| 单词 | 被称为 |
| 释义 | 〔wallflower〕TheCheiranthus cheiri, with its sweet-smelling yellow, red, or brown flowers, came to be called the wallflower because it was noted for growing on surfaces such as old walls, rocks, and quarries. This plant name is first recorded in 1578.It is not known who first observed a likeness between this delicate, fragrant flower and the unpartnered women sitting along the wall at a dance, but the figurative sense is first found in an 1820 work by Mrs. Campbell Praed entitledCounty Ball. The word, although originally used only to describe women, has become unisex,and of course one can be a wallflower without having a wall in the vicinity.具有芳香的黄、红或棕色花的桂竹香 之所以后来被称为 wallflower 是因为它以生活于物体表面（如旧墙面、岩石成或矿井面）而闻名。 该植物名称首载于1578年。没有人知道谁最先发现了这种雅致、芳香的花与在舞会上单独坐在墙边的女子的关系，但是这种比喻义最早发现于埃贝尔·普利德夫人1820年名为郡办舞会 的作品中。 虽然该词起初只用来描绘女子，后来却男女都适用。而且，一个人即使周围没有墙也能成为一个离群之人〔injustice〕"Private wrongs . . . are an infringement or privation of the private or civil rights belonging to individuals . . . and are thereupon frequently termed civil injuries" (William Blackstone).“个人犯的错误…是违反法规行为或对私有的（东西的）剥夺或个人的民权…因此经常被称为民事伤害” （威廉·布拉克斯通）。〔janitor〕A holiday for janitors ought to take place in January,for both words are linked.In Latiniānus was the word for "archway, gateway, or covered passage" and also for the god of gates, doorways, and beginnings in general.As many schoolchildren know,our month January—a month of beginnings—is named for the god.Latiniānitor, the source of our word janitor and ultimately also fromiānus, meant "doorkeeper or gatekeeper.”Probably becauseiānitor was common in Latin records and documents, it was adopted into English,first being recorded in the sense "doorkeeper" around 1567 in a Scots text.In an early quotation Saint Peter is called "the Janitor of heaven.”The term can still mean "doorkeeper,”but in Scots usagejanitor also referred to a minor school official. Apparently this position at times involved maintenance duties and doorkeeping,and the maintenance duties took over the more exalted tasks,giving us the position of janitor as we know it today.看门人的假日应该放在一月，因为以下两个词都同一月有联系。拉丁文中的ianus 表示的是“拱门、道路或走廊”， 也是通常所说的门神、门口和开始。正如许多小学生知道的那样，我们的一月——最初的一个月——是以神的名字命名的。拉丁文ianitor 是单词 janitor 的来源， 追根溯源它也来自ianus， 意思是“看门人或管门人”。也许因为ianitor 这个词在拉丁文记录和文件中很普遍， 它才被英语所采用，最早被记录为“看门人”之意时大约在1567年的一篇苏格兰文章中。圣彼得在早期的引文中被称为“天堂守护神”。这个词仍然是“看门人”的意思，但在苏格兰用法中janitor 也指代低层的学校公务员。 显然这个职位时不时地也包含着维护的责任和守门的义务，这种维护的责任吸取了更为崇高的任务，于是就有了正如我们今天所知道的看门人这个职务〔Jinnah〕Founder and first governor-general (1947-1948) of Pakistan. When India's independence from Britain was imminent, he feared the Moslem minority would be oppressed by the Hindus and insisted on a Moslem homeland, founded in 1947 as Pakistan.真纳，穆罕默德·阿里：(1876-1948) 巴基斯坦的创建者和第一届总督(1947-1948年） 。当印度要从英国独立出来的时侯，他害怕穆斯林少数民族会受到印度教徒的压迫，坚持在1947年成立一个被称为巴基斯坦的穆斯林国家〔Pennines〕A range of hills extending about 257 km (160 mi) southward from the Cheviot Hills on the Scottish border to central England. Sometimes called "the backbone of England,” it rises to 893.7 m (2,930 ft) at Cross Fell.奔宁山脉：一条从苏格兰边界的切维厄特丘陵向南延伸257公里（160英里）至英格兰中部的山脉，有时被称为“英格兰的脊梁”，最高峰为海拔893.7米(2,930英尺）的克劳斯菲尔山〔Quimper〕A city of northwest France near the Bay of Biscay south-southeast of Brest. It is noted for its pottery, known as Quimper ware. Population, 56,907.