians, if not necessarily thrilling for parents themselves. The term is a prime example of one of the fundamental characteristics of slang, which continually creates novel ways of expressing what are often rather ordinary things (if parents may be considered ordinary things). Slang has recently produced two expressions for "parents" that have gained wide currency— rents and parental units. Both expressions demonstrate slang's use of unusual or creative linguistic means to achieve novelty of expression. While there are many slang terms, such as bod for body or rad for radical, that result from the clipping of unstressed syllables, rents is a clipping that drops a stressed syllable, much like the similar term za, "pizza.” The desire to coin new ways of referring to things also leads speakers of slang to use circumlocutions like knuckle sandwich for "punch.” Parental units falls into this category. It plays on the jargon of bureaucrats and social science, in which the world is viewed as so much data waiting to be quantified. The appearance of terms such as rents and parental units also shows that all available styles and levels of language can be grist for slang's mill—so long as the material is perceived as irreverent, funny, or just plain cool. 年轻人谈论他们的rents （即父母）时，即使肯定不会令他们的父母感到兴奋，他们却使用了一个令语言历史学家很感兴趣的俚语。Rents是俚语一个基本特色的典范，这一基本特色就是不断创造新颖词汇来表示通常极为普通的事物（如果父母会被认为是普通事物的话）。最近俚语中产生了两个"父（母）亲"的词语并被普遍使用── rents 和 parental units 。这两个词语表明俚语用不同寻常的或创造性的语言工具来获取表达上的新颖。虽然因省略非重读音节产生了许多俚语词汇，如用 bod 指body、用 rad 指radical，但 rents 却是省略重读音节后的部分，非常类似相近词汇 za "pizza（比萨饼）"。期望创造指代事物的新词也使得满口俚语的人运用赘语，如用 knuckle sandwich 指"punch（用拳击）"。 Parental units 也属于赘语的范围。它用作官僚主义者的行话以及科学术语，因为对于官僚主义者和科学工作者来讲世界就是等待量化的大量数据。诸如 rents 和 parental units 这些俚语的出现也表明语言现有的全部风格和水平都是俚语的有益补充──只要认为内容是不敬的、有趣的或者纯粹扮酷的 〔Gibraltar〕A British colony at the northwest end of theRock of Gibraltar, a peninsula on the south-central coast of Spain in the Strait of Gibraltar, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean between Spain and northern Africa. Gibraltar was captured by Arabs in 711 and passed to the Spanish in 1462. Great Britain took control in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession, although Spain has made repeated claims to regain the territory. The population of the colony is 29,648. 直布罗陀：直布罗陀岩 西北端的英国殖民地，位于 直布罗陀海峡 西班牙中南部海岸的半岛，在西班牙和北部非洲之间连接地中海和大西洋。直布罗陀在711年被阿拉伯人占领，并于1462年转给西班牙。在西班牙王位继承战争中英国于1704年控制了直布罗陀，虽然西班牙一直重申要求重获这个地区。该殖民地的人口29,648 〔virtual〕Existing or resulting in essence or effect though not in actual fact, form, or name:实质上的，实际上的：虽然没有实际的事实、形式或名义，但在实际上或效果上存在或产生的：〔rhinestone〕Although rhinestones are inseparably associated with the costumes of country and western singers and Las Vegas showgirls,the word originally had European associations.The Rhine inrhinestone is the Rhine River, andrhinestone is a translation into English of the French phrase caillou du Rhin. Originally a rhinestone was a kind of rock crystal that was found in or near the Rhine and given a fancy name, as have other types of rock crystal such as Cornish diamond.Such stones could be made to imitate diamonds;hence the namerhinestone was applied to artificial gems made from paste, glass, or gem quartz. Rhinestones have spread far beyond the Rhine,becoming a central ingredient of certain aspects of Americana.Cornish diamonds have not shared the same fate.虽然莱茵石与乡村服装，西部歌手及拉斯维加斯的歌舞女郎联系紧密，但这个单词最初与欧洲有联系。单词rhinestong（莱茵石） 中的Rhine指莱茵河， 而rhinestone 是由法语短语 caillou du Rhin 翻译成英语的。 莱茵石最初是一种在莱茵河中或附近发现的天然透明石英石，并如同其它类型天然透明石英石，例如康沃尔钻石那样被赋予了一个新奇的名字。这样的石头能被用来仿造钻石；因而名称rhinestone（莱茵石） 便用于由含铅玻璃、玻璃或宝石石英制成的人造宝石。 莱茵石已遍及莱茵河以外，成为美国某些外观的重要组成部分。