| 单词 | 语音 |
| 释义 | 〔consonant〕A letter or character representing such a speech sound.辅音字母：代表这样语音的一个字母或文字符号〔shift〕A systematic change of the phonetic or phonemic structure of a language.变音：一种语言语音或音位结构的系统性变化〔barbarism〕There is a significant difference in meaning betweenbarbarism and barbarity. Both denote some absence of civilization,but the wordcivilization itself has several different senses, one the opposite ofbarbarism, the other the opposite of barbarity. On the one handcivilization may refer to the scientific, artistic, and cultural attainments of advanced societies; and it is this sense that figures in the meaning ofbarbarism. The English wordbarbarism originally referred to incorrect use of language, but it is now used more generally to refer to ignorance or crudity in matters of taste, including verbal expression:The New Yorker would never tolerate such barbarisms. On the other hand,civilization may refer to the basic social order that allows people to resolve their differences peaceably, and it is this sense—that is, civilization as opposed to savagery—that figures in the meaning ofbarbarity, which refers to savage brutality or cruelty in actions,as inThe accounts of the emperor's barbarity shocked the world. 在barbarism 与 barbarity 之间意义有明显的区别。 虽然两者都包含不文明的意思，但civilization 一词本身有好几种意思， 一种与barbarism 相反，另一种与 barbarity 相反。 一方面civilization 可以指在发达社会中科学、艺术、文化方面取得的成就， 这层意义能在barbarism 中得到体现。 英语词barbarism 最先指语音不正确的使用， 现在却更多地用来指品味方面的无知与鄙俗，包括动词表示法，例如：这个 纽约人 从不会容忍这些低级趣味。 另一方面，civilization 还可以指允许人们和平地彼此同化的社会基本规则。 在这个意义上，“文明”作为“残暴”的反义词，在barbarity 中得以体现， 指残酷的暴行或行为方面的残忍，例如句子这个皇帝的暴行被报道之后震惊了全世界 〔syllable〕A unit of spoken language consisting of a single uninterrupted sound formed by a vowel, diphthong, or syllabic consonant alone, or by any of these sounds preceded, followed, or surrounded by one or more consonants.音节：口语的一个单位，由一个不间断的音构成，该音可由一个元音、双元音和单音节辅音单独构成，也可由一个或多个辅音在前面提到的语音的任一个后面或前面与其共同构成〔dialect〕 Dialect applies to the vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation characteristic of a specific geographic area or locality. The Dialect 适用于特殊地理区域或位置的词汇、语法和语音特点。〔burr〕A trilling of the letterr, usually made with the tip of the tongue and characteristic of Scottish speech. 字母R：r 的颤音，通常指用舌尖发出的颤音而且具有苏格兰语音特征 〔phonics〕A method of teaching elementary reading and spelling based on the phonetic interpretation of ordinary spelling.读音法：以一般拼写的语音解释为基础教授基本拼读的方法〔trill〕A speech sound pronounced with such a vibration.颤音：讲话器官颤动发出的语音〔long〕"So long as we don't understand it too well, every other language is poetry"(Anatole Broyard)“只要我们对别的语音还不太了解，它们就都是诗”(阿纳托尔·布鲁瓦亚尔)〔affricate〕A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant followed by a fricative; for example, the initial sounds ofchild and joy. Also called affricative 塞擦音：由闭塞音伴随着摩擦音而形成的复杂的语音；例如child 和 joy的第一个音 也作 affricative〔consonant〕A speech sound produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by any of various constrictions of the speech organs.辅音：一种由语言器官的收缩所致的部分或完全的气流阻塞产生的语音〔purty〕Purty is probably the most common American example of metathesis, a linguistic process in which two adjacent sounds are reversed in order.Metathesis in English often involves the consonantr and a vowel, since the phonetic properties ofr are so vowellike. For example,the wordthird used to be thrid, and bird, brid. By the same process,Englishpretty often came to be realized as purty in regional speech. Most such words stabilized because of the influence of printing and the resultant standardized spelling,butpurty for pretty has survived in regional American dialects. Purty 可能是美国换位词最普遍的一个例子， 换位是两个相邻的音在顺序上调换位置的语法过程。英语中的换位经常包括辅音r 和一个元音， 因为r 的语音属性是非常像元音的。 举个例子来说，单词third 过去曾是 thrid 及 bird和brid。 具有同样的过程，英语单词pretty 在区域性语言中常被渐渐地认作 purty。 大部分这样的单词固定下来是因为印刷的影响以及由此而产生的标准化拼写，但是代替pretty 的 purty 却在美国区域性的方言中存在下来了 〔articulate〕To utter (a speech sound) by making the necessary movements of the speech organs.