| 单词 | 语言学家 |
| 释义 | 〔Saussure〕Swiss linguist. The founder of structural linguistics, he declared that there is only an arbitrary relationship between a linguistic sign and that which it signifies. The posthumously published collection of his lectures,Course in General Linguistics (1916), is a seminal work of modern linguistics. 索绪尔，费迪南德·德：(1857-1913) 瑞士语言学家，结构主义语言的创始人，他声称在语言符号和其所指含义之间仅有一种模糊的关系。他死后，他的讲演集出版为《普通语言学教程》 （1916年），是现代语言学的开山之作 〔Trench〕British poet and philologist whose works includeOn the Study of Words (1851) and English Past and Present (1855). 特伦奇，理查德·切尼维克斯：(1807-1886) 英国诗人和语言学家，著作包括《词语研究》 （1851年）和 《英语的过去和现在》 （1855年） 〔Bakhtin〕Russian linguist and literary critic, whose writings, includingProblems of Dostoyevsky's Works (1929) and The Dialogic Imagination (1975), were very influential in 20th-century structuralism, poststructuralism, social theory, and the theory of the novel. 巴克廷，米克黑尔·密赫罗夫斯基：俄罗斯语言学家和文学批评家，其作品包括《杜斯妥也夫斯基作品中的问题》 （1929年）以及 《对话的想象》 （1975年），对20世纪的构造主义、后构造主义、社会理论及小说理论影响极深 〔Hockett〕American linguist and anthropologist whose works includeA Manual of Psychology (1955). He is also a composer of opera and orchestral works. 哈其斯，查尔斯：美国语言学家和人类学家，其作品包括《心理学简介》 （1955年）。他也是歌剧及管弦乐的作曲家 〔Sapir〕American linguist and anthropologist noted for his studies of Native American languages and his theories on the ways in which language shapes our perceptions.萨皮尔，爱德华：(1884-1939) 美国语言学家和人类学家，以其对美洲土著语言的研究和关于语言影响人们的感性认识的理论而著名〔Whorf〕American linguist who developed what came to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis in collaboration with his teacher Edward Sapir.沃夫，班哲明·李：美国的语言学家，与他的老师爱德华·沙皮尔共同合作发展出后来的沙皮尔-沃夫假说〔Jespersen〕Danish philologist noted for his contributions to phonetics and the teaching of languages. In 1928 he developed an international language called Novial.耶斯佩森，（金斯）奥托（哈里）：(1860-1943) 丹麦语言学家，以其对语音学和语言教学的贡献而闻名。1928年他发展了一种名叫“新为语”的国际语言〔Wright〕British lexicographer and philologist who is best known forThe English Dialect Dictionary (1905). 莱特，约瑟夫：(1855-1930) 英国词典编纂者和语言学家，他以《英国方言词典》 （1905年）而闻名于世 〔Labov〕American linguist who greatly advanced the study of sociolinguistics with his textThe Social Stratification of English in New York City (1966). 威廉拉玻夫，威廉：美国语言学家，以其著作《纽约市英语的社会分层》 （1966年）极大地推进了社会语言学的研究 〔Jakobson〕Russian-born American linguist. A founder of modern structural linguistics and modern phonology, he was particularly influential in the fields of Slavic languages, phonology, and poetics.杰克布森，罗曼：俄罗斯裔美国语言学家。现代结构语言学和现代音系学之父，对斯拉夫语、音系学和诗学领域具有特殊的影响〔nonstandard〕The termnonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandardis not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discoverythat the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structuresand that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakersrather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power.Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind.Many educated speakers freely use forms such ascan't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or informal tone. · Some dictionaries use the termsubstandard to describe forms, such asain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reservingnonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writingbut are still regarded by many as uneducated.Butsubstandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use onlynonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.