| 单词 | 被杀 |
| 释义 | 〔Galois〕French mathematician who made valuable contributions to number theory algebra before being killed in a duel at the age of 21.伽罗瓦，艾瓦里斯特：(1811-1832) 法国数学家，21岁时在一场决斗中被杀，对数字理论代数做出了很大的贡献〔Astyanax〕The young son of Hector and Andromache, killed when the Greeks conquered Troy.阿斯蒂阿纳克斯：赫克托耳与安德洛玛克的幼子，在希腊人攻打特洛伊时被杀〔Wovoka〕Paiute religious leader who founded the Ghost Dance movement. The movement faded when a number of its followers, thought to have supernatural protection, were massacred at Wounded Knee (1890).沃伏卡：派尤特人的宗教领袖，倡导了鬼神舞运动。当许多被认为有神圣力量保护的信徒在翁迪德尼被杀后(1890年），这场运动逐渐平息〔assassin〕At first glance, one would be hard-pressed to find a link between pleasure and the acts of assassins.Such was not the case, however, with those who gave us the wordassassin. They were members of a secret Islamic order originating in the 11th centurywho believed it was a religious duty to harass and murder their enemies.The most important members of the order were those who actually did the killing.Having been promised paradise in return for dying in action, the killers,it is said, were made to yearn for paradise by being given a life of pleasure that included the use of hashish.Hence, the name for the secret order as a whole,ḥaššāšīn, "hashish users.” After passing through French or Italian, the word came into English and is recorded in 1603 with reference to the Moslem assassins.开始接触这个词，可能不容易看出暗杀者的乐趣与行为的联系。但是，对于给我们assassin 这个词的人来说，并不是这样。 他们是伊斯兰秘密团体的成员，该团体源自11世纪，他们认为骚扰并杀死他们的敌人是他们的宗教义务。该团体中最重要的成员是实际行使暗杀者。由于暗杀者被许诺进入天堂以作为对可能在行动中被杀的回报，据说为促使他们对天堂的热切渴望，先给予他们一种包括使用大麻麻醉剂乐趣的生活。这样hassasin “大麻使用者”就成了该秘密团体的名称。 这个词经过法语或意大利语进入英语，1603年记录下来，指穆斯林暗杀者。〔Gracchus〕Roman social reformer. Known with his brotherGaius Sempronius Gracchus (153-121 b.c. ) as "the Gracchi,” he sought to aid poor farmers through greater subdivision of land but was killed in a riot. Gaius assumed his brother's work, initiating several reforms, and met a similar fate. 格拉古·提比略，提比略·森普罗斯：(163-133) 罗马社会改革家。与其弟盖约·森普罗纽·格拉古 （ 公元前 153-121年）以“格拉古兄弟”之称闻名，寻求通过土地的大规模再划分来帮助贫穷的农民，但在一次暴乱中被杀。盖约接替其兄的工作，发动了几次改革，但遭到了类似的命运 〔Tromp〕Dutch admiral noted for his victories over the Spanish and Portuguese in 1639. He was defeated and killed in a battle against the English (1653).特罗姆普，马尔滕·哈珀茨松：(1597-1653) 荷兰海军上将，因其在1639年在与西班牙和葡萄牙作战的胜利而著称。他在一次对英作战的战斗中被击败，他也被杀(1653年）〔fatality〕One that is killed as a result of such an occurrence:意外死亡的人：因此种意外事故而被杀的人：〔Roland〕A French hero celebrated in medieval chansons de geste as the nephew of Charlemagne and defender of Christianity who was killed in battle against the Saracens at Roncesvalles ina.d. 778. 罗兰：一个中世纪史诗中歌颂的法国英雄，他是查理曼大帝的外甥和基督教的护卫者，公元 778年龙塞斯瓦斯与撒拉森人交战时被杀 〔Warwick〕English military and political leader who fought for the Yorkists during the Wars of the Roses and secured the throne for Edward IV (1461). He then changed allegiance and restored the Lancastrian Henry VI to the throne (1470). Warwick was killed in the Battle of Barnet, which regained the throne for Edward.沃里克：英国军事、政治领袖，在玫瑰战争中支持约克家族，辅助了爱德华四世登基(1461年）。