而康沃尔钻石则没有同样的命运〔cologne〕The wordcologne, denoting toilet water, is fromCologne, the French name of the city in Germany that in German is calledKöln, where cologne has been made since the beginning of the 18th century.The first use ofcologne for toilet water is recorded in English in 1814, with the word being used in the compoundcologne water, a translation of eau de cologne, the French name for this liquid. With a history dating back to the Roman Empire, a history reflected in its name,in fact, which comes from the Latin wordColōnia, meaning "colony,” Cologne is memorialized in English, though in a hidden way, as the name of a minor luxury.科隆 一词指代花露水， 来源于德国一城市的法语名字Cologne ， 在德语中叫Koln ， 自18世纪初期科隆香水在此制造。cologne 第一次用于花露水是1814年， 在英语中用于复合词 cologne water ，是法语 eau de cologne 的译文。 科隆一词的历史可追溯到罗马帝国时期，事实上它来源于拉丁语Colonia ，意指“殖民地”， 在英语中一提到科隆，虽然不太明显，一般来说是轻度奢侈的代名词〔extemporaneous〕an offhand remark. What isunrehearsed is said or done without rehearsal or practice though not necessarily without forethought: 随意的评论。 所谓unrehearsed ，就是未经复述或练习就说或做的， 虽然没有不构思的必要： 〔one〕When constructions headed byone appear as the subject of a sentence or relative clause, there may be a question as to whether the verb should be singular or plural.Such a construction is exemplified in the sentenceOne of every ten rotors was found defective. Although the pluralwere is sometimes used in such sentences, an earlier survey found that the singular was preferred by a large majority of the Usage Panel. ·Another problem is raised by constructions such asone of those people who or its variants. In the sentenceThe defeat turned out to be one of the most costly blows that were ever inflicted on our forces, most grammarians would hold that the pluralwere is correct, in as much as the subject of the verb is the plural nounblows. However, constructions of this sort are often used with a singular verb even by the best writers.Note also that when the phrase containingone is introduced by the definite article, the verb in the relative clause must be singular: 当以one 开头的结构作为一个句子或关系从句的主语出现时， 就出现动词用单数还是复数的问题，如用在句子每十个转子中有一个为次品 中的这种结构。 虽然复数were 有时用在这种句子中， 但在一次早期的调查发现用法专题使用小组的大部分成员更倾向于用单数。另一个问题是由象one of those people who 这样的结构及其变化引起的。 在句子The defeat turned out to be one of the most costly blows that were ever inflicted on our forces, 中, 大多数语法学家主张用复数were 是正确的， 以及主要是由于动词的主语是复数名词blow 所致。 然而，这种结构常与单数动词连用，甚至被很有声望的作家采用。也要注意当包含one 的短语被定冠词限制时， 相关的从句中的动词一定要用单数： 〔rhetoric〕The wordrhetoric was once primarily the name of an important branch of philosophy and an art deserving of serious study. In recent yearsthe word has come to be used chiefly in a pejorative senseto refer to inflated language and pomposity.Deprecation of the term may result from a modern linguistic puritanism,which holds that language used in legitimate persuasion should be plainand free of artifice—itself a tendentious rhetorical doctrine,though not often recognized as such.But many writers still prefer to bear in mind the traditional meanings of the word.Thus, according to the newer use of the term,the phraseempty rhetoric, as in The politicians talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric, might be construed as redundant. But in fact only 35 percent of the Usage Panel judged this example to be redundant.Presumably, it can be maintained that rhetoric can be other than empty.单词rhetoric 曾主要是哲学的一个重要分支的和一种值得严肃研究的艺术的名称。 近年来，这个词已开始主要用于贬义，指夸大的语言和虚夸。这个词的改变可能源于一种现代语言的刻板做法，认为用于正当劝说中的语言应是朴素，没有人工雕饰的——它自身便是一种宣传性的修辞教条，虽然未常常被如此认为。但许多作家仍愿意记住这个词的传统含义。这样，根据这个词较新的含义，在The politician talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric 中，短语 empty rhetoric 可能被分析为多余的。 