坎佩尔：法国西北一城市，靠近比斯开湾，位于布勒斯特东南偏南。它以陶器制造业而闻名，被称为坎佩尔陶器。人口56,907〔Browning〕American firearms inventor whose designs include repeating rifles, automatic pistols, and a machine gun dubbed "the Peacemaker" that was used in the Spanish-American War and adapted for aerial warfare in World War I.勃朗宁，约翰·摩西：(1855-1926) 美国武器发明家，他设计了来福枪、自动手枪和被称为“维护和平者”的机枪。后者在美西战争中使用，被改制后在第一次世界大战的空战中使用〔grunt〕"They were called grunts . . . They were the infantrymen, the foot soldiers of the war"(Bernard Edelman)“他们被称为格朗茨…也就是步兵，战争中徒步作战的士兵”(伯纳德·埃德尔曼)〔Hokkaido〕An island of Japan north of Honshu. It is the second largest of the Japanese islands but the least populated. Hokkaido became part of Japan in the medieval period (c. 1600) and was called Yezo or Ezo until 1868.北海道：日本的一个岛，位于本州北部。是日本的第二大岛，但却是人口最少的岛，在中世纪（约1600年）成为日本的一部分，1868年前被称为暇夷〔Lincoln〕The capital of Nebraska, in the southeast part of the state southwest of Omaha. Founded in 1864 as Lancaster, it was renamed when it was chosen as the state capital in 1867. Population, 191,972.林肯：美国内布拉斯加州的首府，位于奥马哈西南，该州东南部。1864年首建时被称为兰开斯特，1867被选作该州首府而重新命名。人口191,972〔replevin〕An action to recover personal property said or claimed to be unlawfully taken.财物的发还：重新取得被称为或宣告为非法掠走的个人财产的行为〔pathetic〕"That cold accretion called the world, which, so terrible in the mass, is so unformidable, even pitiable, in its units" (Thomas Hardy).“那个被称为地球的冲积而成的寒冷球体，整体是如此令人生惧，各部分又是那么懦弱甚至令人生怜” （托马斯·哈代）。〔Aristides〕Athenian statesman and general who fought in the Battle of Marathon (490) and in the victory over the Persians at Salamis (480). He was a central figure in the confederation of Greek states known as the Delian League (478).亚里斯泰迪斯：雅典政治家和将军，曾参加马拉松战役（公元前490年）和萨拉米斯战胜波斯的大捷（公元前480年）。他是被称为提洛同盟（公元前478年）的希腊城邦联盟的一个中心人物〔Sharpsburg〕A town of northern Maryland west of Frederick. It is the site of the Civil War Battle of Antietam (September 16-17, 1862), in which Union forces repulsed Gen. Robert E. Lee's troops. The engagement, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, was one of the bloodiest of the war, with heavy losses on both sides.夏普斯堡：美国马里兰州北部的一个城镇，位于弗雷德里克以西。它是国内战争安蒂他姆战役(1862年9月16-17日）的发生地，在此联邦军队击退了罗伯特·E·李将军的军队，该战役也被称为夏斯堡战役，它是内战中流血最多的战役之一，双方均有惨重损失〔shrapnel〕Henry Shrapnel received no compensation for the invention named after him other than having his name live on in connection with it.This deadly artillery shell, invented by Shrapnel, a British artillery officer, in his spare time and at his own expense,was given its first test in South America during the British seizure of part of Suriname (1799-1802),but shrapnel came into its own during the Peninsular War (1808-1814) between Great Britain, Spanish guerrillas, Portugal, and Napoleonic France.Shrapnel's shell was first officially called thespherical case shot, but it seems that early on it was called theshrapnel shell as well (first recorded in 1806), and this was the name eventually adopted by the British army.The wordshrapnel came to be used by itself as a collective noun, and even though the shrapnel shell is no longer used,people have for some time (first recorded in 1940) called the fragments from a shell, mine, or bombshrapnel, thus ensuring the continued existence, if not the immortality, of Henry Shrapnel's name.