| 单词 | 观念 |
| 释义 | 〔Comstockery〕Bowdlerism, named after Dr. Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825),has been around longer than Comstockery, named for Anthony Comstock (1844-1915). All Bowdler did to enter the world of common nouns was to expurgate Shakespeare, the Bible, and Gibbon'sHistory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. On the other hand, Comstock, the organizer and secretary of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice,helped destroy 160 tons of literature and pictures that he deemed immoral.Comstockery, the word honoring his achievements, is first recorded in 1905 in a letter by George Bernard Shaw to the New York Times: “Comstockery is the world's standing Joke at the expense of the United States. . . . It confirms the deep-seated conviction of the Old World that America is a provincial place, a second rate country-town civilization after all.” 以汤姆斯·鲍德勒博士(1754-1825年）的名字命名的鲍德勒主义，存在时间要比以安东尼·康斯托克(1844-1915年）命名的康斯托克主义长一些。鲍德勒所做的只是删节莎士比亚作品、《圣经 》和吉伯恩的罗马帝国的衰落与灭亡 就使其名字成为一个通用名词了。 而另一方面，作为纽约反暴力社会党的组织者和秘书长，康斯托克协助销毁了160吨他认为不道德的作品与图片。Comstockery ，这一为了表彰他的成绩的词最初是出现于1905年乔治·伯那德·修在写给 纽约时报 的信中： “Comstockery 一词是世界对美国的嘲笑…它证实了在东半球中根深蒂固的观念，那就是美国是个粗鄙的地方，充其量只能算是一个二流的乡村文明” 〔rub〕"One can see . . . how[his] expression of his ideals and intentions must have rubbed many people the wrong way" (Christopher Lehmann-Haupt)“能够看出…[他的] 观念与意图的表达是如何激怒许多人的” (克里斯托弗·莱曼——豪普特)〔art〕High quality of conception or execution, as found in works of beauty; aesthetic value.美术：高质量的观念或制作，如表现在美的作品中的；美学价值〔track〕A succession of ideas; a train of thought.观念，思想：相继而来的思想；一串想法〔tag〕A cliché, saw, or similar short, conventional idea used to embellish a discourse:陈腔滥调，格言：为了给所讲的话润色而使用的一句陈腐的套话、格言或相类似的简短而传统的观念：〔concept〕Something formed in the mind; a thought or notion.See Synonyms at idea 想法：在脑海中形成的想法；思想或观念 参见 idea〔catchword〕"the top management of major corporations . . . busy coining catchwords for their new management concepts"(Japan Economic Journal)“大公司的高级管理阶层忙于炮制他们新的经营观念的口号”(日本经济日报)〔provincial〕A person who has provincial ideas or habits.乡下人：一个有乡下观念或习惯的人〔personify〕To represent (an object or abstraction) by a human figure.以人形代表（事物或抽象的观念）〔liberal〕A person with liberal ideas or opinions.自由主义者：有自由主义思想或观念的人〔irreconcilable〕One of two or more conflicting ideas or beliefs that cannot be brought into harmony.不可调和的思想：两个或更多不能调和的彼此冲突的观念或信仰〔acquisitive〕Tending to acquire and retain ideas or information:获得并保存的：能够获得并保存的观念或信息：〔racism〕The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others.种族主义：认为人的性格或能力的差异是由种族造成的和有某一种族高于其它种族的观念〔identification〕A person's association with the qualities, characteristics, or views of another person or group.认同，有关联：一个人与其他人或人群在品质、特征或观念等方面的联系〔parochial〕parochial attitudes.带地方观念的态度〔withal〕"And, withal, a wider publicity was given to thought-provoking ideas"(Holbrook Jackson)“而且，广泛的公开性又给予了启发人思考的观念”(霍尔布鲁克·杰克逊)〔center〕A point of origin, as of influence, ideas, or actions:发源地：影响，观念或行动发源的某一点：〔sumptuary〕Regulating personal behavior on moral or religious grounds:规范的，约束的：按道德或宗教观念约束个人行为的规范：〔petty〕Marked by narrowness of mind, ideas, or views.见识短浅的；偏狭的：以思想、观念或观点狭隘为特征的〔craft〕Craft has been used as a verb since the Old English period and was used in Middle English to refer specifically to the artful construction of a text or discourse.In recent years,crafted, the past participle of craft, has enjoyed a vogue as a participle referring to well-wrought writing. This may be a sign that the Jamesian conception of the literary muse has begun to yield to a Trollopian conception of literature as a kind of intellectual handicraft;or it may indicate little more than the desperation with which book reviewers seize on any novel adjective.In any event, the usage is more acceptable when applied to literary works than to other sorts of writing,and more acceptable as a participle than as a verb.It was acceptable to 73 percent of the Usage Panel in the phrasebeautifully crafted prose. By contrast, only 35 percent of the Panel accepted the sentenceThe planners crafted their proposal so as to anticipate the objections of local businesses. Craft 这一词语在古英语时期就被用作动词， 在中古英语中它被用来指某一课文或论述的精巧句法结构。