但事实上，用法委员会成员中只有百分之三十五的人认为在这个例子中是多余的。大概该词除了空的以外还有其他的意思吧〔opossum〕The wordopossum takes us back to the earliest days of the United States. The settlement of Jamestown, Virginia, was founded in 1607 by the London Company, chartered for the planting of colonies.Even though the first years were difficult,promotional literature was glowing.In one such piece,A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colonie in Virginia, published in 1610, we find this passage: "There are . . . Apossouns, in shape like to pigges.”This is the first recorded use ofopossum, although in a spelling that differs from the one later settled on to reproduce the sound of the Virginia Algonquian word from which our word came.The wordopossum and its shortened form possum, first recorded in 1613 in more promotional literature, remind us of a time when the New World was still very new, settlers were few,and the inhabitants for whom the New World was not new were plentiful.词语opossum 把我们带回到了早期的美国社会。 伦敦公司，作为开拓殖民地的委托者，在1607年建立了弗吉尼亚詹姆斯敦的居民点。即使在最初的年代里很困难，激进文学也开始抬头。在其中有一篇于1610年出版的弗吉尼亚殖民地的真实宣言 ， 其中有一段“一种形似猪的动物”，就是最早的关于opossum 的记录， 虽然它的拼写和现在我们所使用的弗吉尼亚阿尔贡金语的拼写有所不同。词语opossum 和其缩写形式 possum 最初于1613年记录在更加激进的文学作品中， 让我们回想起当新大陆还很陌生而且只有很少的居住者时，已有许多对于新大陆并不陌生的土著居民〔ideate〕"Such characters represent a grotesquely blown-up aspect of an ideal man . . . if not realizable, capable of being ideated"(Anthony Burgess)“这些人物代表了一个过分夸张中的理想人类的形象…虽然不可能实现，但却可以想象得到”(安东尼·伯吉斯)〔complement〕Complement and compliment, though quite distinct in meaning, are sometimes confused because they are pronounced the same. Complement means "something that completes or brings to perfection": Complement 和 compliment， 虽然在意义上截然不同， 但是因为它们发音相同所以时常被混淆。 Complement 意思是“补足或使…完美”： 〔impostor〕It was difficult to discern that despite all the abstruse vocabulary the professor was really a charlatan. 很难辨明那个教授虽然有很多深奥的词汇，实际上却是一个冒充内行的人 〔clever〕Being too clever is thought to be unwise,and support for this popular notion may be afforded by the fact that the devil seems to have been the first "clever" one in English.The source of our wordclever is probably the Middle English word cliver, recorded only once in a work written before 1250,in which it is said that the devil is "cliver on sinnes.”This means something like "skillful in respect to sins.”Cliver probably goes back to the Indo-European root gleubh-, "to cut, cleave.” Although the intermediate ancestry ofcliver is unclear, the semantic connection has to do with penetration or incisiveness—that is, cutting through to the heart of the matter,just as a woodcarver cuts through material in order to realize a certain vision.太聪明被认为是愚蠢的，英语中魔鬼被认为是第一“聪明的”，这一事实可能是这一普遍概念的例证。clever 的词源可能是中世纪英语单词 cliver , 仅在一本1250年以前写的著作中出现过一次，书中说魔鬼“在犯罪方面很聪明”。这个含义有些类似于“在犯罪方面很有本事。”Cliver 可以追溯到印欧词根 gleubh- “切、削”。 虽然cliver 的中介来源尚不清楚， 但语义的联系肯定与穿透力或透彻性有关--即穿透事物的本质，就象木工劈开材料以了解其内在材质〔infinite〕Infinite is sometimes grouped with absolute terms such asunique, absolute, and omnipotent, since in its strict mathematical sense it allows no degree modification or comparison;one quantity cannot be more infinite than another (though technically one infinite set can be larger than another).Unlike other absolute terms, however,infinite also does not permit modification by adverbs such as nearly and almost; mathematically, infinity is not approached by degrees.In nontechnical usage, of course,infinite is often used metaphorically to refer simply to an unimaginably large degree or amount, and here the comparison of the word is unexceptionable: Infinite 有时被一些表示绝对意义的词修饰， 如unique ， absolute 和 omnipotent ， 由于在其严格的数学意义上它不允许表示程度的修饰或比较，一个数不可能比另一个数“更加无穷大”（虽然以技术上讲一个无穷集可以比另一个集更大）。