亨利·宣普纳因这种以其名字命名的发明，除了他的名字跟这种发明联系在一起以外他一无所获。宣普纳是一位英国炮兵军官，这种致命的武器是他在闲暇时间自筹经费发明的。它的首次试用是在南美洲英国占领部分苏里南领土期间（1799-1802年）进行的，但在大布列颠、西班牙游击队、葡萄牙及拿破仑统治下的法国几方之间进行的半岛战争期间（1804-1814年），榴霰弹开始使用。一开始宣普纳的这种炮弹被官方称作霰弹 。 但这之前似乎被称为shrapnel shell （最早记录于1806年）。 这一名字最终被英国陆军采用。shrapnel 一词被用作一集合名词， 虽然榴霰弹已不再使用了，但有一段时期人们把弹丸、地雷或炸弹的碎片也称为shrapnel （最早记录于1940年）， 这样就确保了亨利·宣普纳的名字得以继续存在，即使不能永存的话〔joual〕London has Cockney;Liverpool has Scouse.Certain dialects often become so famous and distinctivethat they acquire names.Such is the case with the Canadian French dialect known in Quebec and in Maine asjoual or jooal. The name, derived from a regional dialect pronunciation of the wordcheval, "horse,” is applied to the rural French patois of Quebec.Canadian opinions differ as to whetherjoual is a "language" of its own or merely a regional French characterized by nonstandard grammar and heavy borrowing from English words and word order. 伦敦有伦敦东区土话；利物浦有利物浦方言。某些方言常常变得非常著名并且有特色，以致于需要有专门的名称。这种在魁北克省和缅因州被称为joual 或 jooal 的加拿大法语方言即是如此。 这个名字来源于cheval （即“马”）一词的地区方言性发音， 它指魁北克省农村地区的法语土话。对于joual 是一种独立的“语言”，还是仅仅是一种以不正规语法及许多英语外来词和词序为特征的地域性法语，加拿大人的看法不一 〔Child〕American abolitionist and writer of novels, children's books, and reform works, such asAppeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans (1833). 蔡尔德，吕底亚·玛丽·弗朗西斯：(1802-1880) 美国废奴主义者及作家，著有小说、儿童读物和呼吁改革的作品，如《为被称为非洲人的那一群美国人呼吁》 （1833年） 〔ballyhoo〕The origin ofballyhoo has been the subject of much speculation. This spelling has actually graced four different words:ballyhoo, "sensational advertising"; ballyhoo, a spelling of balao, a kind of fish; ballyhoo, a part of the name ballyhoo bird, about which more later; andballyhoo, a sailor's epithet for a disliked ship. This lastballyhoo (first recorded in 1836) was thought to be related to, or the same as, the word ballahou, from Spanishbalahú, "a type of schooner common in the Antilles.” First recorded in 1867,ballahou, besides being a term for a specific kind of ship, was also used contemptuously of inferior ships.But the connection between these sailing terms or the name of the fish and our wordballyhoo, first recorded in 1901, has not been established. There may, however, be a tie betweenballyhoo and the creature called a ballyhoo bird. According to a July 1880 article inHarper's, the bird had four wings and two heads and could whistle through one bill while singing through the other.Anyone who has ever hunted a snipe will know what hunting ballyhoo birds was like.单词ballyhoo 的来源一直存在种种推测。 这个词的拼写实际上包含有四个不同的词：ballyhoo， 意为“耸人听闻的广告”； ballyhoo， 是 balao 的一种拼写，是一种鱼； ballyhoo， 是 ballyhoo bird 的一部分,其出现更晚； 还有一个是ballyhoo， 是水手对不喜欢的船的称呼。 这最后一个ballyhoo （最早记载于1836年）被认为与 ballahou 有关或相同， 该词来自西班牙语balahu， 意为“流行于安的列斯群岛的一种纵帆船。” 首次记载于1867年，ballahou 一词除表示一种特殊的船外， 还表示同时代的劣等船。但这些与航海有关的词或鱼类名称的词与我们所使用的、首次记载于1901年的一词ballyhoo 之间尚未建立联系。 然而也许ballyhoo 一词与被称为 ballyhoo bird 的生物之间有某种联系。 根据1880年7月哈帕斯 杂志中一篇文章的描写， 这种鸟有四翅双头，可以用其中一张嘴吹哨，同时用另一张嘴唱歌。任何曾经猎过鹬鸟的人将会知道捕猎“巴里嗬”鸟是怎样的一种情景〔Brueghel〕Flemish painter noted for his landscapes and his lively genre scenes, includingPeasant Wedding (c. 1567). His son Pieter (1564-1638?), known as "the Younger,” is primarily remembered for his copies of his father's works, while another son, Jan (1568-1625), is frequently called "the Flower Brueghel" or "the Velvet Brueghel" for the silky detail of his still-life paintings. 