| 单词 | 讲话 |
| 释义 | 〔grammar〕Writing or speech judged with regard to such a set of rules.写作，演讲：用这样一组规则评判的写作或讲话〔falter〕To speak hesitatingly; stammer.讲话犹豫；支吾地讲话〔dialect〕from Greek dialektos [speech] 源自 希腊语 dialektos [讲话] 〔hem〕A short cough or clearing of the throat made especially to gain attention, warn another, hide embarrassment, or fill a pause in speech.哼：轻咳或者清嗓子声，尤指用于引起别人注意、警告他人、隐藏尴尬或者填充讲话过程中的停顿〔assert〕Affirm and aver stress the speaker's confidence in the validity of the statement: Affirm 和 aver 强调讲话人对所讲东西正确性的自信： 〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔fit〕the proper form of address for a cleric. What is 神职人员讲话的适当形式。。 〔fumble〕fumble through a speech.讲话时支支吾吾〔best〕He spoke for the best part of an hour.他讲话用了大半个钟头〔rattle〕To talk rapidly and at length, usually without much thought:夸夸其谈，喋喋不休：以很快的速度发表长篇大论，通常是不加思考地讲话：〔dilatation〕Lengthy explanation or elaboration of a subject in writing or speech.铺张，评述：作品或讲话中长篇大论或某一论题的详尽阐述〔broken〕Spoken with gaps and errors:讲话不流利且错误的：〔trill〕A rapid vibration of one speech organ against another, as of the tongue against the alveolar ridge in Spanishrr. 颤动：一个讲话器官与另一个相摩擦的快速颤动，如在西班牙语中发rr 时，舌尖与齿嵴的快速颤动 〔ridicule〕"My father discouraged me by ridiculing my performances" (Benjamin Franklin).Tomock is to poke fun at someone, often by mimicking and caricaturing his or her speech or actions: “我的父亲贬损嘲笑我的表演而使我灰心丧气” （本杰明·弗兰克林）。Mock 指开某人的玩笑， 经常通过模仿或滑稽地讽刺他的或她的讲话或动作： 〔allocution〕A formal and authoritative speech; an address.训示，训谕：正式的并具权威性的讲话；演讲〔bleep〕To edit out (spoken material) from a broadcast or recording, especially by replacing with an electronic sound:短促尖音：从广播或录音中删除（讲话材料），尤指以电子信号代替：〔current〕a current of air from a fan; a current of spoken words.See Synonyms at flow 从风扇中吹出的一股气流；一通讲话 参见 flow〔diction〕Choice and use of words in speech or writing.措词：讲话或书写中，对词的使用或选择〔stenotype〕A keyboard machine used to record dictation in shorthand by a series of phonetic symbols.表音符号速记机：使用一系列表音符号速记讲话的一种键盘机器〔so〕So is frequently used in informal speech to string together the elements of a narrative. This practice should not be carried over into formal writing,where the absence of contextual information generally requires that connections be made more explicit. ·Critics have sometimes objected to the use ofso as an intensive meaning "to a great degree or extent,” as inWe were so relieved to learn that the deadline had been extended. This usage is most common in informal contexts,perhaps because unlike the neutralvery, it presumes that the listener or reader will be sympathetic with the speaker's evaluation of the situation. (Thus one would be more apt to sayIt was so unfair of them not to invite you than to sayIt was so fortunate that I didn't have to put up with your company. ) For just this reason,the construction may occasionally be used to good effect in more formal contexts to invite the reader to take the point of view of the speaker or subject: 在非正式的讲话中，so 经常被用来连接叙述的成分。 但是这种做法不能带入正式的写作当中，上下文信息的缺乏通常要求连接明确。批评家们有些时候对so 被用来表示强调的意思“很大程度”提出反对， 如在我们得知最后期限已被推迟的消息时感到了极大的放松 中。 这种用法在非正式的文章中最常用，也许是因为和中性的very 不同， 它假定听众或读者能对讲话者对形势的评价引起共鸣。（因此人们通常会说他们没有邀请你是多么不公平 ， 而不是说多幸运啊，我不必再成为你的朋友 )。 正因为这个原因，这个结构有时在正式的文章中也有很好的作用，使读者接受说话人或主题的观点： 〔circumlocution〕Evasion in speech or writing.遁辞：讲话或文章中的托辞〔buzz〕To utter in a rapid, low voice:咕哝：用快而低的嗓音讲话：〔vein〕spoke later in a more serious vein.后来以一种更严肃的心境讲话〔curt〕Rudely brief or abrupt, as in speech or manner.See Synonyms at gruff 唐突的：简短失礼的或唐突的，如在讲话或举止中 参见 gruff〔hypothesis〕Latin [subject for a speech] 拉丁语 [用于讲话] 〔distort〕"The earlier part of his discourse was deformed by pedantic divisions and subdivisions" (Macaulay).“学究式的划分和次分损毁了他的讲话的前一部分的外形” （麦考利）。〔mumble〕To speak words indistinctly, as by lowering the voice or partially closing the mouth.咕哝：通过降低声音或半闭着嘴的方式不清晰地讲话〔oh〕Used in direct address:唉，噢：用于直接对人讲话：〔jabber〕To talk rapidly, unintelligibly, or idly.急促、含混不清或无意义地讲话〔utterance〕The act of uttering; vocal expression.讲话；口头表达〔vacuity〕Something, especially a remark, that is pointless or inane:无意义或愚蠢的东西（尤指讲话）：〔apology〕logos [speech] * see leg- logos [讲话，言辞] * 参见 leg- 〔tarradiddle〕Silly pretentious speech or writing; twaddle.愚蠢而空洞的讲话或文章；空谈〔gesticulate〕To make gestures especially while speaking, as for emphasis.以动作表达：为了强调作手势，尤指讲话时〔parlando〕Italian [present participle of] parlare [to speak] 意大利语 parlare的现在分词 [说话，讲话] 〔keep〕keep on talking; keep guessing.继续讲话；继续猜〔lisp〕To speak imperfectly, as a child does.讲话不完善，象小孩一样〔roast〕A facetious tribute, usually in the form of a banquet, in which the honoree's friends and acquaintances alternate short speeches of praise and insult.开玩笑：通常指宴会上受奖赏人的朋友和熟人轮流作的简短的赞美或辱骂性讲话等诙谐的言辞〔monotonous〕Sounded or spoken in an unvarying tone.单调的：用不变的音调饿说出或讲话〔youse〕You. Used in addressing two or more people or referring to two or more people, one of whom is addressed.你们：你们。用于向两个或更多人讲话或者请教，其中一位已交谈过 |
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