词条nonstandard 被语言学家和词典编辑人引进用来描述以前已被词条，例如 vulgar 和 illiterate归类的用法和语言种类。 Nonstandand不只是委婉的说法， 而且反映了凭经验得到的发现：被具有权威的群体所用的语种有丰富而且系统的语法结构，而且这些误解被轻蔑描绘更经常地反映了对其说话者的判断，而不是对任何天生的逻辑和表达力的缺乏。然而，要注意，非标准语形式的运用并不必要限制于在公众心目中与其所联系的团体。许多受过教育的说话者自由地用这些形式如can't hardly 或者 ain't I 说流行或非正式的句子。 有些字典用substandard 来描述此类形式， 如ain't， 并与未受教育的言语相联系， 而同时保留nonstandard 用来形容 irregardless 这一类形式， 这些形式普遍用于写作中，但仍被许多人认为是未受教育的用法。但是substandard 本身很容易引起贬低含义的翻译， 大多数语言学家和词典编辑现在只用nonstandard， 在此词典后边有练习〔Crichton〕Scottish adventurer, linguist, and scholar whose intellectual achievements were lauded by Aldus Manutius and Thomas Urquhart. He was killed in a brawl.克赖顿，詹姆斯：(1560-1582) 苏格兰冒险家、语言学家和学者，他的学术成就曾受到阿尔杜斯·马努蒂乌斯和托马斯·厄克特的称赞。他在一次街头动乱中被杀害〔Bloomfield〕American linguist who introduced a behavioristic approach to linguistics in his textLanguage (1933). 布卢姆菲尔德，伦纳德：(1887-1949) 美国语言学家，在他的文章《语言》 （1933年）中他将一种行为主义方法引入语言学 〔phonetician〕An expert in phonetics.语言学家：在语言学上的专家〔alligator〕InThe Travailes of an Englishman, published in 1568, Job Hortop says that "in this river we killed a monstrous Lagarto or Crocodile.”This killing gives rise to the first recorded instance ofalligator in English, obviously in a different form from the one familiar to modern speakers.Alligator, which comes to us from Spanish el lagarto, "the lizard,” was modified in pronunciation and form in several ways before taking on the formalligator. Such changes, referred to by linguists as taboo deformation,are not uncommon in a name for something that is feared and include,for example, the change in sequence of ther and t that occurred between el lagarto and alligator. An interesting parallel case iscrocodile, which appears in Spanish, for example, ascocodrilo, with a similar difference in the sequence of the r. The earliest recorded form ofalligator that is similar to ours appears in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (First Folio, 1623): "In his needie shop a tortoyrs hung,/An Allegater stuft.”在出版于1568年的英国人的劳作 一书中， 约伯·霍特普说“在这条河里我们杀死过一只巨大的蜥蜴或鳄鱼。”这次捕杀导致alligator 作为首次载入英语的实例， 和现代人所熟悉的词形明显不同。Alligator 来源于西班牙语 ellagarto， 意思是“蜥蜴，” 在采用alligator 这个词之前，其发音和词形经过了好几种变化。 这些变化，语言学家们称作禁忌变形，在人们惧怕的某种事物的名称里是常见的，而且还包括r 和 t 在以下两个单词 ellagarto 和 alligator 间依次的变化。 一个同样有趣的例子是crocodile， 在西班牙语里是cocodrilo， 区别在于排列顺序不同的 r 上。 最早记载的alligator 其词形接近我们所使用的词形，出现于莎士比亚的 罗密欧与朱丽叶 中，（1623年第一版对开本）： “在他的日用品店中挂着一个玩具，一只布做的鳄鱼。”〔Grimm〕German philologist and folklorist who formulated Grimm's Law (1819), the basis for much of modern comparative linguistics. With his brotherWilhelm Karl (1786-1859) he collected Germanic folk tales and published them as Grimm's Fairy Tales (1812-1815). 格林，雅各布·路德维希·卡尔：(1785-1863) 德国语言学家和民间文学家，他创立的格林定律（1819年）成为现代比较语言学的基础。他与其弟威廉·卡尔 （1786-1859年）一起收集德国民间童话并出版了 《格林童话》 （1812-1815年） 〔Halle〕Latvian-born American linguist whose works includeThe Sound Pattern of English (1968), a collaboration with Noam Chomsky. 