勃鲁盖尔，彼得：(1525?-1569) 佛兰德斯画家，擅画风景画，其《农民的婚礼》 (1567年）场面活泼。其子 皮埃特 (1564-1638?)，被称为“小勃鲁盖尔”，因临摹其父的作品给人们留下深刻印象，另一子 让 (1568-1625年），常被称为“花的勃鲁盖尔”或“天鹅绒勃鲁盖尔”，因为他擅长静物画 〔California〕A state of the western United States on the Pacific Ocean. It was admitted as the 31st state in 1850. The area was colonized by the Spanish and formally ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). California is often called the Golden State because of its sunny climate and the discovery of gold during its pioneering days. Sacramento is the capital and Los Angeles the largest city. Population, 29,839,250.加利福尼亚：美国西部靠近太平洋的一个州。1850年被收纳为第三十一个州。这个区域是西班牙的殖民地，后按瓜达卢佩一伊达尔戈条约回归美国（1848年）。由于其阳光明媚的气候，并在拓荒年代发现了金矿，加利福尼亚常被称为金色之州。萨克拉门托是其首府，洛杉矶是其最大城市。人口29,839,250〔Fosbury〕American athlete. He won a gold medal in the high jump at the 1968 Olympics, revolutionizing the event by going over the bar head first and backwards in what became known as the "Fosbury flop.”佛斯巴里，理查德：美国运动员。在1968年奥运会上获得跳高项目的金牌，其头部先过杆并朝后的跳法使得该项目产生革命性变化，被称为“佛斯巴里跳法”〔Izalco〕An active volcano, about 2,388 m (7,828 ft) high and still increasing in height, of western El Salvador. It is sometimes called "the Lighthouse of the Pacific.”伊萨尔科火山：一座活火山，约2,388米(7,828英尺）高，而且高度仍不断增长，位于萨尔瓦多西部。有时被称为“太平洋的灯塔”〔deer〕In various Middle English textsone finds a fish, an ant, or a fox called ader, the Middle English ancestor of our worddeer. In its Old English formdēor, our word referred to any animal, including members of the deer family,and continued to do so in Middle English,although it took on the specific sense "a deer.”By the end of the Middle English period, around 1500,the general sense had all but disappeared. Deer is a commonly cited example of a semantic process called specialization,by which the range of meaning of a word is narrowed or restricted.When Shakespeare uses the expression "mice and rats, and such small deer" for Edgar's diet inKing Lear, probably written in 1605, we are not sure whetherdeer has the general or the specific sense. 在各种各样的中世纪英语文章中，人们可以发现鱼、蚂蚁或狐狸被称为der ， 这是单词deer 在中世纪英语中的雏形。 该词的古英语形式为deor， 指任何一种动物， 包括鹿科动物的成员，该用法一直延续到中世纪英语中。尽管当时该词接纳了“鹿”这一特定的意思，但到中世纪英语时期结束时，大约是1500年，该词的普通意思全部消失了。 Deer 常被引用作为语意变迁过程中的特殊化的例子，通过特殊化的过程，单词的语意范围缩小了，或受到了限制。当莎士比亚在大约1605年写李尔王 的时候，用"mice and rats，and such small deer"来表示爱德加的饮食时， 我们无法确定deer 是指普通意思还是指其特定的意思 〔sanguine〕Perhaps one has wondered what the connection betweensanguinary, "bloodthirsty,” and sanguine, "cheerfully optimistic,” could be. The connection can be found in medieval physiology with its notion of the four humors (blood, bile, phlegm, and black bile).These four body fluids were thought to determine a person's temperament,or distinguishing mental and physical characteristics.Thus, if blood was the predominant humor, one had a ruddy face and a disposition marked by courage, hope, and a readiness to fall in love.Such a temperament was calledsanguine, the Middle English ancestor of our wordsanguine. The sources of the Middle English word were Old Frenchsanguin and Latin sanguineus, the source of the French word. Both the Old French and Latin words meant "bloody,” "blood-colored,”Old Frenchsanguin having the sense "sanguine in temperament" as well. Latinsanguineus in turn was derived from sanguīs, "blood,” just as English sanguinary is. The English adjectivesanguine, first recorded in Middle English before 1350, went on to refer simply to the cheerfulness and optimism that accompanied a sanguine temperament,no longer having any direct reference to medieval physiology.