后又改变效忠，拥立兰开斯特家族的亨利六世重登王位(1470年）。沃里克在巴尼特之战中被杀，该战使爱德华重新夺回王位〔Kirov〕Russian revolutionary who was a chief aid of Stalin. His assassination, possibly on Stalin's order, formed the pretext of a major purge of the Communist Party.基洛夫，谢尔盖·米洛诺维奇：(1886-1934) 俄国革命者，斯大林的主要助手。他的被杀（可能是斯大林的命令）为共产党内的一次主要清党提供了藉口〔Asgard〕The heavenly residence of the Norse gods and slain heroes of war.仙宫，诸神居所：北欧诸神和战争中被杀的英雄的仙宫〔kill〕A person killed or to be killed:被杀者：被杀或要被杀的人：〔killed〕Put to death. Often used in combination:被杀的：致人于死；毁灭。常用于复合词：〔Darnley〕Scottish nobleman and second husband (1565-1567) of Mary Queen of Scots. He plotted to kill David Rizzio, Mary's secretary, in 1566 and was himself murdered the following year, possibly at the urging of Mary's lover, the Earl of Bothwell.达恩利：苏格兰贵族和苏格兰女王玛丽的第二个丈夫(1565-1567年），他于1566年密谋杀害了大卫·利齐欧，玛丽的秘书，第二年自己也被暗杀了，可能是在玛丽的情人博恩韦尔伯爵的操纵下被杀的〔Catesby〕English conspirator who along with Guy Fawkes was involved in the Gunpowder Plot (1604-1605) to assassinate James I. He was killed resisting arrest.盖茨比，罗伯特：(1573-1605) 英国反叛者，与盖·弗克斯一起卷入谋杀詹姆斯一世的火药阴谋（1604-1605年）。他在拒捕时被杀〔decimate〕Decimate originally referred to the killing of every tenth person, a punishment used in the Roman army for mutinous legions.Today this meaning is commonly extended to include the killing of any large proportion of a group.Sixty-six percent of the Usage Panel accepts this extension in the sentenceThe Jewish population of Germany was decimated by the war, even though it is common knowledge thatthe number of Jews killed was much greater than a tenth of the original population.However, when the meaning is further extended to include large-scale destruction other than killing,as inThe supply of fresh produce was decimated by the accident at Chernobyl, the usage is accepted by only 26 percent of the Panel.Decimate 最初指杀死每十人中的一个， 用于古罗马军队对反叛军团的一种惩罚。现在这一层意思通常引申为大批杀死。用法专题使用小组中66%的成员认为在德国的犹太人在战争中被大批杀死 一句中该词的这一引申义可接受， 尽管众所周知，被杀的犹太人的数目远比最初人口的十分之一要多。可是，当词义外延至包括大量毁灭而不是戳杀，如在新鲜农产品的供应由于车诺比事故极大地受到了破坏 一句中， 用法专题使用小组中只有26%的成员接受这一用法。〔Madero〕Mexican revolutionary and politician who forced the resignation of Porfirio Díaz and assumed the presidency (1911). Unable to effect reform, he was overthrown and imprisoned by Victoriano Huerta (1913) and was killed while reportedly attempting to escape.马德罗，弗朗西斯科·印达尔希奥：(1873-1913) 墨西哥革命家和政治家，在强迫普弗里雯·迪亚斯辞职后自己担任总统(1911年）。由于改革未能成功，他被维克多里亚诺·韦尔塔推翻并囚禁(1913年），据说他在企图逃跑时被杀〔Turner〕American slave leader who organized about 70 followers and led a rebellion in Virginia, during which approximately 50 whites were killed (1831). He was subsequently captured and executed.特纳，纳：(1800-1831) 美国黑奴领袖，曾组织了约70名追随者，领导了在弗吉尼亚州的起义，在这次起义中大约50人被杀(1831年）。他随后被捕并被处决〔Eichmann〕German Nazi official who as head of the Gestapo's Jewish section (1939-1945) was chiefly responsible for the murder of millions of Jews during World War II. After the war he fled to South America, was captured by the Israeli secret service (1960), and was tried and executed in Israel.