但是，与其它表示绝对意义的词不同，infinite 也不能用 nearly 和 almost 这一类副词来修饰； 以数学上讲，无穷大是不能逐步接近的。当然，在非技术性的用法中，infinite 常常隐喻地仅指明一个难以想象的大程度或数量， 在这种用法下，仍然不能使用比较： 〔everyplace〕The formseveryplace (or every place ), anyplace (or any place ), someplace (or some place ), and no place are widely used in speech and informal writing as equivalents for everywhere, anywhere, somewhere, and nowhere. Though these usages are not incorrect,they should be avoided in formal writing.But when the two-word expressionsevery place, any place, some place, and no place are used to mean "every (any, some, no) spot or location,” they are entirely appropriate at all levels of style.The distinction between the two meanings is often subtle,but acceptability can often be gauged by seeing whether an expression with-where can be substituted. Thus in the sentence everyplace （或 every place ）， anyplace （或 any place ）， someplace （或 some place ），和 no place 的形式作为与 everywhere，anywhere，somewhere 和 nowhere 等价的词，被广泛用于讲话和非正式的书写中。 虽然这些用法并非不正确，也应该在正式的书写中避免使用它们。但是当两词短语every place，any place，some place 和 no place 用于表示“每一（任何，一些，没有）地点或位置”的意思时， 它们在各样文体中都完全适用。两个含意之间的差别常是很微妙的，是否可能接受，常常通过检验-where 式的表达是否能被代替。 因此在句子 〔posh〕"Oh yes, Mater, we had a posh time of it down there.”So inPunch for September 25, 1918, do we find the first recorded instance of that mysterious wordposh, meaning "smart and fashionable,”although in a 1903 book by P.G. Wodehouse,Tales of St. Austin's, there is a mention of a waistcoat that was "push.” The latter may be a different word,but in either case the dates of occurrence are importantbecause they are part of the objection to derivingposh from the initials of "Port Out, Starboard Home.” This was the cooler, and thus more expensive, side of ships traveling between England and India in the mid-19th century,and the acronymPOSH was supposedly stamped on the tickets of first-class passengers traveling on that side of ships owned by the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. No evidence is definitely known to exist for this theory, however.TheOxford English Dictionary Supplement may have found a possible source or sources for posh. Another wordposh was 19th- and early 20th-century British slang for "money,” specifically "a halfpenny, cash of small value.”This word is borrowed from the common Romany wordpåšh, "half,” which was used in combinations such aspåšhera, "halfpenny.” Posh, also meaning "a dandy,” is recorded in two dictionaries of slang published in 1890 and 1902,although this particularposh may be still another word. This word or these words, however, are much more likely to be the source ofposh than "Port Out, Starboard Home,” although the latter source certainly has caught the public's etymological fancy.“哦是的，妈妈，我们在那里过着豪华的生活。”因此在1918年9月25日的punch 上， 我们看到了那个神秘单词posh 的首次记录， 意为“豪华的，时髦的，”虽然早在1903年P·G·伍德豪斯的名为圣·奥斯汀传说 的作品中就提及了意为"push"的马夹这个词。 后者也可能是另外一个不同的词，但在任何一种情况下两者被使用的时间都很重要，因为它们都反对posh 这个词源于"Port Out，Starboard Home。” 这是意指19世纪中期往来于英格兰及印度的船只中较凉爽、因而票价也就较为昂贵的一侧，而POSH 这个首字缩拼词据说就印在半岛——东方蒸汽船航运公司所拥有的船只上较为凉爽的一侧头等舱的票上。 然而对于这一说法并没有确凿的证据来加以证明。牛津英语词典增补本 也许为 posh 找到了一个或多个可能的词源。 另一个词posh 则是19世纪和20世纪初英国人用来表示“钱”的俚语， 尤指“半便士，小面值钱币。”这个词源于吉卜赛常用词på歨 ，意为“一半”， 用在诸如意为“半便士”的复合词på歨era 中。 Posh 也有“花花公子”之意， 这一用法记录于1890年及1902年出版的两本俚语词典中，尽管这个特有的posh 也有可能是另一个词。 