也许有人对sanguinary （“嗜血的”）和 sanguine （“愉快乐观的”）两词之间的联系感到不解。 这种联系可以追溯到中世纪生理学中四种体液的概念（多血质型、胆汁型、黏液型和抑郁型）。这四种体液被认为可决定人的性格，或者能区分出精神和肉体上的特征。因此，如果血液是最主要的体液，一个人就应有红润的脸庞和以勇敢、充满希望、易于陷入情网为特征的性情。这种性情被称为sanguine ， 也就是我们sanguine 一词的中世纪英语的原形。 中世纪英语中该词源于古法语sanguin 一词和拉丁文 sanguineus （法语词的来源）。 在古法语和拉丁文中，该词意思都是“流血的”、“血色的”，古法语sanguin 还含有“生性乐天派的”之意。 拉丁文的sanguineus 也是由 sanguis （“血的”）而来，正如英语中的 sanguinary 一词。 英语形容词sanguine 最初记载于1350年以前的中古英语中， 演化为仅指伴随乐天派性情而具有的愉快和乐观之义，与中世纪生理学没有直接联系〔Bali〕An island of southern Indonesia in the Lesser Sundas just east of Java. Largely mountainous with a tropical climate and fertile soil, it is sometimes called the "the Jewel of the East.”巴厘岛：印度尼西亚南部一岛屿，位于爪哇正东的小巽他群岛。有大片的山脉，为热带气候，土壤肥沃，有时被称为“东方明珠”〔Timgad〕An ancient Roman city in northeast Algeria. Founded by Trajan ina.d. 100, it is sometimes called "the Pompeii of North Africa" because of its extensive, well-preserved ruins. 提姆加德：位于阿尔及利亚东北部的一座古罗马城市，由图拉真在公元 100年建立，因为该城有大量保存完好的遗址，它有时被称为“北非的庞贝” 〔walking〕a teacher who is a walking dictionary.一个被称为活字典的老师〔Jackson〕American civil rights leader and politician. A Baptist minister, he directed national antidiscrimination efforts (1966-1977) and sought the 1984 and 1988 Democratic presidential nominations. His concern for the oppressed and his dramatic oratory have attracted a large grassroots constituency, called the Rainbow Coalition.杰克逊，耶西·路易斯：(生于 1941) 美国民权运动的领导人、政治家，浸信会教友，他于1966年至1977年领导了国民反歧视斗争，分别在1984年和1988年获得了民主党总统候选人的提名。他对受压迫者的关心和生动的演讲吸引了一大批普通民众的支持，被称为彩虹联盟〔dentist〕“Dentist figures [appears] now in our newspapers, and may do well enough for a French puffer [a writer of inflated advertisements];but we fancy Rutter is content with being called atooth-drawer. ” In this quotation from the September 15, 1759, issue of theEdinburgh Chronicle we seedentist in its infancy as an English word, trailing evidence of its French origin.If we had formed a word in English likedentist, which comes from the French word dent, "tooth,” we would havetoothist, a word that does not exist. Buttoothist and tooth-drawer lack the elegance of the French borrowing dentist, an elegance that is shared by other borrowings from French during the past four centuries,such asballet, champagne, coquette, coterie, and negligee. “Dentist 现在在我们的报纸里出现了， 可能常是法国吹嘘者宣传的对象；但是，我们猜测鲁特会对被称为tooth-drawer 的东西感到满意”。 在这段引自1759年9月15日的杂志爱丁堡年记 的话中， 我们看到dentist 最初是作为一个英语单词产生的， 它却起源于法语。如果我们当时在英语中构造了象dentist （它源于法语 dent ）的这样一个英语词"tooth"， 我们将会得到一个根本就不存在的形式：toothist 。 但是toothist 和 tooth-drawer 缺乏法语借用词 dentist 的高雅， 这种高雅为其他在这四百年里从法语中借用的词所共有，如ballet，champagne，coquette，coterie 和 negligee 〔Edinburgh〕The capital of Scotland, in the eastern part of the country on the Firth of Forth. Once known as "Auld Reekie" for the thick clouds of smoke that hung over its low-lying areas, the picturesque city is a brewing center, a popular tourist attraction, and the site of an annual international festival of the arts. Population, 446,361.爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，位于苏格兰东部的福斯湾畔。由于海拔较低，常有浓厚的烟雾笼罩其上，而一度被称为“美丽的烟雾之城”，这座美丽如画的城市是一个酿酒中心和旅游胜地，每年一度的国际艺术节在此召开。人口446,361〔Guggenheim〕Family of American industrialists and philanthropists, includingMeyer (1828-1905), who amassed the family fortune in the copper industry. His sons Daniel (1856-1930) and Simon (1867-1941) and his granddaughter Marguerite (1898-1979), known as "Peggy,” were patrons of the arts. The family endowed the Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art in New York City (1959). 古根海姆：美国一工业家及慈善家家族，包括梅尔 （1828-1905年），他经营铜业，大大增加了家族财富。其子 丹尼尔 （1856-1930年）和 西蒙 （1867-1941年）及其孙女，被称为“伯蒂”的 玛格丽特 （1898-1979年），都是艺术事业的赞助者。该家族在纽约捐助建立了古根海姆现代艺术博物馆（1959年） 〔Huron〕A Native American confederacy formerly inhabiting southeast Ontario around Lake Simcoe, with small present-day populations in Quebec and northeast Oklahoma, where they are known as Wyandot. The Huron traded extensively throughout eastern Canada until the confederacy was destroyed by war with the Iroquois in the mid-17th century.休伦族：美洲土著居民的一个联盟，曾居住于安大略省东南西姆克湖周围，现在人数已很少，主要居于魁北克省和俄克拉荷马东北，在那里他们被称为怀安多特人。休伦人曾在整个加拿大东部广泛地从事贸易，直至17世纪中期与易洛魁人的战争中联盟被摧毁〔Acadia〕A region and former French colony of eastern Canada, chiefly in Nova Scotia but also including New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, and the coastal area from the St. Lawrence River south into Maine. During the French and Indian War (1755-1763) many Acadians migrated or were deported by the British to southern territories, including Louisiana, where their descendants came to be known as Cajuns.阿卡迪亚：加拿大东部一地区，曾是法国殖民地。主要位于新斯科舍省，也包括新不伦斯瑞克、爱德华王子岛、开普布瑞顿岛以及圣劳伦斯河南部到缅因州的河岸地区。 在法国和印第安人的战争中（1755-1763年），很多阿卡迪亚人移居到或被英国迁入南方殖民地，其中包括路易斯安那州，在此他们的后代被称为阿卡迪亚人〔concinnity〕"He has what one character calls ‘the gifts of concinnity and concision,’ that deft swipe with a phrase that can be so devastating in children"(Elizabeth Ward)“他具有那种被称为‘优美和简洁的天赋’的特点，这个对孩子震动巨大的字眼深深刺痛了他们”(伊丽莎白·沃德)〔Avogadro〕Italian chemist and physicist who advanced the hypothesis that has come to be called Avogadro's law. From this hypothesis other physicists were able to calculate Avogadro's number.阿伏加德罗，阿梅代：(1776-1856) 意大利化学家及物理学家，他发展了后来被称为阿伏加德罗定律的假说。以这个假说出发，其他物理学家计算出了阿伏加德罗常数〔Land〕American inventor who developed (1932) the light-polarizing plastic film called Polaroid and incorporated it into lenses for cameras and sunglasses. He also invented the one-step photographic process (1947).兰德，埃德温·赫伯特：(1909-1991) 美国发明家，他于（1932年）改进了被称为偏振片的光偏振塑料胶片，并把它应用于照相机的镜头和太阳镜。他还发明了一步法摄影程序（1947年）〔misericord〕A dagger, a support for someone who is standing, and a special monastic apartment are all called by the same name because,strangely enough,they are all examples of mercy.The wordmisericord goes back to Latin misericordia, "mercy,” derived frommisericors, "merciful,” which is in turn derived frommiserērī, "to pity,” and cor, "heart.” In Medieval Latin the wordmisericordia was used to denote various merciful things, and these senses were borrowed into English.Misericordia referred to an apartment in a monastery where certain relaxations of the monastic rule were permitted,especially those involving food and drink.The word also designated a projection on the underside of a hinged seat in a choir stall against which a standing person could lean,no doubt a merciful thing during long services.Finally,misericordia was used for a dagger with which the death stroke was administered to a seriously wounded knight. 