| 单词 | 论据 |
| 释义 | 〔argumentum〕An argument, demonstration, or appeal to reason.证据：论据，论证或诉诸理智〔strong〕Persuasive, effective, and cogent:有说服力的：使人信服的，有效的和论据充分的：〔refute〕To prove to be false or erroneous; overthrow by argument or proof:驳倒：证明是假的或错误的；通过论据或证据推翻：〔argument〕A fact or statement put forth as proof or evidence; a reason:论据，根据：作为根据或论据而提出的事实或论点；理由：〔rebut〕To refute, especially by offering opposing evidence or arguments, as in a legal case.驳回：反驳，尤指诸如在法律案件中用证据或论据来反驳〔irrefutable〕irrefutable arguments; irrefutable evidence of guilt.毋庸置疑的论据；不可辩驳的罪证〔case〕A set of reasons or supporting facts; an argument:理由，论据：一系列理由或支持性的事实；论据：〔convincing〕a convincing argument; a convincing manner.有说服力的论据；令人信服的态度〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect〔construct〕To create (an argument or a sentence, for example) by systematically arranging ideas or terms.构筑：通过对思想或词语的系统排列而创造或编造（例如论据或句子）〔prove〕To establish the truth or validity of by presentation of argument or evidence.证明：通过提示论据或证据来确立真实性或有效性〔fair〕an unprejudiced evaluation of the arguments for and against the proposal.公正地评价赞成和反对计划的论据。〔predicate〕He predicates his argument on the facts.他的论据以事实为基础〔reasoning〕Evidence or arguments used in thinking or argumentation.理由：在思考辩论中用到的证据或论据〔fallacy〕A statement or an argument based on a false or an invalid inference.谬论：建立在错误或无效推论上的声明或论据〔premise〕A proposition upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is drawn.前提：可作为论据基础或可从中得出结论的命题〔con〕An argument or opinion against something.反对论点：反对某物的论据或观点〔persuasive〕a persuasive argument.令人信服的论据〔cogent〕a cogent argument.See Synonyms at valid 有说服力的论据 参见 valid〔counterargument〕An argument in opposition to another.反论据：相反的回答或论据〔rebut〕To present opposing evidence or arguments.驳斥：出示给出相反的证据或论据〔diatribe〕Listening to a lengthy diatribe may seem like a waste of time,an attitude for which there is some etymological justification.The Greek worddiatribē, the ultimate source of our word, is derived from the verb diatribein, made up of the prefixdia-, "completely,” and tribein, "to rub,” "to wear away, spend, or waste time,” "to be busy.” The verbdiatribein meant "to rub hard,” "to spend or waste time,” and the noundiatribē meant "wearing away of time, amusement, serious occupation, study,” as well as "discourse, short ethical treatise or lecture, debate, argument.”It is the serious occupation of time in discourse, lecture, and debate that gave us the first use ofdiatribe recorded in English (1581), in the now archaic sense "discourse, critical dissertation.”The critical element of this kind of diatribe must often have been uppermost,explaining the origin of the current sense ofdiatribe, "a bitter criticism.” 听唠唠叨叨的絮语也许好象是浪费时间，这是一种态度，一些词源对此有所表明。该词的终源希腊单词diatribe 起源于由动词 diatribein ； 而后者是由前缀dia- “完全地”和 tribein （“消磨、消逝、花费或浪费时间”，“忙于”）所构成的。 动词diartibein 意思是“难熬”、“花费或浪费时间”， 而名词diatribe 意思是“时间消逝、消遣、热衷消遣，研究”， 还有“论文、伦理学论文，伦理学论文或讲演，争辩，论据”。在（1581年）英语中记载的第一次使用diatribe 是热衷于把时间消磨在论文、讲演和争辩中， 现在古体文含义是“论文，批评式的学术演讲”。这种论文所含批评因素必须常常占最主要的，它解释了diatribe 现代含义“尖刻批评”的词源 〔summate〕summate a legal argument.概括一法律论据〔mow〕mowed down the opposition with strong arguments.用强有力的论据驳倒对方〔trenchant〕a trenchant argument.See Synonyms at incisive 有力的论据 参见 incisive〔fundamental〕an example that was fundamental to the argument.论据中的一个主要例证〔vindicate〕To clear of accusation, blame, suspicion, or doubt with supporting arguments or proof:证实，辩护：用有支持力的论点或论据澄清指控、指责、嫌疑或怀疑：〔parsimony〕Adoption of the simplest assumption in the formulation of a theory or in the interpretation of data, especially in accordance with the rule of Ockham's razor.俭省，惜墨如金：阐述一个理论或解释一个论据时采用最简单的设定方式，尤指符合奥卡姆剃刀的规律的方式〔refutation〕Something, such as an argument, that refutes someone or something.驳斥物：如论据等可供驳斥某人或某物的东西〔dialectic〕The art or practice of arriving at the truth by the exchange of logical arguments.辩证法：通过逻辑论据的交换求得真理的艺术或实践〔vindication〕The defense, such as evidence or argument, that serves to justify a claim or deed.证明，辩白：用于证明声言或行为的辩护，如证据或论据等〔pregnant〕Convincing; cogent. Used of an argument or a proof.令人信服的：令人信服的；有力的。用于论据或证据〔datum〕pl. da.ta[-tə] A fact or proposition used to draw a conclusion or make a decision.See Usage Note at data 【复数】 da.ta[-tə] 论据：用来下结论或做决定的事实或命题 参见 data |
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