| 单词 | 规范 |
| 释义 | 〔statutory〕Enacted, regulated, or authorized by statute.法制的：由法令颁布、规范或支配的〔perfect〕Perfect has often been described as an absolute term like chief and prime, hence not allowing modification bymore, quite, relatively, and other qualifiers of degree. But the qualification ofperfect has numerous reputable precedents (most notably in the preamble to the U.S. Constitution in the phrase"in order to form a more perfect Union" ). What is more, the stricture is philosophically dubious.There can be no mathematically perfect forms in nature;therefore to say that any actual circle is "perfect"can mean only that it approximates the geometric ideal of circularity,a quality that it can obviously have to a greater or lesser degree.By the same token,perfect freely allows comparison in examples such as There could be no more perfect spot for the picnic, where it is used to mean "ideal for the purposes.”See Usage Note at complete ,equal ,parallel ,unique Perfect 常被描述成诸如 chief 和 prime 的绝对术语， 因此不能跟more、quite或relatively 等修饰词及其它程度限定词。 但是对perfect 的限定可有大量规范的前饰词 （最突出的例子是在美国宪法的引言部分"in order to form a more perfect Union" )。 但是，这种限定在哲学上来说是模糊的。自然界中不可能有数学般标准的形式；因此要说任何既定的圆是“绝对的”，都只意味着近似于理想状态的几何圆，这显然只能是或多或少具备的特性。同样地，perfect 在一些例子如 那儿应该是更适合野餐的地方 中任意地允许比较， 此处意为“达到意图的理想方式” 参见 complete,equal,parallel,unique〔Field〕American jurist known for his efforts to codify New York State law and regularize court procedures.菲尔德，戴维·达德利：(1805-1894) 美国法律专家，以努力编纂纽约州法律和规范法庭程序著称〔conformist〕A person who uncritically or habitually conforms to the customs, rules, or styles of a group.墨守陈规者：毫无抗议的或习惯性的遵循习俗、规则或某组织规范的人〔manner〕The prevailing customs, social conduct, and norms of a specific society, period, or group, especially as the subject of a literary work.风俗：一个特定社会、时期或群体的大众习俗、社会准则和规范，特别是作为一部文学作品主题的〔syntactics〕The branch of semiotics that deals with the formal properties of signs and symbols.符号关系学：符号学的一门分支学科，研究符号和标记的规范的内在功能〔irregardless〕The labelNon-Standard does only approximate justice to the status of irregardless. More precisely,it is a form that many people mistakenly believe to be a correct usage in formal stylebut that in fact has no legitimate antecedents in either standard or nonstandard varieties. (The word was likely coined from a blend ofirrespective and regardless. ) Perhaps this is why critics have sometimes insisted that there is "no such word" asirregardless, a charge they would not think of leveling at a bona fide nonstandard word such asain't, which has an ancient genealogy.给irregardless 贴上 Non-Standard 的标签只是对其地位做了近似恰当的评价。 更精确地说，许多人错误地相信它是正式语体中的规范用法，但实际上无论在标准或非标准变体中都没有这个词真正的前身。(该词可能是把irrespective 和 regardless 合在一起生造出来的。） 也许这就是为什么批评者们有时坚持认为“没有irregardless 这么个词”的原因， 他们不会把这项指责安在一个象ain't 这样一个正牌的非标准用词上， 因为这个词的家史渊源流长〔norm〕from Latin norma [carpenter's square, norm] * see gnō- 源自 拉丁语 norma [木匠的直角规，规范] * 参见 gnō- 〔unstructured〕Not regulated or regimented:未系统化的：未被规范或系统化的：〔degenerate〕A person lacking or having progressively lost normative biological or psychological characteristics.精神变态者，身心不健全者：缺乏或逐渐丧失了规范的生物特征或心理特征的人〔normative〕Of, relating to, or prescribing a norm or standard:标准的：规范的或标准的，与此相关的或指定一个准则或标准的：〔offense〕These nouns are related in denoting a violation or an infraction of a moral, social, or legal code.