然而这个词及上文提到的那些词比"Port Out，Starboard Home"更有可能是posh 这个词的词源， 虽然后者早被人们确认为这个词的词源〔chivalry〕The Age of Chivalry was also the age of the horse.Bedecked in elaborate armor and other trappings,horses were certainly well dressedalthough they might have wished for lighter loads.That the horse should be featured so prominently during the Age of Chivalryis etymologically appropriate,becausechivalry goes back to the Latin word caballus, "horse, especially a riding horse or packhorse.”Borrowed from French, as were so many other important words having to do with medieval English culture,the English wordchivalry is first recorded in works composed around the beginning of the 14th century and is found in several senses,including "a body of armored mounted warriors serving a lord" and "knighthood as a ceremonially conferred rank in the social system.”Our modern sense,"the medieval system of knighthood,”could not exist until the passage of several centuries had allowed the perspective for such a conceptualization,with this sense being recorded first in 1765.骑士时代同时也是马的时代。马被用精美的铠甲和其它马饰打扮起来，它们显然穿戴得很好，虽然它们可能会喜欢稍轻一些的负担。在骑士时代马被放在如此显要的地位，这从词源学上来看是恰当的，因为chivalry 一词可追溯到拉丁语中 caballus 一词， 即“马，尤其是用来骑的马或驮马”的意思。象与中世纪英国文化有关的许多其它重要的词一样，英语中chivalry 一词也是从法语中借用来的，最初出现在大约写于14世纪初的书籍中， 当时有好几个含义，其中包括：“为一名贵族服务的一队穿着铠甲、骑着马的武士”和“作为一种被正式授予的社会制度中等级的骑士资格”。我们现代的意义，即“中世纪的骑士制度”，是在几个世纪以后对这样一个概念的视角成为可能之时才出现的，这个意义最早出现在文字记载中是1765年〔impracticable〕Impracticable applies to a course of action that is impossible to carry out or put into practice;impractical, though it can be used in this way, also can be weaker in sense,suggesting that the course of action would yield an insufficient return or would have little practical value.A plan for a new baseball stadium might be rejected asimpracticable if the site was too marshy to permit safe construction; but if the objection was merely that the site was too remote for patrons to attend games easily,the plan would better be described asimpractical. See Usage Note at practicable Impracticable 用于不可能实行或行不通的动作过程；impractical 虽然也能这样用， 但也有较弱意思的用法，指动作过程能产生不足的回报或者几乎没有实际的价值。如果建筑地点过于湿软而不能保证稳固的建筑，那么修建棒球体育场的计划就可能因其impracticable （不可行）而遭到反对； 但是如果反对的理由仅仅是场址太偏远而使得爱好者们不能轻易到场观看比赛的话，这个计划还是应该被看成是impractical（不切实际的） 参见 practicable〔larva〕The wordlarva referring to the newly hatched form of insects before they undergo metamorphosis comes from the Latin wordlārva, meaning "evil spirit, demon, devil.”To understand why this should be so,we need to know that the Latin word also was used for a terrifying mask,and it is this sense of the word that has come down to us.In Medieval Latinlarva could mean "mask or visor.” Larva is therefore an appropriate term for that stage of an insect's life during which its final form was still hidden or masked, and New Latinlārva was thus applied by Carolus Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist who originated our system of classifying plants and animals.The wordlarva is first recorded in English in its scientific sense in 1768, although it had been used in its "spirit" sense in 1651 and in a way that foreshadowed the usage by Linnaeus in 1691. larva 一词指昆虫在变形前刚孵化出来的幼虫， 来源于拉丁词larva ， 意为“邪恶的精灵，鬼怪，恶魔”。为了了解为什么，我们需要知道这个拉丁词语还用于指一种令人恐惧的面具，而且正是该词的这一层含义流传了下来。在中世纪的拉丁语中，larva 有“面具或面甲”的意思。 Larva 在形容昆虫成熟之前被隐藏或遮盖的这一段时期的时候，成为一个适合的名称， 这样新拉丁语的larva 一词首先由瑞典植物学家卡罗拉斯里纽斯赋予以上含义， 卡罗拉斯是首创动植物分类系统的第一人。虽然larva 一词在1651年曾经以其“精灵”一层意思被使用并在一定程度上预示了于1691年出现的里纽斯的用法，但是于1768年才以科学术语的形式首先在英语中出现的 〔acknowledge〕"There are some faults which men readily admit, but others not so readily" (Epictetus). “虽然有人承认了一些错误，但另一些不是这么主动” （爱比克泰德）。〔different〕Different from and different than are both common in British and American English. Critics since the 18th century have singled outdifferent than as incorrect, though it is well attested in the works of reputable writers. Where the comparison is drawn directly between two persons or things,from is usually the safer choice: Different from 和 different than 英语和美语中都经常见。 虽然后者经常出现在名作家的作品中，但18世纪以来，评论家仍指出different than 为相对正确的选择。 