| 单词 | 表明 |
| 释义 | 〔approve〕These verbs mean to express a favorable opinion or to signify satisfaction or acceptance.Though approve, the most widely applicable, often means simply to consider right or good (knew my parents wouldn't approve of what I had done), it can also denote official consent: 这些动词意指表达一种赞扬的意见或表明满意或接受。虽然 approve 应用最为广泛，常意味着简单地认为正确或好的（知道我父母不会赞成我所做的）， 它也可指明官方的同意： 〔prognostic〕A sign of a future happening; a portent.前兆：表明将来要发生的事情的现象；预兆〔clunk〕"Icy weather affected the clock's mechanism and for several hours Big Ben clunked instead of bonged the time changes"(Christian Science Monitor)“冰冻的天气影响了钟的机械装置，大笨钟好几个小时只发出沉闷的声音而不发出镗镗的表明时间变化的声音”(基督教科学箴言报)〔conscience〕a document that serves as the nation's conscience.一份表明民族道德准则的文件〔imagination〕"The poet is in command of his fantasy, while it is exactly the mark of the neurotic that he is possessed by his fantasy" (Lionel Trilling).“该诗是在他幻想的驱使下作出来的，但同时也表明他确实是被幻想控制住的神经怪异的人” （莱昂内尔·特里林）〔cutoff〕Designating a limit or point of termination:截止的：表明期限或终结点的：〔endorse〕To place (one's signature), as on a contract, to indicate approval of its contents or terms.签署，批准：签署（签名），如在合同上，表明对其内容或条款的赞同〔crescendo〕Crescendo is sometimes used by reputable speakers and writers to denote a climax or peak, as in noise level, rather than an increase. Although citational evidence over time attests to widespread currency,it is difficult for anyone acquainted with the technical musical sense ofcrescendo to use it to mean "a peak.” Such usage, as inWhen the guard sank a three-pointer to tie the game, the noise of the crowd reached a crescendo, was unacceptable to 55 percent of the Usage Panel.Crescendo 一词有时被享有声誉的演说家和作家用于表示高潮或顶点，而不是指渐强的过程，就象在噪声级中。 尽管过多的引证表明了这一流行趋势，然而对于熟悉渐强 这一音乐上的专门意义的人来说，很难把它用于指“顶点”。 在当后卫投入一个三分球而使比赛成平局时，观众的嘈杂声到达了极点 中的这类用法， 有55%的用法专题使用小组成员不接受〔give〕give an opinion; give an excuse.表明意见；给一个借口〔mark〕An inscription, name, stamp, label, or seal placed on an article to signify ownership, quality, manufacture, or origin.标签：物品上的印记、名称、邮戳或封印，表明所有者、质量、制造者或其来源〔signify〕To make known, as with a sign or word:表明：使…公诸于众，如用手势或话语：〔manifestation〕One of the forms in which someone or something, such as a person, a divine being, or an idea, is revealed.表现形式：表明某人或某事物，如人、神圣事物或观点的一种形式〔frank〕To place a stamp or mark on (a piece of mail) to show the payment of postage.盖邮戳：为表明邮资已付而在（邮件）上加上邮标或标记〔paraphrase〕phrazein [to show, explain] * see g whren- phrazein [表明，解释] * 参见 g whren- 〔modern〕The wordmodern, first recorded in 1585 in the sense "of present or recent times,” has traveled through the centuriesdesignating things that inevitably must become old-fashionedas the word itself goes on to the next modern thing.We have now invented the wordpostmodern, as if we could finally fixmodern in time, but evenpostmodern (first recorded in 1949) will seem fusty in the end, perhaps sooner thanmodern will. Going back to Late Latinmodernus, "modern,” which is derived frommodo in the sense "just now,” the English wordmodern (first recorded at the beginning of the 16th century) was not originally concerned with anything that could be later considered old-fashioned. It simply meant "being at this time, now existing,” an obsolete sense today.Beginning in the later 16th century, however, we see the word contrasted with the wordancient and also used of technology in a way that is clearly related to our own modern way of using the word.Modern was being applied specifically to what pertained to present times and also to what was new and not old-fashioned.Thus in the 19th and 20th centuries the word could be used to designate a movement in art,which is now being followed by postmodernism.