| 单词 | 语系 |
| 释义 | 〔prison〕The wordprison has its origins not in the notions of what such a place is but rather in the notion of how one gets there. Prison can be traced back to the Latin word prēnsiō, "the action or power of making an arrest.” This in turn is derived from the verbprehendere or prendere, which meant "to take hold of, take into custody, arrest.”Prēnsiō then dives into the obscurity of the time when Romance languages such as French were being formed from Vulgar Latin and resurfaces in the Old French of the 12th century with the formprison and the senses "capture" and "place of imprisonment.”This new sense could have already been developed in Latinand not been recorded,but we have to wait until the 12th century to see it,the sense "captivity" being added in the same century.From Old French as well as the Medieval Latin wordpriso, "prison,” derived from Old French, came our Middle English word prisoun, first recorded in a work written before 1121in the sense "imprisonment.”The sense "place of imprisonment" is recorded shortly afterward in a text copied down before 1225but perhaps actually written in the Old English period before the Norman Conquest.Prison 这个单词的来源不在于它是一个什么样的地方而在于一个人是怎么进去的。 Prison 可追溯到意思是“进行逮捕的行动或力量”的拉丁词 prensio。 这个词也是从动词prehendere 或 prendere 派生出来的， 意思是“捉住，逮捕，拘留。”Prensio 这个词在罗马语系中的语言（如法语）逐渐从通俗拉丁语形成时被人们忘却了， 12世纪又以prison 的形式在古法语中重新露面， 其含义是“捉住”和“囚禁人的地方。”这个新的含义很可能在拉丁语中已得到了发展，只是没有被记录下来，但是我们直到12世纪才看到它，在同一世纪“囚禁，俘虏”的意思被加了进去。从古法语、同时也是从源于古法语的中世纪拉丁语词priso “监狱，监禁”中产生了中古英语单词 prison， 这个词最早的记录是在一部著于1121年的作品中，意思是“监禁，拘留。”“监禁或囚禁的地方”这层意思在稍后出现的、在1225年以前被抄录下来的一篇文章中出现，但可能实际写作的时间是在诺曼征服之前的古英语时期〔Kurdish〕The Iranian language of the Kurds.库尔德语：库尔德人讲的伊朗语系的语言〔Aryan〕A member of any people speaking an Indo-European language.讲印-欧语系语言的：使用一种印-欧语言的任何民族的一员〔Calusa〕The extinct language of the Calusa, of unknown linguistic affiliation.凯鲁萨语：已绝迹的凯鲁萨语，语系不明〔Elamite〕The language of the ancient Elamites, of no known linguistic affiliation.埃兰语：古埃兰人的语言，属何种语系不详〔Iroquoian〕A family of North American Indian languages of the eastern part of Canada and the United States that includes Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Tuscarora, Cherokee, Erie, Huron, and Wyandot.易洛魁语系：加拿大东部和美国的北美印第安语言一语系，包括卡尤加语，莫霍克语，奥内达语，奥农达加语，塞纳卡语，塔斯卡洛拉语，彻罗基语，伊利语，休伦语和怀恩多特语〔Sabellic〕A group of extinct Italic languages that includes Oscan, Umbrian, and South Picene, known primarily from inscriptional remains. Also called Osco-Umbrian Also called Sabellian 萨布里克语系：已消失的意大利语语系，包括奥斯坎语、翁布利亚语以及南派士尼语，其主要以铭刻碑文遗迹著称 也作 Osco-Umbrian 也作 Sabellian〔Nostratic〕A hypothetical language proposed as the parent language of Afro-Asiatic, Altaic, Dravidian, Indo-European, Kartvelian, Uralic-Yukaghir, and perhaps other language families.乡土语：作为非亚、阿尔泰、德拉威、印欧、卡特威连、乌拉尔—尤卡吉尔以及也许其它语系的祖语而被提出的一种假设语言〔Iroquois〕Any or all of the languages of the Iroquois.易洛魁语系的：所有或任一种易洛魁语系内的语言〔Penutian〕A proposed stock of North American Indian languages spoken in Pacific coastal areas from California into British Columbia.佩纽蒂语系：北美印第安人语言的分支，主要在太平洋沿岸区从加利福尼亚州到不列颠哥伦比亚省的范围内使用〔Thracian〕The Indo-European language of the ancient Thracians.色雷斯语：古代色雷斯人说的一种属于印度-欧洲语系的语言〔stock〕A group of related languages.语系：一组相近的语言〔Luwian〕An Indo-European language of the Anatolian family, attested in documents from the second millenniumb.c. and now extinct. 卢维语：小亚细亚语系中的一种印欧罗巴语，公元前 二千年见于史册，现已绝迹 〔Ossetic〕The Iranian language of the Ossets.奥塞梯语：奥塞梯人的语言，属伊朗语系〔Oto〕The Siouan language of the Oto, dialectically related to Iowa.