| 单词 | 语言学 |
| 释义 | 〔lexicology〕The branch of linguistics that deals with the lexical component of language.词汇学：语言学的一个分支，主要研究构成一种语言的词〔Ellis〕British philologist and mathematician noted for his scientific study of phonetics.埃利斯，亚历山大·约翰：(1814-1890) 英国文学家和数学家，以其对语言学的研究而著名〔structuralism〕A method of analyzing phenomena, as in anthropology, linguistics, psychology, or literature, chiefly characterized by contrasting the elemental structures of the phenomena in a system of binary opposition.构造主义：分析现象的一种方法，如在文化人类学，语言学，心理学或文学中，主要特点是通过在一个二元对立的系统中对现象的基本构造进行对比〔fair〕American folk speech puts Standard English to shame in its wealth of words for describing weather conditions.When the weather goes from fair to cloudy,New Englanders say that it's "breedin' up a storm" (Maine informant in theLinguistic Atlas of New England ). If the weather is clear, however,a New Englander might call itopen. Southernfair off and fair up, meaning "to become clear,” were originally Northeastern terms and were brought to the South as settlement expanded southward and westward.They are now "regionalized to the South,” according to Craig M. Carver, author ofAmerican Regional Dialects. These phrases may be the origin of modern and less regional coinings,such asmild up, used on a television weather forecast: "The Southwest is beginning to mild up just a tad.”美国方言对天气状况的描写因其应有尽有的单词使标准英语黯然失色。当天气由晴转多云时，新英格兰人会说“孕育着一场暴风雨”（新英格兰语言学图册 的缅因消息提供者）。 但如果天气是无云的，新英格兰人也许会说open。 南部的fair off 和 fair up 所表示的放晴， 起源于东北部词语，后被带到南部成为固定用法并向南向西流传。根据克雷格M·卡弗尔，美国地区方言 的作者所说，它们如今已“被南方地区化了”。 这些词组或许正是现代不再具地区性的词句的起源，例如mild up， 用于电视天气预报： “西南将变得暖和一点”〔collocation〕An arrangement or juxtaposition, especially of linguistic elements, such as words.搭配：排列或并置，尤指语言学中的成分排列，如构词〔apartheid〕Although South Africa has not furnished a great number of words that have achieved general currency in British and American English,one in particular,apartheid, has gained wide circulation. The first recorded use ofapartheid as an English term, in the Cape Times on October 24, 1947, is an ironic commentary on much of the word's use since then: "Mr. Hofmeyr said apartheid could not be reconciled with a policy of progress and prosperity for South Africa.” According to the March 15, 1961, issue of theLondon Times, the wordself-development was supposed to replace apartheid as the official term used by the South African Broadcasting Corporation for "the Government's race policies. ” And inMove Your Shadow, published in 1985, Joseph Lelyveld says that the "word is [now] shunned, even resented by the [National Party's] high priests as if it were an epithet fashioned by the country's enemies.” Butapartheid as a word and as a reality has been slow to disappear. The history ofapartheid, however, offers a possible model for change in this policy, for the word is an example of a mixture and combination of resources, in this case linguistic.Apartheid is an English word that came into South African English from Afrikaans, the language of the Dutch settlers of South Africa. They in turn had made up the word from the Dutch wordapart, "separate,” and the suffix -heid, which corresponds to our suffix -hood. Thusapartheid literally means "separateness.” The Dutch had earlier borrowed the wordapart, as did we, from the French phrase à part, meaning "to one side.” 尽管南非并没有向英国和美国英语里加入很多得以普遍使用的词汇，但尚有一例外，apartheid 这个词就得到了普遍应用。 apartheid 一词作为英语词汇的使用最早记录于1947年10月24日的 开普时报 上，从那时起对该词的使用就作了反讽式的评论： “霍夫梅伊先生说种族隔离制不能与南非进步及繁荣的政策相容。”根据1961年3月15日的一期伦敦时报 ， 南非广播公司试图以self-development 作为官方用语来代替 apartheid 表示“政府的种族政策”。 在1985年出版的移动你的影子 中，约瑟夫·莱莉瓦德说“这个词为高级牧师们所回避甚至痛恨， 似乎它是这个国家的敌人创造出来的修饰语。”但apartheid 作为词汇和作为现实存在消失得很慢。 然而apartheid 的历史为这种政策的变化提供了一个可能的模式， 因为这个词是语言学方面各种来源混合及联合的一个例子。Apartheid 是从南非的荷兰殖民者的语言进入南非英语的一个英语词汇。 依次由荷兰词apart “分隔”，和后缀 -heid （其与后缀 -hood 相对应）构成。 这样，apartheid 可逐字译为“分隔，隔离。” 