近几年来，crafted 即 craft 这一词的过去分词被广泛用于描述写作佳品。 这可能是詹姆士文学灵感观念开始让位于作为一种智力创作技巧的特罗洛普文学观念的一个信号；或者它也有可能暗示了书评作者们对采用小说修饰语的进一步失望。不管怎样，把它用于指文学作品比用于指其它类型的写作更易被人接受，而用作分词比用作动词更易被人接受。用法专题使用小组中73%的成员认同它在精美构思的散文 这一短语中的用法。 与此相反，只有35%的成员认同它在策划者们制订计划以预防地方商业的阻挠 这一句子中的用法 〔unanimous〕Sharing the same opinions or views; being in complete harmony or accord.全体一致的：拥有共同的观念或见解的；完全和谐或一致的〔parent〕The Usage Panel is better disposed to accept the verbparent than in previous surveys, though a majority continues to find it unacceptable.In 1968 it was acceptable to only 19 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey45 percent accepted it in the sentenceIn looking for foster homes, we give preference first to relatives and second to families with prior experience in parenting. · The use of the verbparent to mean "act as a parent to" is not entirely new:it occurs as early as 1884 in a metaphorical context.But its use in a literal sense with respect to children is a recent development and reflects a modern reconceptualization of family life.The word is not completely synonymous with the traditional expressionraise a child, though the precise nature of the differences may depend on the context.For some speakers,use of the word suggests a self-conscious shift from child to parent as the focus of the parental relationship,and it may be this implication that feeds critical reservations about the verb.But the usage also reflects a widespread practical realizationthat the activities required of a parent extend well beyond the direct interactionwith the child emphasized inchild raising. Thus theparenting classes for young parents offered by schools and state agencies encompass not only the activities traditionally associated with raising a childbut also topics such as personal self-sufficiency, household financial management, and methods of dealing with schools and health care agencies.See Usage Note at father 用法小组比以往更倾向于接受动词parent 了， 虽然还有大部分人觉得不可接受。1968年仅有19％的小组成员认同这种用法；在最近的调查中，有45％的人接受了它,如在：在寻找收养家庭时，我们首先选孩子的亲戚，其次是有过养育孩子经历的家庭 这样的句子中的用法。 Parent 的意为“做…的父（母）”动词用法， 并不完全是个新用法：早在1884年，在一个比喻性的文章中就出现过了。但就孩子这方面而言，它的本义是近期发展的结果并反映了现代家庭生活的观念。这个词并不与习语 raise a child 完全同义， 尽管不同之处确切的性质可能取决于说话背景。但对一些人来说，使用这个词暗含一个把家长的关系作为重点的自觉的从孩子到父母的转换，也许正是这个隐含的用意引起了关于这个动词批评性的保留。然而，这个用法也反映了广泛的现实认识，即要求父母的活动扩展到超出直接与孩子的相互作用，这个相互作用在 child raising 这个短语中有所强调。 因此，由学校和国家专门部门向年轻家长提供的 parenting 课， 不仅包括传统上与抚养孩子有关的事务，而且还包括诸如个人自给自足、家庭财政管理和同学校和保健部门打交道的方法等课题 参见 father〔Zeitgeist〕"It's easy to see how a student . . . in the 1940's could imbibe such notions. The Zeitgeist encouraged Philosopher-Kings"(James Atlas)“这是很容易明白的，在20世纪40年代学生如何能接受这种观念。时代思潮推动着哲学巨子们”(詹姆斯·阿特拉斯)〔intoxicate〕"The notion of Holy War is showing that it has not yet lost all its power to intoxicate and to inflame"(Conor Cruise O'Brien)“圣战的观念显示出它尚未失去所有它引人陶醉以及使人激起狂热的力量”(康纳·克鲁斯·奥布赖恩)〔Spencerism〕The system of logical positivism developed by Herbert Spencer, setting forth the idea that evolution is the passage from the simple, indefinite, and incoherent to the complex, definite, and coherent.斯宾塞哲学体系：由赫伯特·斯宾塞创建的逻辑实证哲学体系，提出了有关进化即是从简单性、不确定性及不连贯性发展成复杂性、确定性及连贯性的过程的观念〔equal〕It has been argued thatequal is an absolute term— two quantities either are or are not equal—and hence cannot be qualified as to degree.Therefore one cannot logically speak ofa more equal allocation of resources among the departments. However, this usage was accepted by 71 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.What is more, objection to the usage betrays a widespread but questionable assumptionthat it is in mathematics and logic that we find the model of accuracy most appropriate to the everyday use of language,a supposition that also underlies traditional grammatical discussions of words such asunique, parallel, and center. According to this account,the "precise" or "literal" meaning ofequal is realized in the use of the equal sign in an arithmetic expression such