哈尔，墨利斯：拉丁裔美国语言学家，其作品包括《英语的发音模式》 （1968年），为与诺恩，察姆司基所共同研究的作品 〔presume〕Historical linguists posit a common ancestor from which both Romance and Germanic languages descend. Toassume is to accept something as existing or being true without proof or on inconclusive grounds: 历史语言学家认为罗斯语系和德语语系由同一种语言演变而来。 Assume 是指在没有证据或不确定的情况下认为某事是存在的或是真实的： 〔Hebraist〕A scholar who specializes in the study of Hebrew.希伯来语言学家，希伯来文化专家：专门研究希伯来语言或文化的学者〔Americanist〕A specialist in the study of American aboriginal cultures or languages.美洲文化语言学家，美国文化语言学家：研究美国（或美洲）土著文化或语言的专家〔explain〕"Ordinary language philosophers tried to explicate the standards of usage underlying the linguistic behavior of those who do not abuse this freedom" (Jerrold J. Katz).Tointerpret is to reveal the underlying meaning of something by the application of special knowledge or insight: “普通语言学家试图解释用法的标准，这种标准潜藏在那些不滥用这种自由的人们的语言行为中” （杰罗尔德J·卡茨）。Interpret 意思是用特殊的知识或洞察力来揭示某事潜在的意思： 〔Rask〕Danish philologist who was a founder of comparative linguistics.拉斯克，拉斯穆斯·克利斯蒂安：(1787-1832) 丹麦语言学家，比较语言学的创始人〔March〕American philologist and lexicographer noted for his work in comparative Anglo-Saxon linguistics.马奇，弗朗西斯·安德鲁：(1825-1911) 美国的语言学家和词典编纂家，以他在盎格鲁-撒克逊比较语言学方面的研究而闻名〔Passy〕French philologist who founded the International Phonetic Association (1894).帕西，保罗·爱多艾德：(1859-1940) 法国语言学家，创立了国际语音协会(1894年）〔Greenberg〕American linguist. His influential works includeLanguages of Africa (1966) and Language Universals (1966). 格林堡，乔瑟夫·哈洛伊德：美国语言学家，其具影响力的作品包括《非洲语言》 （1966年）及 《语言普遍性》 （1966年） 〔Chomsky〕American linguist who revolutionized the study of language with his theory of generative grammar, set forth inSyntactic Structures (1957). 乔姆斯基，诺阿姆：(生于 1928) 美国语言学家，他在《句法结构》 （1957年）一书中所阐述的关于生成语法的理论曾使语言学研究发生突破性进展 〔what〕Whenwhat is the subject of a clause, it may be construed as singular or plural, depending on the sense.It is singular when taken as the equivalent ofthat which or the thing which, as inI see what seems to be a dead tree; and it is plural when it is taken as the equivalent ofthose which or the things which, as inHe sometimes makes what seem to be gestures of aloofness. ? When awhat clause is itself the subject of a sentence, it may be construed as singular or plural,but the conditions governing this choice are somewhat more complicated.In general, awhat clause will be taken as a plural when the clause contains an explicit indication of its own plurality. There are two principal cases.First, the clause is plural ifwhat is the subject of the clause and the verb of the clause is itself plural: What seem to be two dead trees are blocking the road. What most surprise me are the inflammatory remarks at the end of his article. If the verb in thewhat clause does not anticipate the plural sense of the predicate in this way, a singular verb is generally used in the main clause as well,though the plural is sometimes found:What truly commands respect is (sometimes are ) a large navy and a resolute foreign policy. Second, thewhat clause is treated as plural when its predicate contains a plural noun phrase that unambiguously establishes the plurality of the clause as a whole, as inWhat