匕首、站立的人依靠的托板和一种特殊的修道院房都被称为同一名称，尽管非常奇怪，但这是因为它们全都是仁慈和怜悯的例证。misericord 一词可追溯到拉丁词 misericordia 意为“怜悯”， 源自misericors 意为“怜悯的”， 而后者又从misereri 意为“怜悯”和 cor 意为“心”演变而来。 在中世纪拉丁文中misericordia 一词用来指示各种表现仁慈和怜悯的事物， 这些意思被转借进了英语。Misericordia 指的是修道院中的一个房间， 某些特定的修道戒律在此被允许放宽，特别是有关饮食的戒律。这个词也指教堂座位的活动座板底面上可供站立的人依靠的凸出物，这在长长的宗教仪式中无疑是一个富有仁慈之心的物体，后来misericordia 也用来指将受伤很重的骑士刺死的匕首 〔umpire〕The anguished, hostile cry "Kill the ump" could have been "kill the nump" had it not been for the linguistic process known as false splitting or juncture loss.In the case ofumpire we can almost see the process in action if we study the Middle English Dictionary entry for noumpere, the Middle English ancestor of our word. Noumpere comes from the Old French nonper, made up ofnon, "not,” and per, "equal,” as is someone who is requested to act as arbiter of a dispute between two people; that is, the arbiter is not paired with one of them.In Middle English the earliest recorded form isnoumper (about 1350). The earliest dated form without ann in the entry is owmpere ( a Middle English variant spelling),in a text composed in 1440.How then was lost can be seen if we compare the sequence a noounpier in a text written in 1426-1427 with the sequence an Oumper from a text written probably around 1475. Then of noumpere became attached to the indefinite article, giving usan instead of a and, eventually,umpire instead of .numpire. 要不是因为被称为假分裂或失去连音的语言学过程，"Kill the ump"（杀掉裁判）这样痛苦，仇恨的呐喊可能会成为"kill the nmup"。在umpire 这一例子中，如果我们研究一下 中古英语词典 中 noumpere 这一词条，即该词在中古英语中的原型，便会了解这一语言学现象的过程。 Noumpere 来自于古法语 nonper， 由non, “不”，和 per, “平等的”组成，表示一个应要求就两人之间的争议做出仲裁的人； 也就是说，不与任何一人合作的公断人。中古英语的最先记录形式是noumper （约1350年）。 词条中没有n 的最早形式是 owmpere ( 中古英语的变体拼写），出现于1440年所做的一篇文章。通过比较两个顺序可以看出n 是我们被省略的：一个是 a noounpier ，出现于写于1426年至1427年间的一篇文章；另一个是 an Oumper 摘自可能写于1475年的文章。 noumpere 中的 n 变得和不定冠词连在一起， 成为an 而非 n ， 最后就出现了umpire 而不是 ·numpire 〔acorn〕A thoughtful glance at the wordacorn might produce the surmise that it is made up of oak and corn, especially if we think ofcorn in its sense of "a kernel or seed of a plant,” as in peppercorn. The fact that others thought the word was so constituted partly accounts for the present formacorn. Here we see the workings of the process of linguistic change known as folk etymology,an alteration in form of a word or phrase so that it resembles a more familiar term mistakenly regarded as analogous.Acorn actually goes back to Old English æcern, "acorn,” which in turn goes back to the Indo-European root ōg-, meaning "fruit, berry.” 对acorn 稍加分析我们可能会产生这样的假设，它是由 oak 和 corn 两个词组成的， 特别是当我们想到corn 作为“植物的核或种子”的意思用时，如 胡椒粒。 有人认为这种组合方式就可解释现在acorn 这种形式。 在这我们就看到了语言学上被称为俗语源学的语言变化形式。一词或词组在形式上改变从而错误地被认为是类似性地代表另一个更为熟悉的词。Acorn 在古英语中实际上是 æcern， "acorn"的印欧语系中的词根是 og- ，意指“水果，浆果。” 〔of〕Specified as; named or called:具体为；被称为或叫做： |
| 随便看 |
|
英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。