| 单词 | 规则 |
| 释义 | 〔bylaw〕A law or rule governing the internal affairs of an organization.章程：一种法规或规则，用于管理一个组织的内部事务〔axiom〕A self-evident or universally recognized truth; a maxim:公理，自明之理：不言而喻的或普遍被认定的真理；格言，规则：〔gradual〕Advancing or progressing by regular or continuous degrees:逐级的，逐步的：规则地或连续地发展或前进的：〔excel〕Great art transcends mere rules of composition. Tooutdo is to excel in doing or performing: 伟大的艺术超越了创作规则。 Outdo 意味着在行动或实行上胜过： 〔matrix〕Something resembling such an array, as in the regular formation of elements into columns and rows.矩阵元素：类似矩形的事物，如元素有规则地形成列或行〔grammar〕The system of rules implicit in a language, viewed as a mechanism for generating all sentences possible in that language.语法规则：隐含在一种语言中的规则体系，被看作在该语言中生成所有可能的语句的机制〔principle〕A rule or standard, especially of good behavior:准则，道义：规则或标准，尤指正确行为的标准：〔infringement〕A violation, as of a law, a regulation, or an agreement; a breach.违背：违背一项法律、规则或协议；违反〔nonconformity〕Refusal or failure to conform to accepted customs, beliefs, or practices.不墨守成规：拒绝或不遵从既定的风俗、信仰或规则〔violable〕a violable rule; a violable contract.可违反的规则；可违反的条约〔anomalous〕Deviating from the normal or common order, form, or rule.不规则的：偏离正常的一般的顺序、形式或规则的〔toe〕To adhere to doctrines or rules conscientiously; conform.遵从：认真地听从教条或规则；遵从〔kickball〕A children's game having rules similar to baseball but played with a large ball that is rolled toward homeplate instead of pitched and kicked instead of batted.蹴球：一种规则类似棒球孩子玩的游戏，但是是以以一颗大球滚向本垒板以取代投球，以踢球取代击球〔syntax〕A publication, such as a book, that presents such rules.句法书：描述这些规则的出版物，如书〔who〕The traditional rules that determine the use ofwho and whom are relatively simple: who is used for a grammatical subject, where a nominative pronoun such as I or he would be appropriate, andwhom is used elsewhere. Thus, we writeThe actor who played Hamlet was there, sincewho stands for the subject of played Hamlet; andWho do you think is the best candidate? where who stands for the subject of is the best candidate. But we writeTo whom did you give the letter? sincewhom is the object of the preposition to; andThe man whom the papers criticized did not show up, sincewhom is the object of the verb criticized. ? Considerable effort and attention are required to apply the rules correctly in complicated sentences.To produce correctly a sentence such asI met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite, we must anticipate when we writewhom that it will function as the object of the verb extradite, several clauses distant from it.It is thus not surprising that writers from Shakespeare onward should often have interchangedwho and whom. And though the distinction shows no signs of disappearing in formal style,strict adherence to the rules in informal discourse might be taken as evidence that the speaker or writer is paying undue attention to the form of what is said, possibly at the expense of its substance.In speech and informal writingwho tends to predominate over whom; a sentence such asWho did John say he was going to support? will be regarded as quite natural, if strictly incorrect. By contrast, the use ofwhom where who would be required, as inWhom shall I say is calling? may be thought to betray a certain linguistic insecurity. ? When the relative pronoun stands for the object of a preposition that ends a sentence,whom is technically the correct form: the strict grammarian will insist onWhom (not who ) did you give it to? But grammarians since Noah Webster have argued that the excessive formality ofwhom in these cases is at odds with the relative informality associated with the practice of placing the preposition in final position and that the use of who in these cases should be regarded as entirely acceptable. ? The relative pronounwho may be used in restrictive relative clauses, in which case it