当直接对两人或两物进行比较时，from 是最保险的选择 ： 〔blank〕"Although his gestures were elaborate, his face was blank"(Nathanael West)See Synonyms at empty “虽然他手势很多，但面无表情。”(纳撒内尔·韦斯特) 参见 empty〔tendency〕not openly liberal, but that is the tendency of the book.虽然没有公开的自由，但这是这本书的倾向〔Pannonia〕An ancient Roman province of central Europe including present-day western Hungary and northern Yugoslavia. Its people were finally subjugated by Rome ina.d. 9, although the province was abandoned after 395. 潘诺尼亚：位于欧洲中部的一个古罗马省，包括现在匈牙利西部和南斯拉夫北部。其民族最后被罗马在公元 9年征服，虽然该省在395年后被废除 〔brittle〕The duchess, though well-known as a society hostess, conveyed an unmistakably brittle air.公爵夫人虽然是有名的社交界女主人，却明显流露出冷冰冰的表情〔climacteric〕A corresponding period sometimes occurring in men that may be marked by a reduction in sexual activity, although fertility is retained.更年期：有时见于男性的一个相应时期，可能以虽然仍有生殖能力，但性能力降低为标志〔gallery〕In Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and southern Alabama,an open roofed porch that runs along at least one side of a house is called agallery: "Out on the small front gallery she had hung Bobinôt's Sunday clothes to air" (Kate Chopin).Craig M. Carver, the author ofAmerican Regional Dialects, points out that the word gallery, from Old French galerie, was borrowed into British English in the 15th century and was brought over to the American colonies by English-speaking settlers.Although the word in the sense "porch" did not survive in the American English of the East Coast,it was borrowed separately, probably from Acadian French,into the English of 18th-century Louisianaand there survived as part of the Gulf Southern dialect.在得克萨斯州、阿肯色州、路易斯安那州、密西西比和南部阿拉巴马，至少在房屋的一侧延伸出来的一种敞开屋顶的门廊被称作gallery： “出了前面的小门廊，她把博比内的最好的衣服晾在那里” （凯特·肖邦）。美国区域方言 的作者克雷格·M·卡弗尔指出 gallery 来源于古代法语 galerie ， 在15世纪借入英语并由讲英语的殖民者带入美国殖民地。虽然该词当作“门廊”的意义没有在东海岸的美式英语中保存下来，但是它很有可能被分开借自阿卡迪亚的法语，并在18世纪进入路易斯安那英语，并在那里保存下来而成为南部港口方言的一部分〔every〕Every is representative of a large class of English words and expressions that are singular in formbut felt to be plural in sense.The class includes, for example, noun phrases introduced byevery, any, and certain uses of some. These expressions invariably take a singular verb;we say Every car has (not have ) been tested. Anyone is (not are ) liable to fall ill. But when a sentence contains a pronoun whose antecedent is introduced byevery, grammar and sense pull in different directions.The grammar of these expressions requires a singular pronoun, as in Every car must have its brakes tested, but people persist in using the plural pronoun,as in Every car must have their brakes tested. Although the latter pattern is common in the speech of all groups,it is still widely regarded as grammatically incorrect in writing. ·The effort to adhere to the grammatical rule leads to various complications, however.The first is grammatical.When a pronoun refers to a phrase containingevery or any that falls within a different independent clause, the pronoun cannot be singular.Thus it is simply not English to sayEvery man left; he took his raincoat with him. Nor can one sayNo one could be seen, could he? Writers unwilling to use plural forms in these examples must find another way of expressing their meaning,either by rephrasing the sentence so as to get the pronoun into the same clause (as inEvery man left, taking his raincoat with him ) or by substituting another word forevery or any (as in All the men left; they took their raincoats with them. ) · The second complication is political.When a phrase introduced byevery or any refers to a group containing both men and women, what shall be the gender of the singular pronoun?This matter is discussed in the Usage Note athe. See Usage Note at all ,any ,each ,either ,he 1neither ,none Every 是一大类英语单词和短语的代表， 它们在形式上是单数的，但在意义上感觉起来却是复数。