单词modern 首次于1585年以“现在的或最近的时代”的意义被记载， 它已经历了数个世纪，表明必然会变得过时的事物，就象这个词本身也会继续走向更加现代。现在我们已发明了单词postmodern， 仿佛我们终于能及时固定住modern 的了， 但即使是postmodern （首次于1949年记载）最终也会显得过时， 也许比modern 更快。 可追溯至近代拉丁词modernus “现代的”， 源自表示“刚才”意思的modo ， 英语单词modern （首先在16世纪初被记载）原本与后来被认为过时的事物没有任何联系。 它只意味着“现时的，现存的”，今天已废弃了的一个意思。然而从16世纪晚期我们看到这个词成为ancient 的反义词并且用于科技， 其意义与我们现在使用的意义明显相关。Modern 当时特指现时的事物， 也指新的且不过时的事物。因此在19世纪和20世纪这个词能被用来表示艺术上的一个运动，现在尾随其后的是后现代主义〔empty〕These adjectives describe what contains nothing and inferentially lacks what it could or should have.这些形容词用于表明无内容或缺乏逻辑上会有或应有的内容。〔holocaust〕Just 11 percent approved the use ofholocaust to summarize the effects of the AIDS epidemic. This suggests that other figurative usagessuch asthe huge losses in the Savings and Loan holocaust may be viewed as overblown or in poor taste. 只有百分之十一的成员同意用holocaust 来表示爱滋病流行带来的灾难。 这表明其他修辞性用法，如在在存款和贷款灾难中的巨大损失 中可能会被认为夸张或没品味 〔proverb〕A short, pithy saying in frequent and widespread use that expresses a basic truth or practical precept.See Synonyms at saying 谚语：经常而广泛使用的短小、精悍的格言，表明一个基本的真理或实用的箴言 参见 saying〔received〕"Received political wisdom says not. Surveys show otherwise"(Economist)“公认的政治信条认为不行，调查却表明可以”(经济学家)〔precursor〕One that precedes and indicates, suggests, or announces someone or something to come:先兆：先于并暗示、表明或宣告某人或某事到来的人或事：〔healthy〕The distinction in meaning betweenhealthy ("possessing good health") and healthful ("conducive to good health") was ascribed to the two terms only as late as the 1880's. This distinction, though tenaciously supported by some critics,is belied by citational evidence—evidence clearly indicating thathealthy and healthful have shared the meaning "conducive to good health" since at least the mid-16th century, or for more than 400 years. Use ofhealthy in this sense is to be found in the works of a broad group of distinguished speakers and writers of English, with this example being typical: Healthy （“拥有良好的健康状况”）和 healthful （“有益于健康的”）在意思上的区别直到19世纪80年代才被确定。 虽然有些专家固执地支持这种区别，但它与引文中得出的证据不符——这些证据清楚地表明至少从16世纪中叶或者说四百多年来，healthy 和 healthful 都有“有益于健康的”这一意义。 Healthy 这一意义从一大群杰出的演讲者和作家的作品中可以找到，在这个意义上的用法以这个例子最具代表性： 〔proclaim〕wearing a button that proclaimed my choice for president.戴一枚徽章来表明我选谁作主席〔quark〕"Three quarks for Muster Mark! / Sure he hasn't got much of a bark / And sure any he has it's all beside the mark.” This passage of James Joyce'sFinnegans Wake is part of a scurrilous 13-line poem directed against King Mark,the cuckolded husband in the Tristan legend.The poem and the accompanying prose are packed with names of birds and words suggestive of birds,and the poem is a squawk,like the cawing of a crow, against King Mark.Thus, Joyce uses the wordquark, which comes from the standard English verbquark, meaning "to caw, croak,” and also from the dialectal verb quawk, meaning"to caw, screech like a bird.” But Joyce'squark was not what it has become: "any of a group of hypothetical subatomic particles proposed as the fundamental units of matter.”Murray Gell-Mann, the physicist who proposed these particles, in a private letter of June 27, 1978, to the editor of theOxford English Dictionary, said that he had actually been influenced by Joyce's word in naming the particle,although the influence was subconscious at first.Gell-Mann was thinking of using the pronunciation (kwôrk) for the particle,possibly something he had picked up fromFinnegans Wake, which he "had perused from time to time since it appeared in 1939. . . . The allusion to three quarks seemed perfect" (originally there were only three subatomic quarks).Gell-Mann, however, wanted to pronounce the word with (ô) not (ä), as Joyce seemed to indicate by rhyming words in the vicinity such asMark. Gell-Mann got around that "by supposing that one ingredient of the line ‘Three quarks for Muster Mark’was a cry of ‘Three quarts for Mister . . . ’ heard in H.C. Earwicker's pub.”