is not preceded by a comma, or in nonrestrictive clauses, in which case a comma is required.Thus, we may say eitherThe scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized, where the clausewho discovers a cure for cancer indicates which scientist will be immortalized, orThe mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known, where the clausewho solved the four-color theorem adds information about a person already identified by the phrase the mathematician over there. ? Some grammarians have argued that onlywho and not that should be used to introduce a restrictive relative clause that identifies a person. This restriction has no basis either in logic or in the usage of the best writers;it is entirely acceptable to write eitherthe man that wanted to talk to you or the man who wanted to talk to you. ? The grammatical rules governing the use ofwho and whom apply equally to whoever and whomever. See Usage Note at else ,that ,whose 确定用法的传统规则who 和 whom 相对简单： who 语法上用作主语，同 I 或 he 等主格代词的位置相同， 而whom 用于别处。 这样，我们写The actor who played Hamlet was there （演哈姆雷特的演员在那边）， 因此who 代表的是 played Hamlet 的主语。 在句子Who do you think is the best candidate? （你认为谁是最好的候选人?）中 who 代表 is the best candidate 的主语。 但是我们说To whom did you give the letter? （你把信给谁了?）， 因为whom 是介词 to 的宾语； 在句子The man whom the papers criticized did not show up, （报纸上批评的那个人没有来）， 因为whom 是动词 criticized 的宾语 。在复杂的句子里，正确应用这些规则需要相当的努力和注意。正确地造出如I met the man whom the government had tried to get France to extradite （我遇到了政府曾努力让法国引渡的那个人）这样的句子， 在写whom 之前我们必须预知它将作动词 extradite 的宾语， 尽管两个词离得很远。这也就难怪自莎士比亚以来的作家经常把who 和 whom 交换使用了。 尽管在正式文体中两者区别仍然存在，但如果在非正式的交谈中严格地遵守这些规则会被认为说话者或作者可能不顾内容而过分注视说话的形式。在口语和非正式书面语中，who 趋向于代替 whom; 人们会认为象Who did John say he was going to support? （约翰说他将支持谁?）这样句子很自然，尽管严格来说它是不正确的。 相反，在应该用who 的地方用 whom 则显出一种语言上的不稳定， 如Whom shall I say is calling? （我说是谁在打电话?）。 当关系代词替代句尾的介词宾语时，whom 在理论上是正确的形势： 严格的语法坚持Whom （而不是 who ) did you give it to?（你把它给谁了？） 但从诺·韦伯斯特以来的语法学家认为whom 在这种情况下过分正式，而把介词放在句尾相对来说又不正式，这就有了矛盾，所以在这种情况下用 who 完全可以接受。 关系代词who 可以用在限定关系从句中，前面不要加逗号， 也可用在非限定关系从句中，则需要加逗号。所以我们既可以说The scientist who discovers a cure for cancer will be immortalized （发现治愈癌症的方法的科学家将会因此而不朽）， 在此处从句who discovers a cure for cancer 指这样的科学家将会不朽， 也可以说The mathematician over there, who solved the four-color theorem, is widely known （在那边的数学家非常出名，他解决了四色定理）， 从句who solved the four-color theorem 给已经由短语 the mathematician over there 确定了的人增加了一些有关他的信息。 有些语法学家认为只有who 而不是 that 可以连接表示人的限定性关系从句。 这种限制在逻辑上没有根据，在最优秀作家的用法中也未有根据；无论说the man that wanted to talk to you （想要跟你说话的那个人）或 the man who wanted to talk to you 都是完全可以接受的。 有关who 和 whom 的语法规则同样适用于 whoever 和 whomever 参见 else,that,whose〔law〕A principle of organization, procedure, or technique:规则：组织、程序或技术方面的原则：〔anomaly〕Deviation or departure from the normal or common order, form, or rule:不按常规，不规则，反常，异常：偏离或违背正常的一般的顺序、形式或规则：〔lattice〕A regular, periodic configuration of points, particles, or objects throughout an area or a space, especially the arrangement of ions or molecules in a crystalline solid.点阵：一定范围内由点、微粒或物体组成的规则的有周期的结构，尤指结晶体的离子或原子排列〔rule〕An authoritative, prescribed direction for conduct, especially one of the regulations governing procedure in a legislative body or a regulation observed by the players in a game, sport, or contest.规则，规定：权威性的成文的行为规范，尤指规范立法机构的程序的规则和游戏、运动或比赛当中参加者必须遵守的规则〔inapplicable〕rules inapplicable to day students.对白天上课的学生不适用的规则〔clean〕Having no imperfections or blemishes; regular:整齐的，无瑕疵的：没有缺陷或污迹的；规则的：〔wish〕 Both usages are likely to sound stilted in informal style, however. ?Whenwish precedes a subordinate clause containing a contrary-to-fact statement, strict grammatical correctness requires that one usewere rather than was : I wish I were (not was ) lighter on my feet. Many writers continue to insist on this rule,but precedent for using the indicativewas in such clauses can be found in the works of many writers, including King Alfred and Jonathan Swift. See Usage Note at if ,want 但这两种用法在非正式文体中会显得不自然。