荷兰人较早地借用了apart 一词，就如我们从法语里借用了意为“到一边”的 a part 一样 〔acorn〕A thoughtful glance at the wordacorn might produce the surmise that it is made up of oak and corn, especially if we think ofcorn in its sense of "a kernel or seed of a plant,” as in peppercorn. The fact that others thought the word was so constituted partly accounts for the present formacorn. Here we see the workings of the process of linguistic change known as folk etymology,an alteration in form of a word or phrase so that it resembles a more familiar term mistakenly regarded as analogous.Acorn actually goes back to Old English æcern, "acorn,” which in turn goes back to the Indo-European root ōg-, meaning "fruit, berry.” 对acorn 稍加分析我们可能会产生这样的假设，它是由 oak 和 corn 两个词组成的， 特别是当我们想到corn 作为“植物的核或种子”的意思用时，如 胡椒粒。 有人认为这种组合方式就可解释现在acorn 这种形式。 在这我们就看到了语言学上被称为俗语源学的语言变化形式。一词或词组在形式上改变从而错误地被认为是类似性地代表另一个更为熟悉的词。Acorn 在古英语中实际上是 æcern， "acorn"的印欧语系中的词根是 og- ，意指“水果，浆果。” 〔emic〕Of or relating to features or items analyzed with respect to their role as structural units in a system, as in behavioral science or linguistics.位的，主位的：行为科学或语言学分析中，一些特征或项目在整个系统中的结构性角色的，或与其相关的〔taxeme〕A minimal linguistic feature, such as the order or stress of words in a compound or phonemes in a word.语法特点：极小的语言学特点，例如复合词或一个单词中各音素的顺序或重音〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔psycholinguistics〕The study of the influence of psychological factors on the development, use, and interpretation of language.心理语言学：对心理因素对语言发展，使用和阐释方面的影响的研究〔comparative〕comparative historical linguistics.比较历史语言学〔diglossia〕A sociolinguistic situation in which complementary social functions are distributed between two different varieties of a language, a prestigious, formal, or high variety and a common, colloquial, or low variety, as in Italian, German, or Scottish English.双语制：一种社会语言学地位，其中补充的社会功能分配在同一种语言的两种异体一种为有声誉的，正式的或变化多的异体，另一种为普通的、口语化的或变化少的异体，如意大利语、德语或苏格兰英语〔synthesize〕"His works synthesize photography, painting and linguistic devices"(Paul Taylor)“他的作品综合了摄影、绘画及语言学的技巧”(保罗·泰勒)〔etic〕Of or relating to features or items analyzed without considering their role as a structural unit in a system, as in behavioral science or linguistics.非位的：属于或关于不考虑其在系统中作为结构性单元的作用而加以分析的特征或项目的，如在行为科学或语言学中〔Saussure〕Swiss linguist. The founder of structural linguistics, he declared that there is only an arbitrary relationship between a linguistic sign and that which it signifies. The posthumously published collection of his lectures,Course in General Linguistics (1916), is a seminal work of modern linguistics. 索绪尔，费迪南德·德：(1857-1913) 瑞士语言学家，结构主义语言的创始人，他声称在语言符号和其所指含义之间仅有一种模糊的关系。他死后，他的讲演集出版为《普通语言学教程》 （1916年），是现代语言学的开山之作 〔he〕Beginning early in the 20th century, however,the traditional usage has come under increasing criticismfor reflecting and perpetuating gender discrimination. ·Defenders of the traditional usage have argued that the masculine pronounshe, his, and him can be used generically to refer to men and women. This analysis of the generic use ofhe is linguistically doubtful.Ifhe were truly a gender-neutral form, we would expect that it could be used to refer to the members of any group containing both men and women.But in fact the English masculine form is an odd choice when it refers to a female member of such a group.There is something plainly disconcerting about sentences such as 可是从20世纪早期起，传统用法不断受到指责，因为它反映并长久维持性别歧视。传统用法辩护者认为阳性代词he，his 和 him 可以用来指代男人和女人的总称。 有关he 的属性用法的分析， 从语言学角度上来说，是有疑问的。如果he 果真是一个中性形式， 我们猜想它可以用来指代任何包含有男人和女人的群体中的成员。但事实上，在英语中用阳性形式来指代上述一群体中的女性成员构成一种很奇特的选择。如下面这个句子中明显存在使人困窘之处： 〔contrafactual〕A statement or other linguistic construction expressing an idea that is presupposed to be false, asI would go in the sentence I would go if I could. 与事实相反：表达一个被预设为错误意思的叙述或其它语言学结构，如在I would go if I could 句子中的 I would go 〔sociolinguistics〕The study of language and linguistic behavior as influenced by social and cultural factors.社会语言学：对受社会和文化因素影响的语言和语言行为的研究〔linguistics〕The study of the nature and structure of human speech.语言学：研究人类语言的性质和结构的学科〔Eco〕Italian writer best known for his novels, includingThe Name of the Rose (1981). He has also written extensively on semiotics and British and American popular culture. 艾可，温贝尔多：意大利作家，因其小说而著名，包括《玫瑰的名字》 （1981）。