例如，这一类词中所包括的由every，any 和某些用法中的 some 所引导的名词短语。 这些短语毫无例外的跟单数动词，我们说每辆车都已 （不是 have ） 被测试过。 每个人都（不是 are ） 会生病 。 但是当一个句子中包括一个由先行词every 引导的代词时， 从句法和意义上就要区分不同的情况了。象每一辆车必须测试它的制动器 这样的表达法在语法上要求使用一单数代词， 但人们总习惯于用复数代词，象Every car must have their brakes tested 这样。 虽然后面这种形式在各种团体的讲话中非常普遍，但它在写作中仍广泛地被认为是语法上的错误。无论如何，坚持语法规则的努力总会导致各种各样的复杂问题。首先是语法上的复杂性。当一个代词指代一个短语，而这个短语中包括every 或 any 属于另一个与此代词所在子句不同的独立子句中时， 这个代词不能用单数形式。因此很容易理解英国人为何不说每个人离开时，都拿着各自的雨衣 ， 也不说没有人会被看到，不是吗？ 。 不愿意在这些例子中用复数形式的书写者必须找到另外一种表达他们意思的方法，或者可以通过重新改变句子的说法以使代词与其指代的短语同属一个从句中（如Every man left， taking his raincoat with him ）， 或者通过以另一个词代替every 或 any 的方法（如 All the man left；they took their raincoats with them ）。 第二是政治上的复杂性。当一个被every 或 any 引导的短语指代的一个团体中既有男人又有女人时， 单数代词的词性怎么确定呢？这个问题在单词he的用法说明中将被讨论 参见 all,any,each,either,he1neither,none〔Kidd〕British sea captain who turned to piracy after being hired to protect British ships in the Indian Ocean (1696). His cruelty and undiscovered buried treasure, although unsubstantiated, remain legendary.基德，威廉：(1645?-1701) 英国商船船长，被雇用保护英国在印度洋的船只后（1696年）变为海盗。他的残酷和未被发现的宝藏，虽然无事实根据，仍具有传奇色彩〔bistro〕According to a popular story,bistro came into existence as a French word when Russian soldiers entered Parisian restaurants and cafés after the fall of Napoleon in 1815 shouting "bystro, bystro,” Russian for "quickly, quickly.” Bistros seem to have been named not for this desire for quick servicebut possibly for a commodity to be found in at least some of them,since the French wordbistro may be related to the word bistouille, "raw spirits, rotgut.” Another possibility is that the wordbistro comes from the dialectal word bistraud, "young cowherd.” In Standard French the term may have come to mean "wine merchant's helper" and then "an establishment selling wine.”Although the French wordbistro is first recorded in 1884, evidence for the English wordbistro is not found until the early 1920's. 根据传说，bistro 原是一个法国词而产生的，当1815年拿破仑失败后俄国士兵进入巴黎饭馆和咖啡店，就叫嚷着 "bistro，bistro，” 俄语的意思为“快点，快点”。 “酒馆”似乎是因这种要求快速服务的愿望而得名，但可能是源于在酒馆中至少可以找到的一种商品，因为法国词bistro 可能与另一个意为“生酒，劣等烧酒”的词 bistouille 有关。 另一种可能是bistro 一词来自方言 bistrand， 意为“年轻的放牛娃”。 在标准法语中该词可能指“酒商的助手”，后来指“卖酒的企业。”虽然法语bistro 一词在1884年最先有记载， 但英语bistro 一词直到19世纪20年代初期才有出现的迹象 〔Dickey〕American writer, especially of poetry, although he is perhaps best known for his novelDeliverance (1970). 狄克尼，詹姆斯·拉斐特：(生于 1923) 美国作家，更是一个诗人，虽然其的小说《解救》 （1970年）最有名 〔Howe〕British general in America. Although he defeated George Washington in a number of battles, he could not force a surrender and returned to England in 1778.豪，威廉：(1729-1814) 北美英军总司令。虽然他在多次战役中打败了乔治·华盛顿，但他无力使其投降，并于1778年返回英国〔though〕He still argues, though he knows he's wrong. Even though it was raining, she walked to work.虽然他知道错了，可仍在争辩。即使下雨，她也要走着去工作〔assure〕 Althoughensure and insure are generally interchangeable, onlyinsure is now widely used in American English in the commercial sense of "to guarantee persons or property against risk.” 虽然ensure 和 insure 在一般情况下可以互换， 现在只有insure 广泛用于美国英语中，商业中意指“给人或财产保险以防意外。” 