这些名词都与对道德、社会或法律规范的违反或打破有关。〔classical〕Of, relating to, or being a variety of a language that is epitomized by a prestigious body of literature.规范的：属于为语言权威团体视为标准的一种语言的多方面的〔insignia〕From the singular use ofinsignia comes the plural insignias, which is also common in reputable writing.The Latin singularinsigne is rare and may strike some readers as pedantic.从insignia 的单数用法衍生到复数用法 inisiguias ， 这种用法在规范的写作中也很常见。拉丁语的单数形式insigue 很罕见， 这可能会使一些读者认为是在卖弄学问〔preceptive〕Of, relating to, or expressing a rule or principle that prescribes a particular course of action or conduct.规定的：规范特定行动或行为的规则或原则的、与之相关的或由之表达的〔rule〕An authoritative, prescribed direction for conduct, especially one of the regulations governing procedure in a legislative body or a regulation observed by the players in a game, sport, or contest.规则，规定：权威性的成文的行为规范，尤指规范立法机构的程序的规则和游戏、运动或比赛当中参加者必须遵守的规则〔fudge〕fudged on the building code requirements.超出房屋建筑规范的规定〔hypercorrection〕A construction or pronunciation produced by mistaken analogy with standard usage out of a desire to be correct, as in the substitution ofI for me in on behalf of my wife and I. 矫枉过正的：由于错误而产生的一种结构或发音，把习惯用法矫正成规范用法，如被I 所取代的 me 在 on behalf of my wife and I 中 〔omerta〕A rule or code that prohibits speaking or divulging information about certain activities, especially the activities of a criminal organization.缄默，保密禁规：禁止谈论或透露某些活动尤其是犯罪组织活动的信息的规则或规范〔immodest〕Offending against sexual mores in conduct or appearance; indecent:厚颜无耻的：在行为上或表面上违背性规范的；下流的：〔kind〕In fact, thekind of construction can be plausibly analyzed either way, which is doubtless why writers have mixed and matched the number of demonstratives and verbs in just about every possible combination.We find reputable precedent forthis kind of films are, these kind of films are, this kind of films is, these kind of films is, and so on. There are only two reliable regularities:when the pluralkinds is used, the demonstrative and the verb must also be plural: 实际上，kind of 结构可以用任一方式分析， 这毫无疑问是作家混用了指示代词和动词的每一种可能的结合，并且每一种结合的数量大致相等的原因。我们找到规范的先例，如this kind of films are, these kind of films are, this kind of films is, these kind of films is 等等。 只有两种可信赖的规律：当复数kinds 使用时， 指示代词和动词也只是复数： 〔circumstance〕Use of the idiomunder the circumstances is justified by both logic and reputable precedent,and objections to it must be accounted at best overfussy if not also,as H.W. Fowler put it, "puerile.”习语under the circumstances 的使用， 由逻辑和规范的先例两者来证明为正确，否则对于此点的反对至少会被看作过于咬文嚼字，正如福勒所评价的“幼稚”〔Tao〕In Confucianism, the right manner of human activity and virtuous conduct seen as stemming from universal criteria and ideals governing right, wrong, and other categories of existence.（儒家的）道：儒家中人类行为与道德操守的正确态度，被认为是发展自放诸四海用以左右对、错及其它生活范畴的规范标准〔solecism〕after Soloi (Soli), an Athenian colony in Cilicia where a dialect regarded as substandard was spoken 源自 索里奥 （索里），西里西亚雅典殖民地的一种方言，被认为不够规范 〔improper〕Indecorous implies violation of the mores or manners of polite society: Indecorous 是指对文明社会的规范和礼仪的破坏： 〔precept〕A rule or principle prescribing a particular course of action or conduct.