冲马克王呱叫三声! / 很显然一声狗吠对他还不够 / 很显然他所有的一切都和盛名无关。 这一段出自詹姆斯·乔伊斯的为芬尼根守灵 ， 是对马克王进行侮辱谩骂的一首十三行诗中的一部分。马克王是特里斯特拉姆传奇故事中被戴了绿帽子的丈夫。这首诗和随同的叙述中充斥着鸟类的名字和暗示鸟类的词。这首诗是对马克王的粗声抗诉，就象乌鸦的啼叫。所以乔伊斯用了quark 一词， 它来源于标准英语动词quark （意思为“呱呱地叫，乌鸦叫”）和方言中的动词 quawk （意思为“象鸟一样呱呱地叫、尖叫”）。 乔伊斯笔下的quark 一词并不是现在形成的意思： “任何一组假想的亚原子粒子，被认为是物质的基本单位”。这些粒子的提出者——物理学家默里·基尔曼在1978年6月27日写给牛津英语词典 编者的一封私人信件中说, 他给这种粒子命名时确实受到了乔伊斯这个词的影响，虽然这种影响起初只是潜意识的。基尔曼本想用(kwôrk)这个发音来代表这种粒子，可能也是从为芬尼根守灵 一书中汲取出来的。 自从1939年这书出版以来，他曾时常精读…关于三声呱叫的暗示看上去很完满（最初只有三种亚原子夸克）。但是基尔曼想让这个词发音为(o)而不是(a)——乔伊斯将韵押为与Mark 相近的音好象表明该发这个音。 基尔曼认为这行诗中的一部分“对马克王呱叫三声”，实际上是在酒店中听到的“给这位先生来三夸脱酒”叫喊声〔sly〕These adjectives mean disposed to or marked by indirection or deviousness in the gaining of an end.这些形容词都有通过或表明通过间接或迂回手段最终获得。〔sublicense〕A license giving rights of production or marketing of products or services to a person or company that is not the primary holder of such rights.从属证书（执照或许可证）：由证书持有者发给其他人或公司，表明允许其生产或营销某些产品或经营某些服务项目的许可证〔display〕To give evidence of; manifest.证明：给出…的证据；表明〔indicator〕Any of various statistical values that together provide an indication of the condition or direction of the economy.指标：任何一个统计数值，这些数值综合在一起能表明经济的状况或经济发展方向〔significative〕Tending to signify or indicate; indicative.指示的：趋向于表明或指示的；指示性的〔sign〕 Badge usually refers to something that is worn as an insignia of membership,is an emblem of achievement,or is a characteristic sign: Badge 通常指作为表明会员身份的证章而戴的东西，或者是表示成就的徽章，或者表示一个有特色的标志： 〔positive〕Relating to or designating a quantity, number, angle, or direction opposite to another designated as negative.正向的：关于或表明与另一个表示为负的相反的数量、数字、角度或方向的〔harlot〕Harlot is first recorded in English in a work written around the beginning of the 13th century, meaning "a man of no fixed occupation, vagabond, beggar,” also the first main sense of the word herlot, which we borrowed from Old French. The recorded history of a word is sometimes all we need to scotch conjectures as to its ultimate origins. William Lambarde, in a 1570-1576 work, suggested that the word harlot came from the name of Arletta, or "Harlothe,” William the Conqueror's mother. As we have seen, Lambarde was unnecessarily besmirching her, for the history of harlot makes clear that "prostitute" was not its first sense. In fact, the word came to mean "male lecher" before it meant "prostitute,” but by the time Lambarde wrote, "prostitute" must have been thought to have been the main sense of the word, hence his etymology. Harlot 在英语中首次出现于某部创作于约13世纪初的作品中，意指“没有固定职业的人，流浪者，乞丐，”这也是 herlot 一词由古法语转借而来的第一个主要意思。单词的历史记载通常可供我们推测该词的最初渊源，威廉·兰巴德在他于1570年到1576年间创作的作品中指出： harlot 一词来自于英王威廉一世的母亲阿莉塔或“哈洛特”的名字，我们知道，兰巴德并无需玷污英王母亲的名誉，因为 harlot 一词的历史很明白地表明“妓女”之意并非该词的第一个意思，实际上，该词在意为“妓女”之前所具备的意思是“好色的男人”，但在兰巴德创作之时，“妓女”一定已经被认为是该词的主要意思，这便是它的词源 〔watermark〕A mark showing the greatest height to which water has risen.水位标记：表明水曾经达到的最高高度的标记〔diatribe〕Listening to a lengthy diatribe may seem like a waste of time,an attitude for which there is some etymological justification.The Greek worddiatribē, the ultimate source of our word, is derived from the verb diatribein, made up of the prefixdia-, "completely,” and tribein, "to rub,” "to wear away, spend, or waste time,” "to be busy.” The verbdiatribein meant "to rub hard,” "to spend or waste time,” and the noundiatribē meant "wearing away of time, amusement, serious occupation, study,” as well as "discourse, short ethical treatise or lecture, debate, argument.”It is the serious occupation of time in discourse, lecture, and debate that gave us the first use ofdiatribe recorded in English (1581), in the now archaic sense "discourse, critical dissertation.”The critical element of this kind of diatribe must often have been uppermost,explaining the origin of the current sense ofdiatribe, "a bitter criticism.” 