| 单词 | 词缀 |
| 释义 | 〔omnifarious〕-fāriam [adv. suff.] * see dhē- -fāriam [副词词缀] * 参见 dhē- 〔postposition〕A word or element placed postpositionally, as a preposition placed after its object.后置词：后置的词或词缀，如置于其宾语之后的介词〔suffix〕An affix added to the end of a word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending, such as-ness in gentleness, -ing in walking, or -s in sits. 后缀，词尾：在一个词或词根末尾加的词缀，用来形成一个新单词或作为曲折变化的结尾，如-ness 在 gentleness中，-ing 在 walking 中或 -s 在 sits 中 〔absquatulate〕The vibrant energy of American English sometimes appears in the use of Latin affixes to create jocular pseudo-Latin "learned" words.There is a precedent for this in the language of Shakespeare,whose plays contain scores of made-up Latinate words.Midlandabsquatulate has a prefix ab-, "away from,” and a suffix-ate, "to act upon in a specified manner,” affixed to a nonexistent base form-squatul-, probably suggested bysquat. Hence the whimsicalabsquatulate, "to squat away from.” Another such coinage is Northernbusticate, which joins bust with -icate by analogy with verbs like medicate. Southernargufy joins argue to a redundant -fy, "to make; cause to become.” These creations are largely confined to regions of the United States where change is slow,and where the 19th-century love for Latinate words and expressions is still manifest.For example, Appalachian speech is characterized by the frequent use ofrecollect, aggravate, oblige, and other such words. 美国英语的创造力有时表现在用拉丁文词缀去创造滑稽的假拉丁文“文雅”的单词。莎士比亚的语言是一先行者，他的戏剧中有大量创造出来的拉丁词。中部地区的absquatulate 有一前缀 ab-， 表“离开，走开，” 和一个后缀-ate， 表“以特殊方式行事，” 这些再加在一个不存在的词根上-squatul-， 也许是由squat 而来的。 所以奇特的absquatulate 表“走开，离开。” 另外一个这样的造词是从北部的busticate 来的，这是把 bust 加上 -icate 变来的，如同源动词 medicate。 南部的argufy 把 argue 加上多余的 -fy， 意为“变成；使成为”。 这种造词只见于美国变化较慢的地区，在那儿仍保持了19世纪那种喜好拉丁语词语的习惯。比如在阿巴拉契亚地区的语言中，如同recollect，aggravate，oblige 和其他这样一些词经常被使用的 〔deverbative〕Used in derivation from a verb, such as the suffix-er in teacher. 动词构成派生词时使用的：在以动词派生的词中使用的，如“教师”teacher 中的词缀 -er 〔circumfix〕An affix consisting of a prefix and a suffix, such as the progressive present markera- -ing in dialectal English I'm a-going or the past participle marker y- -t in archaic English yclept. 词缀：包括前缀和后缀的字缀，如英语方言I'm a-going 中的现在进行时标记 a- -ing 或古体英语 yclept 中的过去分词标记 y- -t 〔underling〕People trying to build their vocabulary often study affixes,a not unreasonable way to proceed.But studying a group of words that share an affix can be fascinating in its own right in the way that studying common features in a photograph of an extended family can be fascinating.The suffix-ling is Germanic in origin and had several uses already in Old English.For example, it could be added to a noun to make a second noun that referred to something connected with or similar to the first noun;thus, adding the suffix to the Old English wordyrth, "ploughland,” produced the Old English word yrthling, "plowman.” The suffix could also be added to an adjective to make a noun that referred to something having the quality denoted by the adjective:from Old Englishdēore, "dear, beloved,” was derived dēorling (Modern English darling ). Adding-ling to an adverb produced a noun referring to something having the position or condition denoted by the adverb: from Old Englishunder came underling. The last use of the-ling family to be described here was actually borrowed from another Germanic source, Old Norse. The Old Norse version of the-ling suffix was used to form diminutives; thus, our wordgosling was a borrowing in Middle English of an Old Norse word, gæslingr, "gosling.” 