发音：通过使发音器官的必要运动发出（语音）〔phoneme〕The smallest phonetic unit in a language that is capable of conveying a distinction in meaning, as them of mat and the b of bat in English. 音位，音素：语言中最小的语音单位，可以表达意义上的区别，如英语里mat 中的 m 和 bat 中的 b 〔voice〕A sound resembling or reminiscent of vocal utterance:声：象或令人想起语音的声音：〔voice〕A specified quality, condition, or pitch of vocal sound:嗓音：语音具体的质量、条件或声高：〔phonogram〕A character or symbol, as in a phonetic alphabet, representing a word or phoneme in speech.音符：在语音中代表词或音的字母或符号，如在音标中〔dictionary〕A reference book containing an alphabetical list of words, with information given for each word, usually including meaning, pronunciation, and etymology.词典：含有字母顺序的参考书，提供有各个词的资料，通常包括词义、语音和词源〔sibilant〕A sibilant speech sound, such as English (s), (sh), (z), or (zh).咝音：发咝声的语音，如英语中的（s）、（sh）、（z）、（zh）〔phonic〕Of, relating to, or having the nature of sound, especially speech sounds.声音的，语音的：声音的，与之有关的，或具有音质的，尤指语音〔pronounce〕To use the organs of speech to make heard (a word or speech sound); utter.发音：使用发音器官使词或语音被听到；发出〔Sweet〕British phonetician and philologist. A founder of modern phonetics, he is known especially for hisHistory of English Sounds (1874). 斯维特，亨利：(1845-1912) 英国语音学家和语文学家，是现代语音学的创始人，尤以其著作《英语语音历史》 （1874年）而闻名 〔plosive〕Of, relating to, or being a speech sound produced by complete closure of the oral passage and subsequent release accompanied by a burst of air, as in the sound (p) inpit or (d) in dog. 爆发的：是、关于或成为由声道的完全闭合和而后伴有空气的爆发性释放而发出的一个语音，如pit 中的(p)或 dog 中的(d)这两个音 〔orinasal〕An orinasal speech sound, such as a French nasal vowel.一种鼻音化元音语音，比如法国鼻元音〔phonography〕A system of shorthand based on phonetic transcription.表音速记法：基于语音表述的速记方法〔allophone〕A predictable phonetic variant of a phoneme. For example, the aspiratedt of top, the unaspirated t of stop, and the tt (pronounced d ) of batter are allophones of the English phoneme t. 音位变体：音素的可测语音变体，如送气音t 在 top中， 非送气音 t 在 stop中， 还有 tt （发成 d ）在 batter中 ，都属于英语音素 t 的变体 〔flimsy〕The origin offlimsy, although uncertain, is not completely obscure.The word is first recorded in English in the 17th century in a dictionary of cant, the jargon of people such as thieves and beggars.Its early senses "frail" and "trivial"as well as its form may link it withflim-flam, recorded first around 1538.The nounflim-flam could mean "a piece of nonsense or idle talk,” and the adjective could mean "frivolous.” Flim-flam itself is a reduplication in which the patternfl—m occurs twice, the first time with the sound (ĭ);the second, with the sound (ă). Flim may be related to the Old Norse wordflim, meaning "a lampoon, libel.”Flimsy 的词源虽然不确定， 但并不是完全不清楚。这个单词在17世纪首次用英语记载于一本行话字典里，即记载如小偷和乞丐等人所使用的隐语的字典。它最初的意思是“脆弱的”和“轻微的”，其形式可能与flim-flam 有联系， 首次记载大约是在1538年。Flim-flam 作名词时意思为“一句无意义的或无聊的话，” 作形容词时可当作“琐屑的，无意义的”讲。 Flim-flam 本身是一个重叠词，fl-m 这样形式出现两次， 第一次是与语音（i）组合；第二次是与语音（a）组合。 Flim 可能与古斯堪的纳维亚语flim 有关， 其意思为“讽刺，诽谤”〔Cheyenne〕The Algonquian language of the Cheyenne.夏延语：夏延人所用的语音，属阿耳冈昆语族〔grammar〕The study of structural relationships in language or in a language, sometimes including pronunciation, meaning, and linguistic history.语法学：对语言间或一种语言内部的结构关系的研究，有时包括语音，语义或语言史〔accent〕One determined by the phonetic habits of the speaker's native language carried over to his or her use of another language.母语口音：受母语的语音习惯而影响他或她使用另一种语言时的发音〔dialect〕A regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech pattern of the culture in which it exists:地方话：语音、语法或词汇均有区别的地区性语言变体，特别是存在于标准文学语言或文化口语模式的口语变体：〔phonetic〕Representing the sounds of speech with a set of distinct symbols, each designating a single sound:代表语音的，表示发音的：用一套有区别的符号来代表语音的，每一个符号表示一个语音：〔letter〕A written symbol or character representing a speech sound and being a component of an alphabet.字母：一种书写符号或代表一个语音的特征，是字母表的组成部分〔phonotypy〕The practice of transcribing speech sounds by means of phonetic symbols.表音速记法：通过音标来描述语音的方法 |
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