听唠唠叨叨的絮语也许好象是浪费时间，这是一种态度，一些词源对此有所表明。该词的终源希腊单词diatribe 起源于由动词 diatribein ； 而后者是由前缀dia- “完全地”和 tribein （“消磨、消逝、花费或浪费时间”，“忙于”）所构成的。 动词diartibein 意思是“难熬”、“花费或浪费时间”， 而名词diatribe 意思是“时间消逝、消遣、热衷消遣，研究”， 还有“论文、伦理学论文，伦理学论文或讲演，争辩，论据”。在（1581年）英语中记载的第一次使用diatribe 是热衷于把时间消磨在论文、讲演和争辩中， 现在古体文含义是“论文，批评式的学术演讲”。这种论文所含批评因素必须常常占最主要的，它解释了diatribe 现代含义“尖刻批评”的词源 〔spree〕A spending spree seems a far cry from a cattle raid,yet etymologists have suggested that the wordspree comes from the Scots word spreath, "cattle raid.” The wordspree is first recorded in a poem in Scots dialect in 1804 in the sense of "a lively outing.” This sense is closely connected with a sense recorded soon afterward (in 1811), "a drinking bout,”while the familiar sense "an overindulgence in an activity,”as in aspending spree, is recorded in 1849. Scots and Irish dialect also have a sense "a fight,”which may help connect the word and the sense "lively outing" with the Scots wordspreath, meaning variously, "booty,” "cattle taken as spoils,” "a herd of cattle taken in a raid,” and "cattle raid.” The Scots word comes from Irish and Scottish Gaelicspréidh, "cattle,” which in turn ultimately comes from Latin praeda, "booty.” This last link reveals both the importance of the Latin language to Gaelicand a connection between cattle and plunder in earlier Irish and Scottish societies.狂欢作乐似乎与牛的袭击相去甚远，然而词源学表明spree 来自苏格兰语 spreath “牛的袭击”。 Spree 在1804年首次出现于苏格兰方言写成的一首诗中，意为“活跃的出游”。 这个意思与不久之后(1811年）出现的意思“狂饮”很接近，而相近的意思“无节制的狂热行为”，比如spending spree 于1849年出现。 苏格兰和爱尔兰方言还有“打架”的意思，这可能有助于将该词同其意义与苏格兰语spreath 的不同意思相联系，这些意思为“战利品”、“作为掠夺品的牛”、“袭击中所得的一群牛”或“牛袭击”。 这个苏格兰词来自爱尔兰和苏格兰盖尔人的语言 spréidh “牛”（此词最终源自拉丁语 praeda “战利品”）。 这一最后的联系不仅表明拉丁语同盖尔语的重要联系，也表明早期爱尔兰和苏格兰社会中牛和劫掠的联系〔house〕The sign of the zodiac indicating the seat or station of a planet in the heavens. Also called In this sense, also called mansion 十二宫：表明一行星在天空中的位置的黄道十二宫 也作 在此意义上也可称作 mansion〔goatee〕When assessing American contributions to the English language and to fashion,let us not forget thegoatee. Early comments on this style of beard appear first in American writings,making this word an Americanism.Although the style raises few eyebrows now,the early comments were not favorable:"One chap's . . . rigged out like a show monkey, with a little tag of hair hangin down under his chin jest like our old billy goat, that's a leetle too smart for this latitude, I think.”This 1842 description, found in William Tappan Thompson'sMajor Jones's Courtship, also reveals the etymology of the word.The first actual recorded occurrence of the word, found in Daniel Lee and Joseph H. Frost'sTen Years in Oregon, published in 1844,also sounds disapproving:"A few individuals . . . leave what is called, by some of their politer neighbors, a ‘goaty’ under the chin.”当评价美国人对英语和其习惯的影响时，让我们不要忘记goatee 这个词。 关于这种样式胡子的早期评论出现于美国作品，这使这个词具有美国特色。尽管这个样式现在很少有人异议，但早期的评论却是反对的：“一个小伙子…打扮得象一只表演的猴子，留着一簇蓬乱的胡子，象一只大公羊，我认为这有点太滑稽了”。这是1842年威廉·塔潘·汤普森在《乔恩上校的求婚》 中的描写， 它也表明了这个词的词源。关于这个词最初的真实记录见于丹尼尔·李和约瑟夫·H·福斯特的《在俄勒冈的十年》 ， 出版于1844年，它也持反对态度：“一些人…留着一撮被他们礼貌的邻人称作‘山羊胡子’般的胡须”〔manifest〕To show or demonstrate plainly; reveal:显示：清楚地显示或表示；表明：〔vengeful〕Indicating or proceeding from a desire for revenge.报复的，复仇的：表明或出自复仇欲的〔noncommittal〕Refusing commitment to a particular opinion or course of action; not revealing what one feels or thinks:态度暖昧的：拒绝赞成某一特殊意见或行动步骤的；不表明某人的所感或所想的：〔undertake〕To pledge or commit (oneself) to:承担，接受：保证或表明（自己）： |
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