想要扩大词汇量的人常常去研究词缀，这不失为一种明智的方式。就象研究一个扩大了的家庭的照片中家人的共同特征一样吸引人，研究一组词缀相同的单词本身可能也会令人意醉神迷。-ling 这一后缀源于日耳曼语， 在中古英语中便已有已几种用法。例如，它可以和一个名词相连形成另一个与之关联或相似的名词；这样，把这个后缀加到古英语单词yrth “耕地”后边便形成了另一古英语单词 yrthling “农夫”。 这个后缀还可以加在一个形容词后边形成具有该形容词所示特征的名词：从古英语单词deore, “亲爱的，被爱的”中派生出 deorling （现代英语中的 darling )。 把-ling 加在一副词后边可以产生具有该副词所示情况或状态的名词： 从中古英语的under 形成 underling 。 这里所要描述的-ling 家族的最后一个用法事实上是来源于另一支日耳曼语言，古挪威语。 在古挪威语中-ling 这一后缀被用作小后缀； 这样，我们的单词gosling 便是中世纪英语中的一个外来词，来源于古挪威语单词 goeslingr, “小鹅” 〔formative〕A derivational or inflectional affix.构词成分：派生的或有屈折变化的词缀〔infuriate〕Latin in- [intensive pref.] * see in- 2拉丁语 in- [加强语意的词缀] * 参见 in-2〔causative〕Abbr. caus.Expressing causation. Used of a verb or verbal affix.缩写 caus.表达原因的：表达原因。用作动词或动词词缀〔genitive〕Of or relating to an affix or a construction, such as a prepositional phrase, characteristic of the genitive case.领属关系的：属于或关于词缀或句法结构的，例如介词词组，表示所有格特征的〔wedlock〕-lāc [n. suff. expressing activity] -lāc [名词词缀，表示某种活动] 〔olivenite〕-it [n. suff.] from Latin -īta * see -ite 1-it [名词词缀] 源自 拉丁语 -īta * 参见 -ite1〔derivation〕The process by which words are formed from existing words or bases by adding affixes, assinger from sing or undo from do, by changing the shape of the word or base, as song from sing, or by adding an affix and changing the pronunciation of the word or base, as electricity from electric. 衍生：通过在已存在的词或词根后加上词缀，例如从sing（唱歌） 到 singer（歌唱家） 或从 do（做） 到 undo（解开，不做） ，或通过改变词或词根的形状，例如从 sing（唱歌） 到 song（歌曲） ，或是通过加一词缀并变化该词或词根的发音，例如从 electric（电子） 到 electricity（电，电力） 〔shyster〕The origin ofshyster was not known for certain until recently. According to one etymology,shyster comes from the surname of one Scheuster, a disreputable and almost certainly nonexistent mid-19th-century attorney.In his bookHuman Words, a collection of words formed from the names of people, Robert Hendrickson says that Dr. Henry Bosley Woolf and others "list the New York advocate as a possible source.”But the actual etymology, according to Gerald L. Cohen, a student of the word,is less flattering.According to this etymology,the word is derived from the German termscheisser, meaning literally "one who defecates,”from the verbscheissen, "to defecate,” with the English suffix-ster, "one who does,” substituted for the German suffix -er, meaning the same thing. Sheisser, which is chiefly a pejorative term, is the German equivalent of our English termsbastard and son of a bitch. Sheisser is generally thought to have been borrowed directly into English as the word shicer, which, among other things, is an Australian English term for an unproductive mine or claim,a sense that is also recorded for the wordshyster. shyster 一词的来源直到最近才能较确切地弄清楚。 根据词源，shyster 来自一个叫 Scheuster 的人的姓， 他是一位声名狼籍而且很可能并不存在的19世纪中期的律师。罗伯特·亨德里克森在他的人类词汇 （一本由人名组成的词汇集）一书中说， 亨利·博斯利·任尔夫博士和其他的人“将纽约的鼓吹者列为一种可能的出处”。但是据加兰德·L·科恩——一位研究词汇的学生看来，这个词的真正词源更令人不快。根据这种词源，这个词来自德语Scheisser， 字面意义为“大便的人”，是从动词scheissen “排泄”而来， 用一英语词缀-ster （做…的人）代替了表相同意义的德语词缀 -er 。 Sheisser 主要用作贬蔑语， 在德语中相当于我们英语中bastard 及 son of a bitch。 Sheisser一般被认为是直接借入英语作为 Schicer 一词， 在澳式英语中指不再产出的矿山或没有结果的要求，这一意义也被记录在Shyster 这个词中 〔inflection〕An alternation of the form of a word by adding affixes, as in Englishdogs from dog, or by changing the form of a base, as in English spoke from speak, that indicates grammatical features such as number, person, mood, or tense. 字尾变化：通过加词缀来改变一个词的形式，比如在英语中，dogs 一词以 dog 一词转换而来；也表示通过改变词本身，如英语中的 spoke 是从 speak 一词变来的；这些词缀增减和词本身的变化表示了数、人称、语态或时态等语法特征 |
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