traditional grammarians called "predicates" are called "verb phrases" by modern linguists. What the Romans established as military outposts were later to become important trading centers. In the absence of explicit plural marking of either of these types in a subjectwhat clause, the clause is usually treated as singular for the purposes of agreement, regardless of the sense:What she held in her lap was four kittens. What the apparent diamonds turned out to be was paste. In some cases, however, a clause withwhat as the subject may be treated as singular or plural, depending on a subtle distinction of sense. InWhat excite him most are money and power, the implication is that money and power are distinct elements; inWhat excites him most is money and power, the implication is that money and power are taken as constituting a single entity.See Usage Note at which 当what 作为从句中的主语时， 它既可被当作单数也可以为复数，这取决于词义。当被看作是that which 或 the thing which 时它就是单数， 如在I see what seems to be a dead tree（我看到个象棵死树的物体）” 这句话中； 当它被用作those which 或 the things which 的对应词时它是复数， 如在He sometimes makes what seem to be gestures of aloofness（他有时做一些似乎很超然的手势） 中。 当what 从句本身是句子的主语时， 它可被当作单数或复数，但决定这种选择的条件略为复杂些。总体上说，what 从句的含有对其数性明确指示时，它就可以将当作复数。 这有两种最主要的情况：首先，如果what 是从句的主语而该从句的谓语动词本身是复数，从句就是复数： What seem to be two dead trees are blocking the road.（象两棵死树的物体挡着路）； What mostsurprise me are the inflammatory remarks at the end of his article.（最令我吃惊的是他文章结尾处的煽动性言词） 。 如果what 从句的谓语动词并不预示谓语是复数， 主句中通常也用单数动词，尽管有时也可以发现有复数：What truly commands respect is（有时 are ) a large navy and a resolute foreign policy（真正博得尊敬的是强大的海军和坚定的外交政策） ； 其次what 从句在其谓语含有复数名词短语，并且其明显可建立整个从句的复数性时是被当作复数的， 如在What traditional grammarians called "predicates" are called "verb phrases" by modern linguists.（那些传统语法家所称为“谓语”的则被现代语言学家称作“动词短语”） What the Romans established as military outpostswere later to become important trading centers.（那些罗马人设为军事前哨基地的地方后来成为了重要的贸易中心）。 当what 从句主语缺乏这两类明确表示复数性的标记时， 从句通常为了一致性而不顾及词义地被当作单数：What she held in her lap was four kittens.（她抱在膝盖上的是四只小猫）。 What the apparent diamonds turned out to bewas paste.（那些看上去象真的钻石结果却是人造宝石） 。 然而，在一些情况下，以what 作主语的从句可被当单数或复数，取决于语义上微妙的差异。 在What excite him most are money and power（最让他兴奋的是金钱和权力）， 这句话中暗含着金钱和权力是不同的成分； 在What excites him most is money and power（最让他兴奋的是金钱和权力）， 这句话中暗含着金钱和权力是作为构成一个单一整体的成分 参见 which〔Kristeva〕Bulgarian-born French linguist, psychoanalyst, and writer who applies Freudian and feminist ideas to literature in works such asLanguage: The Unknown and Desire in Language, both published in 1969. 克利斯泰伐，朱莉娅：保加利亚裔的法国语言学家、精神分析家，以及将佛洛伊德及女权主义思想运用在作品中的作家，例如《语言：未知之物》 及 《语言中的欲念》 ，均出版于1969年 〔Haas〕American linguist best known for her comparative studies of Native American languages and for her many textbooks on languages of the Far East, especially Thai.哈斯，玛莉·罗莎蒙：美国语言学家，闻名于其拉丁美洲语言的比较研究及其许多以远东语言著作的教科书，尤其是泰文〔Meillet〕French linguist and Indo-Europeanist. He was the author of over two dozen books and reference works that are still widely consulted, includingThe Comparative Method in Historical Linguistics (1925). 梅里特，安东尼：法国语言学家及印度欧洲学家，他是超过24本以上书籍及持续广为使用参考作品的作者，包括《历史语言学的比较方法》 （1925年） |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。