| 单词 | 译者 |
| 释义 | 〔paradise〕Perhaps the supreme example of the semantic process known as melioration is the wordparadise. In tracing this word from its origins to its present status,we see an elevation, or melioration, of meaning that raises the word to new heights.The history begins with the Avestan (the eastern dialect of Old Iranian) wordpairi-daēza-, "enclosure,” made up ofpairi, "around,” and daēza-, "wall.” The Greek military leader and historian Xenophon, who served with Greek mercenaries in Persia,first used the Greek wordparadeisos adopted from the Avestan wordto refer to the Persian kings' and nobles' parks or pleasure grounds.This Greek word extended to mean "garden" or "orchard" was an obvious choice for translators of the Bible into Greekto use both for the Garden of Eden and the Abode of the Blessed, or heaven.The Greek word was adopted into Late Latin and was used much as we might expect in its biblical senses in ecclesiastical Latin (Late Latinparadīsus ). The Old English wordparadis taken from Latin is found, but our word probably really established itself in Middle English (first recorded before 1200),derived both from Latin and from Old French, which had adopted the word from Latin.paradise. 这个词也许能作为词义进化最典型的例子， 从它的起源到现在的地位，我们可以看到词义的进化或改进把这个词带到了一个新的高度。这个历史过程从意为“领地，圈地”的阿维斯陀语（古伊朗人西部方言）pairi-daeza-, 开始， 由意为“环形的”pairi, 和意为“墙”的 daeza-, 组成。 曾随希腊雇佣军到波斯服役的希腊军事将领和历史学家色诺芬，首先使用了希腊语词paradeisos, ， 该词采用了阿维斯陀词，指波斯国王和贵族们的花园或游乐场，这个希腊词衍生到表示“花园”或“果园”，显然是译者在把《圣经》翻译成希腊文时所做出的选择，以用来表明伊甸园和天国或天堂，有这两种含义的希腊词被引入后期的拉丁语中且当它们在教会拉丁文（后期拉丁语paradisus )中意为《圣经》方面的意义时被更广泛地使用， 古英语paradis 一词来自拉丁文， 但我们用的这个词可能在中古英语（首次记录在1200年前）中真正确立了起来，人们发现它源于拉丁文和从拉丁文中采纳了这个词的古法语〔Lacan〕French psychiatrist who was an early adherent and interpreter of Freud's theories in France, but whose own theoretical and clinical work diverged greatly from Freud's. His collection of essays and lecturesÉcrits (1966) greatly influenced linguistics and literary theory. 拉肯，雅克：法国精神病学家，是佛洛伊德理论的早期追随者和译者，然而他自己的理论及临床实践却与佛洛伊德理论大相径庭。其论文及讲说集《文集》 （1966年）对语言学及文学理论影响深远 〔Cary〕British poet and translator (1805-1814) of Dante'sDivine Comedy. 卡里，亨利·弗朗西斯：(1772-1844) 英国诗人，是但丁《神曲》 的译者（1805-1814年） 〔Urquhart〕Scottish Royalist, writer, and translator of the works of Rabelais.厄克特，托马斯：(1611-1660) 苏格兰作家，保皇派，是拉伯雷作品的译者〔FitzGerald〕British poet and noted translator ofThe Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám (1859). 菲茨杰拉德，爱德华：(1809-1883) 英国诗人，欧玛尔·海亚姆的《鲁拜集》 （1859年）的有名的译者 |
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