规矩：规范特定行动或行为的规则或原则〔stomp〕 is also standard in the sense "to strike the ground with the foot, as in anger or frustration,”as inHe stamped his foot and began to cry. In an earlier surveythe use ofstomp in this example was rejected by a large majority of the Usage Panel. 的“在生气或懊恼时以脚跺地面”这个意义也很规范，如他用力跺了跺脚，开始哭起来了。 在早期的调查中，词语用法讨论小组的大部分成员反对stomp 用在这一例子中 〔strength〕The number of people constituting a normal or ideal organization:人力：组成一个规范的或完美的组织结构的人数：〔protagonist〕Theprotagonist of a Greek drama was its leading actor, of whom there could be but one in any play.This is an etymological nicety that many modern writers continue to observe when using the word to refer to the main character of a drama or other fiction.Thus when the members of the Usage Panel were asked "How many protagonists are there inOthello ?” the great majority answered "One"and offered substitutes such asantagonist, villain, principal, and deuteragonist to describe Desdemona and Iago. But there is reputable precedent from the 17th century on for usingprotagonist to mean simply "important actor" or "principal party,”with no implication of uniqueness,as inThere are three protagonists in this sluggish novel. Smith and Jones were the protagonists in the struggle over the future of the computer company. Thus, while some writers may prefer to confine the word to a singular sense in their own usage,it is pedantic to insist that the looser use is incorrect. ·The use ofprotagonist to refer to a proponent has become common only in the 20th century and may have been influenced by a misconception that the first syllable of the word represents the prefixpro-, "favoring.” In sentences such asHe was an early protagonist of nuclear power, this use is likely to strike many readers as an errorand can usually be replaced byadvocate or proponent with no loss of sense.希腊戏剧的protagnist 是主角， 且在任何戏剧中仅有一个主角。许多现代作家在用这个词时都注意使它指代戏剧或其他小说的主要人物，因此当用法专题小组成员被问及“在奥赛罗 里有几个主要人物?”时， 大部分人回答“一个”，而且用如antagonist、villain、principal 和 deuteragonist 等词来描述苔丝德蒙娜和雅各。 但是从十七进纪开始，有一个使用protagonist 的规范惯例， 仅表示“重要的演员”或“首要的政党”，而丝毫没有独一无二的暗示，象在句子在这部文风拖沓的小说中有三个人物。 史密斯和琼斯是为计算公司的未来而奋斗的主角中一样。 因此，当某些作家可能在他们自己的用法中偏于把这个词限制在一个简单的含义中时，仍强调自由用法不正确就是卖弄学问的了。用protagonist 来指代建议者或支持者仅在20世纪开始变得常见， 而且被对于代表意为“支持的”前缀pro- 的该词第一个音节的误解所影响。 在句子他是核武力的早期支持者 中， 这种用法可能会使读者认为是个错误，而且常被advocate 或 proponent 所替代， 同时也不会有任何意思的遗漏〔purism〕Strict observance of or insistence on traditional correctness, especially of language:纯粹主义：尤指对语言的传统规范的严格遵守或坚持：〔direct〕To manage or conduct the affairs of; regulate.管理，规范：管理和控制…的事务；调整〔law〕The body of rules and principles governing the affairs of a community and enforced by a political authority; a legal system:法律系统：规范某一社会事务的一套规则和原则，由政治权力机构实施；法律系统：〔purist〕One who practices or urges strict correctness, especially in the use of words.纯粹主义者：尤指在词的用法方面实施或极力主张严格规范的人〔Vignola〕Italian architect best known for his influential treatiseRule of the Five Orders of Architecture (1562). 