奥托语：奥托族的语言，属苏语系，为衣阿华方言〔lug〕[probably of Scandinavian origin] [很可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语系] 〔Kartvelian〕A family of languages spoken in the Caucasus mountains that includes Georgian. Also called South Caucasian 卡尔特维尔语：高加索山脉语系，包括格鲁吉亚语 也作 South Caucasian〔spanking〕[Perhaps of Scandinavian origin] [可能源于斯堪的那维亚语系] 〔Quechuan〕A subgroup of the Quechumaran languages, the most important language being Quechua.奇楚亚语：奇楚马兰语系中的一个亚语系，最重要的语言是奇楚亚语〔presume〕Historical linguists posit a common ancestor from which both Romance and Germanic languages descend. Toassume is to accept something as existing or being true without proof or on inconclusive grounds: 历史语言学家认为罗斯语系和德语语系由同一种语言演变而来。 Assume 是指在没有证据或不确定的情况下认为某事是存在的或是真实的： 〔Kordofanian〕A small group of related languages spoken in Sudan and forming part of the Niger-Kordofanian language family.科尔多凡语：在苏丹讲的相关语言的一个小语群，是尼日尔-科尔多凡语系的一部分〔Dravidian〕A large family of languages spoken especially in southern India and northern Sri Lanka that includes Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada.达罗毗荼语系：使用于印度南部和斯里兰卡北部的一个大语族，包括泰米尔语、泰卢固语、马拉亚兰语和卡纳拉语〔Cariban〕A language family comprising the Carib languages.加勒比语系：一种包括各种加勒比语的语系〔San〕Any of the Khoisan languages of the San. Also called Bushman 桑语：桑人说的科依桑语系的语言 也作 Bushman〔Cherokee〕The Iroquoian language of the Cherokee.切罗基语：切罗基人所用的语言，属易洛魁语系〔Malay〕The Austronesian language of the Malays. Also called In this sense, also called Bahasa Malay 马来语：澳洲语系中的马来语族 也作 在此意义上也可称作 Bahasa Malay〔Masai〕Also Maa.sai The Nilotic language of this people. 也作 Maa.sai 马萨伊语：该民族属尼洛特语系的语言〔Iroquoian〕Of or constituting the Iroquoian language family.易洛魁语系的：属于或构成易洛魁语系的〔Khoisan〕A family of languages of southern Africa, including those of the Khoikhoin and the San.科伊桑语：非洲南部的一个语系，包括科伊科伊语和桑语〔Celtic〕A subfamily of the Indo-European language family comprising the Brittonic and the Goidelic branches.凯尔特语：属印欧语系，由布立吞语及戈伊德尔语两大语系组成〔lexicon〕A stock of terms used in a particular profession, subject, or style; a vocabulary:专门词汇：用在特殊的职业、学科或文体中的一种语系的专用名词；词汇：〔Aryan〕A member of the people who spoke the parent language of the Indo-European languages.讲印-欧语系语言的：以印-欧语言为其母语的民族的一员〔dialect〕A language considered as part of a larger family of languages or a linguistic branch:语支：作为较大语系一部分的语言或者是一种语言分支：〔Altaic〕A language family of Europe and Asia that includes the Turkic, Tungusic, and Mongolian subfamilies.阿尔泰语系：亚欧语系，包括土耳其、坦格维西克和蒙古等次语系〔Japhetic〕Of or relating to a discredited linguistic grouping that attempted to associate Basque, Etruscan, and sometimes Sumerian and Elamite with the Caucasian languages.雅弗语系的：一种不确定语系的或与之有关的，该语系试图融合巴斯克语、伊特鲁里亚语（偶尔有高加索诸语言中的苏美尔语和埃兰语）〔Neutral〕A confederacy of Iroquoian-speaking Native American peoples formerly inhabiting the northern shore of Lake Erie. The Neutral were destroyed by the Iroquois in the mid-17th century.易洛魁族：以前居住在伊利湖北岸的易洛魁语系的美国土著民族联盟。这个中立国在17世纪中叶被易洛魁人毁掉〔Araucanian〕The language of the Araucanians, which constitutes an independent language family.阿劳干语：阿劳干人的语言，构成独立语系〔henequen〕[perhaps of Arawakan origin] [或许来源于阿拉瓦语系] 〔Indonesian〕A subfamily of Austronesian that includes Malay, Tagalog, and the languages of Indonesia.印度尼西亚语族：澳洲印尼语系下的一个次语系，包括马来语、他加禄语及印度尼西亚的各种语言〔Pahari〕The group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken by these peoples, including Nepali.帕哈里语族：包括尼泊尔语在内的帕哈里族使用的印度亚利安语系 |
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