〔shrapnel〕Henry Shrapnel received no compensation for the invention named after him other than having his name live on in connection with it.This deadly artillery shell, invented by Shrapnel, a British artillery officer, in his spare time and at his own expense,was given its first test in South America during the British seizure of part of Suriname (1799-1802),but shrapnel came into its own during the Peninsular War (1808-1814) between Great Britain, Spanish guerrillas, Portugal, and Napoleonic France.Shrapnel's shell was first officially called thespherical case shot, but it seems that early on it was called theshrapnel shell as well (first recorded in 1806), and this was the name eventually adopted by the British army.The wordshrapnel came to be used by itself as a collective noun, and even though the shrapnel shell is no longer used,people have for some time (first recorded in 1940) called the fragments from a shell, mine, or bombshrapnel, thus ensuring the continued existence, if not the immortality, of Henry Shrapnel's name.亨利·宣普纳因这种以其名字命名的发明，除了他的名字跟这种发明联系在一起以外他一无所获。宣普纳是一位英国炮兵军官，这种致命的武器是他在闲暇时间自筹经费发明的。它的首次试用是在南美洲英国占领部分苏里南领土期间（1799-1802年）进行的，但在大布列颠、西班牙游击队、葡萄牙及拿破仑统治下的法国几方之间进行的半岛战争期间（1804-1814年），榴霰弹开始使用。一开始宣普纳的这种炮弹被官方称作霰弹 。 但这之前似乎被称为shrapnel shell （最早记录于1806年）。 这一名字最终被英国陆军采用。shrapnel 一词被用作一集合名词， 虽然榴霰弹已不再使用了，但有一段时期人们把弹丸、地雷或炸弹的碎片也称为shrapnel （最早记录于1940年）， 这样就确保了亨利·宣普纳的名字得以继续存在，即使不能永存的话〔intrapreneur〕The wordentrepreneur is more than 150 years old, having come into English from French in 1828.But it is not until very recently that we find its intracorporate counterpart,intrapreneur, meaning "a person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation.”This coinage is generally attributed to management consultant Gifford Pinchot,author of the 1985 book entitledIntrapreneuring; others insist its true originator was Norman Macrae, deputy editor of theEconomist, although Macrae himself denies it.Still, whatever its exact source,in the scant number of years since its inception the termintrapreneur has gained currency very quickly. It has also given rise to various derivatives,such as the aforementioned gerundintrapreneuring, the noun intrapreneurship (as in a September 30, 1985, interview with Stephen Jobs inNewsweek : "The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship—only a few years before the term was coined—a group of people going in essence back to the garage, but in a large company"),the adjectiveintrapreneurial, and another noun, intrapreneurialism ("what has become known as intrapreneurialism, where people within the corporation acquire more adventurous small business outlooks,” by Ian Hamilton-Fazy in "An Uneasy Co-existence,”Financial Times, October 23, 1984). Broad use of a word and the development of numerous derivatives are strong signals predicting staying power within the language.Intrapreneur and its spinoffs are of particular interest to etymologists and lexicographers because they illustrate the constant changes inherent in a living language.entrepreneur 一词已有150多年的历史， 于1828年从法语传入英语。但是直到最近我们才发现其在公司内部的对应人物intrapreneur ， 意为“对通过果断地承担风险和革新使想法变为有利可图的成品这一过程承担直接责任的大公司里的高级成员”。这个新造的词普遍认为应归功于业务顾问吉福德·平肖，1985年出版的名为Intrapreneuring 一书的作者； 其他人坚持其真正的发明者是经济学家 杂志的副编辑诺曼·麦克里， 虽然麦克里本人否认这一点。然而，不管其准确的起源是什么，自它开始出现以来的短短几年中，intrapreneur 一词已很快流行开来。 它同样产生了多个衍生词，例如前面提到的动名词intrapreneuring ，名词 intrapreneurship （例如新闻周刊 于1985年9月30日斯蒂芬·乔布斯的采访中： “马金托什队通常地以出色的企业运作而闻名——仅仅是这个词条被发明的几年前——一群实质上是回到汽车房的人，而现在不过是大公司的汽车房罢了”），形容词intraprenurial 以及另一个名词 intrapreneurialim （以企业运作主义出名的地方，在那儿公司内部的职员获得更为冒险的商业前景”，伊恩·汉密尔顿一费茨的“不稳定的共存”，金融时报 1984年10月23日出版）。 一个词的广泛运用以及无数派生词的产生是预示语言内部持久力的强烈的信号。词源学家以及词典编纂者对intrpreneur 以及它的派生词产生了独特的兴趣， 因为它们说明现用语言所固有的持续不断的变化〔implicature〕The aspect of meaning that a speaker conveys, implies, or suggests without directly expressing. Although the utterance"Can you pass the salt?” is literally a request for information about one's ability to pass salt, the understood implicature is a request for salt. 言下之意：此方面意义指的是说话者并非以直接表达的方式传达、意指、或是建议某件事情，虽然"Can you pass the salt?” 字面上指的是询问有关某人是否有能力递盐的讯息，但我们所了解的言下之意却只是对盐的需求 |
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