维尼奥拉，贾科莫·达：(1507-1573) 意大利建筑大师，以其具影响力的《建筑五柱式规范》 一书而闻名于世(1562年） 〔doubt〕That is also the usual choice when the truth of the clause following doubt is assumed, as in negative sentences and questions. ThusI never doubted for a minute that I would be rescued implies "I was certain that I would be rescued.” By the same token,Do you doubt that you will be paid? seems to pose a rhetorical question ("Surely you believe that you will be paid"), whereasDo you doubt whether you will be paid? may express a genuine request for information and might be followed bybecause if you do, you should make the client post a bond. In other cases, however, this distinction betweenwhether and that is not always observed, andthat is frequently used as a substitute for whether. If may also be used as a substitute forwhether but is more informal in tone. ·In informal speech the clause followingdoubt is sometimes introduced with but: I don't doubt but (or but what ) he will come. Reputable precedent exists for this construction,as in"I do not doubt but England is at present as polite a Nation as any in the World" (Richard Steele),but modern critics sometimes object to its use in formal writing.See Usage Note at but ,if 在否定句及疑问句中当doubt 后的从句所作陈述被认为是真时，用 that 。 所以我从不怀疑我会被救起 意思就是“我确信我会得救”。 同样你怀疑人家会赖帐吗？ 似乎就成了一个反问句（“你当然相信人家不会赖帐了”）， 而你怀疑人家是否付款吗？ 就表示一个真诚的询问， 可能接下来会说因为如果你怀疑的话，你就该让顾客付保证金 。 在其它情况下，whether 和 that 的区别并不很明显， 而且that 经常用来替代 whether。 If 也经常用来代替whether ， 但是语气不很正式。在非正式语气中doubt 后面的从句有时由 but引导：I don't doubt but （或 but what ) he will come。 这种结构有其先例且属规范用法，如“我不怀疑目前的英格兰象世界上其他国家一样是礼义之邦” （理查德·斯蒂尔），但现代评论家有时反对在正式文体中这样使用 参见 but,if〔trespass〕Transgression of a moral or social law, code, or duty.违犯道德或社会法规；规范或职责〔copious〕"I found our speech copious without order, and energetic without rules"(Samuel Johnson)“我发现我们的语言冗长而缺乏条理，有力但没有规范”(塞缪尔·约翰逊)〔opportunistic〕Taking immediate advantage, often unethically, of any circumstance of possible benefit.机会主义的：迅速抓住一切有利时机的，经常是违反规范的〔mutual〕Mutual is uncontroversially used to describe a reciprocal relationship between two or more things, in which use it can be paraphrased by expressions involvingbetween or each other. Thustheir mutual animosity means "their animosity for each other" or "the animosity between them,” anda mutual defense treaty is one in which each party agrees to come to the defense of the other. Butmutual is also widely used where one might expect "common,” as inThe bill serves the mutual interests of management and labor and particularly in the expressionour mutual friend, which was widespread even before Charles Dickens used it as the title of a novel.Critics have often objected to this use,but it is well established in reputable writing.However,mutual in this latter sense is reserved to describe relations that hold between two or more specific parties and a third person or thing. It cannot be used as a substitute forcommon in the sense "general": Mutual 毫无争议地被用来描述两者或者更多事物之间的相互关系， 可以用一些包括between 或 each other 的表达来解释。 因此他们相互的敌意 意思为“他们彼此之间产生的敌意”或者“他们之间的敌意”， 相互防御条约 意为一个政党同意帮助另一政党进行防御的条约。 但是Mutual 也广泛地用来表示“共同的”， 就象在这个议案满足劳资双方的需要。 特别是在短语我们共同的朋友， 甚至在查理·狄更斯把它作为一本小说名之前就已经广泛应用。评论家们一直以来常常反对这种用法，但是在规范的写作中它已被完全确定下来了。但是mutual 后来产生的意思被用来描述两个或者更多特定元素及物和第三者之间的关系。 当意为“普遍的”时，它不能代替common 来表述“总体”的含义： 〔indelicate〕Offensive to established standards of propriety; improper.See Synonyms at improper 失礼的：不合礼节规范的；不恰当的 参见 improper |
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