as 5 + 2 = 7; and the ordinary-language uses of the term,though they may be permissible,represent "loose" or "imprecise" extensions of that sense.But in fact the mathematical concept of equality is a poor model for using the wordequal to describe relations between things in the world. As applied to such things,statements of equality are always relative to an implicit standard of tolerance.When someone saysThe two boards are of equal length, we assume that the equality is reckoned to some order of approximation determined by the context;if we did not,we would be required always to usenearly equal when speaking of the dimensions of physical objects. What is more,we often want to predicate equality of things that do not admit of quantitative measurement,as when we sayThe college draft was introduced in an effort to make the teams in the National Football League as equal as possible, orThe candidates for the job should all be given equal consideration. In all such cases,equality is naturally a gradient notionand so is amenable to modification in degree.This much is evident from the existence of the wordunequal. The prefixun- attaches only to gradient adjectives: we sayunmanly but not unmale; and the worduneven can be applied to a surface (whose evenness may be a matter of degree) but not to a number (whose evenness is an either-or affair). ·The adverbequally is generally regarded as redundant when used in combination with as, and the following examples employingequally as were termed unacceptable by 63 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey: 单词equal 一向被认为是一个很绝对的词语—— 两个数量要么相同要么不同——这样就不能有程度上的差别。所以，如果有人说在各部门间对资源更公平的分配 ，那么就不合逻辑了。 但是这种用法在早先的用法调查中被百分之七十一用法使用小组的人接受。而且，对这种用法的反对体现出了一种很流行但却值得怀疑的假设，那就是我们从数学和逻辑中得出适用于日常语言准确性的实例，而这种假设也可从我们对一些词，如unique，parallel 和 center 传统的语法讨论中体现出来。 根据这个解释，equal “准确”或“书面”的意思则是由在算术表达式，如5+2=7中所运用的相同的符号而表达清楚的； 而该词在日常语言中的用法，虽然被允许，但却代表了其含意“松散”或“不严谨”的引申。但是实际上用数学概念上的相等来运用equal 这个词描述世上各种事物之间的关系是一个很差劲的例子。 当该词应用于生活中的事物时，相等的观念往往与暗含的容忍相关联。当有人说两块木板同样长 时， 我们会认为由于上下文的关系，相等可以被看作大约近似；如果我们不这样想，那么当我们谈到物体的尺寸时，就要经常使用nearly equal 。 另外，我们常常会预测和数量无关的事物的相同性，比如我们会说，引入大学的要求是为了使全国足球联合会中的各队尽可能平等 ， 或者应给予该项工作的应征者同等的考虑 。 在所有这些例子中，相等是个可变化的概念，所以可在程度有所不同。Unequal 这个词的存在就是很好的证明。 un- 这个前缀只附加于有程序变化的形容词， 我们说unmanly 但不说 unmale ； 而uneven 这个词只能用于某物的表面（其平坦可有程度上的差别）， 而不能用于数目（数目只能说相等或不相等）。Equally 这一副词在与 as 连用时通常被认为是多余的， 在早先的用法调查中，以下这些使用equally as 的句子遭到百分之六十三使用小组的人反对： 〔dualism〕The concept that human beings have two basic natures, the physical and the spiritual.二元论：认为人有两个基本属性，物质的和精神的属性的观念〔ideal〕from Latin idea [idea] * see idea 源自 拉丁语 idea [观念] * 参见 idea〔curmudgeon〕An ill-tempered person full of resentment and stubborn notions.脾气坏的人：满怀怨恨和观念顽固的坏脾气人〔impression〕A vague notion, remembrance, or belief:模糊的观念、记忆或者信念：〔thought〕Expectation or conception:观念：意向或观念：〔grand〕Noble or admirable in conception or intent:高贵的，令人钦佩的：在观念或意图上令人赞美的：〔ideal〕Existing as an archetype or pattern, especially as a Platonic idea or perception.观念的，理念的：以原型或固定形式出现的，特指柏拉图哲学中的观点或概念〔category〕A general class of ideas, terms, or things that mark divisions or coordinations within a conceptual scheme, especially:范畴：在一个概念体系中标明区别或联系的观念、术语或事物的一般类别，尤指：〔timeserver〕One who conforms to the prevailing ways and opinions of one's time or condition for personal advantage; an opportunist.随波逐流的人：为了个人好处而认同自己所处时期或状况中流行的方式或观念的人；机会主义者〔track〕keeping track of the score; lost all track of time.保持得分时的感觉；丧失了所有的时间观念〔imagination〕An unrealistic idea or notion; a fancy.空想，幻想：不现实的想法或观念；幻想〔maya〕The power of a god or demon to transform a concept into an element of the sensible world.空幻境界：神或魔鬼所具有的能将观念转化为可感知世界的一个元素的力量〔originalism〕The belief that the U.S. Constitution should be interpreted according to the intent of those who composed and adopted it.原信念：认为美国的宪法应该按照那些编写它和采纳它的人们的意图来进行解释和说明的一种观念〔doublethink〕Thought marked by the acceptance of gross contradictions and falsehoods, especially when used as a technique of self-indoctrination:双重思想，双重信念：同时接受两种相互矛盾的观念或两种谬误的思想，尤指自我灌输的一种方法： |
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