当wish 后面接一个与事实相反的陈述句作从属分句时， 按严格的语法来说，应在从句中用were 代替 was ： I wish I were （不是 was ) lighter on my feet（多希望我能步履轻盈。） 许多作家仍坚持这条规则，但在从句中用表陈述的was 可在许多作家包括金·阿尔弗雷德和约纳森·斯威夫特的作品中找到先例 参见 if,want〔licentious〕Having no regard for accepted rules or standards.放肆的：无视公认的规则或标准的〔ethnomethodology〕The branch of sociology that deals with the codes and conventions that underlie everyday social interactions and activities.人种方法学：研究涉及构成日常社会相互作用、相互影响和社会活动的基础的规则和惯例的社会学的一分支学科〔abnormal〕blend of Late Latin abnormis Latin ab- [away from] * see ab- 1 Latin norma [rule] * see gnō- 混合了 后期拉丁语 abnormis 拉丁语 ab- [离开] * 参见 ab-1 拉丁语 norma [规则] * 参见 gnō- 〔physics〕(used with a pl. verb)Physical properties, interactions, processes, or laws:（与复数动词连用）物理的性质、关系、过程或规则：〔base〕The number that is raised to various powers to generate the principal counting units of a number system.乘方数：被提升到各种乘方上，产生数字系统内基本计算规则的数字〔code〕A systematic collection of regulations and rules of procedure or conduct:法规：规则的系统收集和程序或实施的规则：〔and〕It is frequently asserted that sentences beginning withand or but express "incomplete thoughts" and are therefore incorrect. But this rule was ridiculed by grammarians like Wilson Follett (who ascribed it to "schoolmarmish rhetoric") and H.W. Fowler (who called it a "superstition"),and the stricture has been ignored by writers from Shakespeare to Virginia Woolf.Members of the Usage Panel were asked whether they paid attention to the rule in their own writing:24 percent answered "always or usually,” 36 percent answered "sometimes,” and 40 percent answered "rarely or never.”See Usage Note at both ,but ,try ,with 通常认为用and 或 but 开始的句子表达“不完整的思想”，因而是不正确的。 但这条规则被一些语法学家所嘲弄，如威尔逊·弗莱特（称之为“古板的修辞”），和H·W福勒（称之为“迷信”），从莎士比亚到弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫之间的作家都忽视了这条规定。当用法专题小组的成员被问到在他们的自己写作中是否也注意到这条规则时：24%的人回答“一直是这样或一般是这样”，36%的人回答“有时这样”，40%的人回答“很少或从来没有” 参见 both,but,try,with〔formulary〕A fixed form or pattern; a formula.固定形式或规定模式；规则〔octant〕An instrument based on the principle of the sextant but employing only a 45° angle, used as an aid in navigation.八分仪：以六分仪的规则为基础设计的一种仪器，但只采用45°角，用来帮助航海〔palpitation〕Irregular, rapid beating or pulsation of the heart.心脏急速跳动：规则的，快速的心跳或心脏的博动〔poetics〕Literary criticism that deals with the nature, forms, and laws of poetry.诗学：研究诗歌的本质、形式和规则的文学批评〔information〕Safety instructions are provided for the information of our passengers.安全方面的行为规则被告诉给了乘客〔comprise〕The traditional rule states that the wholecomprises the parts; the parts compose the whole. In strict usage: 传统规则认为整体comprises （包括）部分；部分 compose （组成）整体。 而严格用法是： 〔caudillismo〕The practice or system of rule by a caudillo.专制独裁理论：军事首脑的实践或规则体系〔so〕But this rule is best regarded as a stylistic preference;in such clausesthat is frequently omitted even by reputable writers in formal contexts, as inThey will have to double up so (or so that ) room can be found for the new arrivals. · Bothso and so that are acceptably used to introduce clauses that state a result or consequence: 但是这条规则最好被认为是格式上的偏好。在这样的句子中，即使是很著名的作家也在正式的文章中经常省略that ， 如在句子他们将不得不两个人睡一张床，以便 （或者 so that ) 新到的人能找到住房 。 So 和 so that 都可以被接受用来引入陈述一个结果或后果的从句： 〔prescript〕Something prescribed, especially a rule or regulation of conduct.规则：规定性的东西，尤指条例或行为规范〔grammar〕Writing or speech judged with regard to such a set of rules.写作，演讲：用这样一组规则评判的写作或讲话〔theory〕Systematically organized knowledge applicable in a relatively wide variety of circumstances, especially a system of assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict, or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena.理论：可用于相对广泛的情况下的系统组织的知识，尤其指一系列假设，已被接受的定理以及用于分析、预测或解释自然或专门现象行为的程序规则 |
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