艾希曼，阿道夫：(1906-1962) 德国纳粹军官，盖世太保的犹太部门的头目（1939-1945年），对于在第二次世界大战中数以百计的犹太人的被杀负有重要责任，战后逃往南美，在1960年被以色列秘密组织逮捕，在以色列被审判和处决〔Lidice〕A village of northwest Czechoslovakia west-northwest of Prague. In reprisal for the murder of a Nazi official, German forces killed its male population, deported the women and children to concentration camps, and burned the village to the ground (June 9-10, 1942).利迪泽：捷克斯洛伐克西北部的一个村落，位于布拉格西北偏西。1942年6月9日至10日，德国军队作为对一名纳粹军官被杀的报复，屠杀了这个村子的所有男性，并把妇女和儿童送往集中营，然后把整个村子烧成灰烬〔attack〕Some of the rebels were killed in the act of storming the citadel.一些反叛者在突袭城堡时被杀。〔Tyler〕English revolutionary who led the Peasants' Revolt against Richard II's poll tax in June 1381. The uprising ended when he was killed.泰勒，沃特：(卒于 1381) 英国革命者，1381年六月领导了反抗理查德二世的人头税的农民起义。起义在他被杀后结束〔Philistine〕It has never been good to be a Philistine.Samson, Saul, and David in the Bible helped bring the Philistines into prominence because they were such prominent opponents.Even though the Philistines have long since disappeared,their name has lived on in the Old Testament.The English name for them,Philistines, which goes back through Late Latin and Greek to Hebrew, is first found in Middle English,wherePhilistiens, the ancestor of our word, is recorded in a work composed before 1325. Beginning in the 17th centuryphilistine was used as a common noun usually in the plural to refer to various groups considered the enemy,such as literary critics.In Germany in the same centuryit is said that in a memorial at Jena for a student who had been killed in a town-gown quarrel,the minister preached a sermon from the text "Philister über dir Simson! [The Philistines be upon thee, Samson!],”the words of Delilah to Samson after she attempted to render him powerless before his Philistine enemies.From this usage it is said that German students came to usePhilister, the German equivalent of Philistine, to denote nonstudents and hence uncultured or materialistic people.Both usages were picked up in English in the early 19th century.做非利士人从来没有好处。《圣经》中的参孙、索尔和大卫使非利士人出名是因为他们是很优秀的对手。尽管非利士人已消失很久了，他们的名字却仍存在于《旧约》当中。他们的英文名称Philistines 可由晚期拉丁语和希腊语追溯到希伯来语， 是在中世纪英语中首先发现的，其中我们所用词的前身Philistines 记载在一部1325年前的著作中。 17世纪以来，Philistine 被用作普通名词并且常以复数形式出现， 意指被认为是敌人的各种团体，如文学批评家。在同一世纪的德国，据说在耶拿举行的纪念一名在市民和大学生争执中被杀的学生的纪念会上，牧师从“［非利士人比你强，参孙!］”中选取了一段做布道，就是迪莱勒在试图使参孙在他的非利士手面前变得软弱无力后说的那些话。这段话的用法中可见德国学生开始使用philister 作为 philistine 的德语替代语， 意指不是学生因此也就是没有文化以及不务实的人。这两种用法在19世纪早期的英语中均能找到〔Priam〕The father of Paris, Hector, and Cassandra and king of Troy, who was killed when his city fell to the Greeks.普里阿摩斯：是帕里斯，赫克托耳和卡珊德拉的父亲，特洛伊的国王，在特洛里城被希腊人攻陷时被杀〔Egmont〕Flemish general and politician who refused to join William of Orange in a plan to overthrow Philip II of Spain but was beheaded nonetheless, precipitating a Flemish revolt against Spanish rule.埃格蒙特，拉莫尔德：(1522-1568) 佛兰德将领，政治家。因他拒绝参加奥兰治的威廉推翻西班牙腓力二世的计划被杀，但这件事加速了法兰德斯反抗西班牙统治的起义〔turf〕"These guys can't . . . make sure nobody gets turfed"(Scott Turow)“这些人不能保证没人被杀”(斯科特·图罗) |
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