在记号语言学和英美大众文化方法方面也有丰富的著述 〔major〕a linguistics major.专修语言学的学生〔lingual〕Of languages; linguistic:语言的；语言学的：〔Chomsky〕American linguist who revolutionized the study of language with his theory of generative grammar, set forth inSyntactic Structures (1957). 乔姆斯基，诺阿姆：(生于 1928) 美国语言学家，他在《句法结构》 （1957年）一书中所阐述的关于生成语法的理论曾使语言学研究发生突破性进展 〔Panini〕Indian grammarian. HisAshtadhyayi, one of the first works of descriptive linguistics, presents grammatical rules for Sanskrit. 帕尼尼：印度语法学家。他的《八章书》 是首先叙述语言学的著作之一，是梵语的语法规则 〔Lacan〕French psychiatrist who was an early adherent and interpreter of Freud's theories in France, but whose own theoretical and clinical work diverged greatly from Freud's. His collection of essays and lecturesÉcrits (1966) greatly influenced linguistics and literary theory. 拉肯，雅克：法国精神病学家，是佛洛伊德理论的早期追随者和译者，然而他自己的理论及临床实践却与佛洛伊德理论大相径庭。其论文及讲说集《文集》 （1966年）对语言学及文学理论影响深远 〔phonetician〕An expert in phonetics.语言学家：在语言学上的专家〔melioration〕The linguistic process by which a word over a period of time grows more elevated in meaning or more positive in connotation.改良：在一段时期里一个字的语义逐渐提高及内涵更明确的语言学过程〔Jakobson〕Russian-born American linguist. A founder of modern structural linguistics and modern phonology, he was particularly influential in the fields of Slavic languages, phonology, and poetics.杰克布森，罗曼：俄罗斯裔美国语言学家。现代结构语言学和现代音系学之父，对斯拉夫语、音系学和诗学领域具有特殊的影响〔phonetics〕The branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their production, combination, description, and representation by written symbols.语音学：语言学的分支，研究声音及其产生、结合、描述和用可写符号的表示〔metalinguistic〕Of or relating to a metalanguage or to metalinguistics.元语言的，纯理语言的：纯理语言的或与综合语言学相关的〔communicology〕The study of communication, including such fields as semiotics, audiology, and speech pathology.沟通学：沟通的研究，包括如记号语言学、听力学及言论病理学这些领域〔Meillet〕French linguist and Indo-Europeanist. He was the author of over two dozen books and reference works that are still widely consulted, includingThe Comparative Method in Historical Linguistics (1925). 梅里特，安东尼：法国语言学家及印度欧洲学家，他是超过24本以上书籍及持续广为使用参考作品的作者，包括《历史语言学的比较方法》 （1925年） 〔Bloomfield〕American linguist who introduced a behavioristic approach to linguistics in his textLanguage (1933). 布卢姆菲尔德，伦纳德：(1887-1949) 美国语言学家，在他的文章《语言》 （1933年）中他将一种行为主义方法引入语言学 〔etymology〕The branch of linguistics that deals with etymologies.词源学：有关词源的一门语言学分支〔bleed〕It seems only common sense thatbleed should be related to blood, but one needs some knowledge of historical linguistics to understand the relationship fully.In prehistoric Common Germanic, the hypothetical predecessor of Germanic languages such as English, German, and Swedish,the word.blōdha-, "blood,” the ancestor of our word blood, is assumed to have existed. From this noun was derived the verb.blōdhjan, "to bleed.” A change of sound then came into play in Old English, that is, thej, pronounced like the y in your, caused the vowelō, pronounced as in go, to become pronounced like the ö in German schön. Later in Old English thisō changed to ē, pronounced like the a in labor, eventually becoming like thee in bee by 1500. By this change, as well as others,.blōdhjan became Modern English bleed. 根据常识bleed 好象应该和 blood 联系在一起， 但要想全面理解这种关系，应具备一些历史语言学的知识。在史前日耳曼共同语，即日耳曼语言（如英语、德语和瑞典语）的假设前任语言中，我们使用的单词blood 源于 blodha- 意为“血”，被认为已经存在了。 从这一名词派生出动词blodhjan， 意为“流血”。 发音的改变出现于古英语中，即j， 发音与 your 中的 y 相似， 引起go 中的元音 ō 变得如德语 schon 中的 ö 。 后来在古英语中ō 变为 ē， 发音如 labor 中的 a， 最后在1500年前变得如bee 中的 e 。 通过这种变化，以及其他变化，blodhjan 成为了现代英语的 bleed 〔structural〕Relating to or concerned with systematic structure in a particular field of study, such as linguistics or the behavioral sciences.关于某一特殊研究领域如语言学或行为科学的系统性结构的，或与这一结构有联系的〔Labov〕American linguist who greatly advanced the study of sociolinguistics with his textThe Social Stratification of English in New York City (1966). 威廉拉玻夫，威廉：美国语言学家，以其著作《纽约市英语的社会分层》 （1966年）极大地推进了社会语言学的研究 〔form〕A linguistic form.语型：一种语言学形式〔metalanguage〕A language or vocabulary used to describe or analyze language.语言学术语：用以形容或分析语言的语言或单词 |
| 随便看 |
|
英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。