| 单词 | 说明 |
| 释义 | 〔pocosin〕In coastal Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and the Carolinas,a swamp or marsh can be called apocosin or a dismal, the second term illustrated in the name of the Dismal Swamp on the border of North Carolina and Virginia.The wordpocosin possibly comes from Virginia Algonquian. The early settlers usedpocosin as a designation for low, swampy ground, especially a wooded swamp.在大西洋沿岸的弗吉尼亚、马里兰、特拉华和南北卡罗来纳州，一片沼泽或湿地可被称作pocosin 或 dismal， 后一称呼在位于北卡罗莱那和弗吉尼亚边界的迪斯默尔沼泽的名称中得到了说明。Pocosin 可能来自弗吉尼亚的阿尔贡金语。 早期的殖民者们用pocosin 作为低而潮湿的地面的称呼， 尤其是一片长有树木的沼泽〔starter〕"Deborah believes him, indicating, for starters, that she isn't the brightest"(Judith Crist)“德博拉丰信任他，这说明起初她不是最聪明的”(朱迪思·克里斯特)〔adder〕The biblical injunction to be wise as serpents and innocent as doves looks somewhat alien in the Middle English guise "Loke ye be prudent as neddris and symple as dowves.”Neddris, which is perhaps the strangest-looking word in this Middle English passage, would beadders in Modern English, with a different meaning and form. Adder, an example of specialization in meaning, no longer refers to just any serpent or snake, as it once did, but now denotes only specific kinds of snakes.Adder also illustrates a process known as false splitting, or juncture loss: the word came from Old Englishnǣdre and kept its n into the Middle English period, but later during that stage of the language people started analyzing the phrasea naddre as an addre —the false splitting that has given us adder. “象蟒蛇一样聪明，象白鸽一样无邪”的圣经训谕与在中古英语中的“象蛇一样智虑，象鸽子一样简单”的表达法看起来颇为不同。Neddris 也许是中古英语的中看起来较奇怪的一个词， 在现代英语中为adders ，意义和形式相差很大。 Adder 作为意义特殊化的一个例子，不再象从前一样表示蟒蛇或蛇， 而只表示蛇的特殊种类。Adder 同时也说明了错误分离或连音遗失的过程： 这个词来源于古英语的needre 并在中古英语中保留 n ， 但是在后来的英语发展阶段，人们开始将词组a naddre 分析为 an adder --这种错误的分离给我们提供了 adder 一词 〔exeunt〕Used as a stage direction to indicate that two or more performers leave the stage.退场：指导两个或多个表演员离开舞台时用的舞台说明〔exposition〕A setting forth of meaning or intent.说明：对意思或意图的阐述〔colophon〕An inscription placed usually at the end of a book, giving facts about its publication.末页：通常置于书尾部分的记录，说明该书的出版事项〔Dali〕Spanish surrealist artist known for his flamboyant personal style and his disquieting interpretation of fantastic images in meticulously rendered canvases. Among his most famous works isPersistence of Memory (1931), a desolate landscape inhabited by limp, melting watches. 达利，萨尔瓦多：(1904-1989) 西班牙超现实主义画家，以其色彩艳丽的个人风格和精细地描绘在画布上的怪诞画像的令人不安的说明而闻名, 最著名的作品是《永恒的回忆》 （1931年），在一片荒芜的土地上，住着一群柔弱感伤的看守者 〔explanation〕A mutual clarification of misunderstandings; a reconciliation.和解：为消除误解而进行的相互说明；和解〔confused〕a confused set of instructions.毫无章法的说明〔anesthesia〕The following passage, written on November 21, 1846, by Oliver Wendell Holmes,a physician-poet and the father of the Supreme Court justice of the same name,allows us to pinpoint the entry ofanesthesia and anesthetic into English: "Every body wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give you a hint or two as to names—or the name—to be applied to the state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called ‘Anaesthesia’ [from the Greek word anaisthēsia, "lack of sensation"]. This signifies insensibility . . . The adjective will be ‘Anaesthetic.’ Thus we might say the state of Anaesthesia, or the anaesthetic state.”This citation is taken from a letter to William Thomas Green Morton,who in October of that year had successfully demonstrated the use of ether at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.Althoughanaesthesia is recorded in Nathan Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary in 1721, it is clear that Holmes really was responsible for its entry into the language.TheOxford English Dictionary has several citations for anesthesia and anesthetic in 1847 and 1848, indicating that the words gained rapid acceptance.下面是奥立佛·万德·霍姆斯写于1846年11月21的一段话。作者是个诗人医生和与其同名的最高法庭法官的父亲。这段话能使我们断定anesthesia 和 anesthetic 进入英语的背景： “每个人都希望能够参与一次伟大的发现。我所要做的是告诉你一两个提示去命名，或能被应用于某种状态的名称。我认为这种状态应该被叫做Anaesthesia ［从希腊词anaisthesia “感觉缺失”发展而来］。 这个词表示无感觉…其形容词应该是‘Anaesthetic’。这样我们可以说感觉缺失的状态或感觉缺失”。这段话是从寄给威廉·托马斯·格林·莫顿的一封信上摘录下的，莫顿同年十月在波士顿的马萨诸塞总医院曾成功使用了醚。尽管南森·巴利于1721年把anaethesia 选入了 通用英语词源词典 ， 但是很显然是霍姆斯首先把这个词引入英语。牛津英语词典 上有几处引用了1847年和1848年有 anesthesia 和 anesthetic 的句子， 说明这两个词很快就被人们所接受〔illustrate〕To clarify, as by use of examples or comparisons.说明：通过举例子或打比喻等方法把问题讲清楚〔urgent〕As more nations acquire nuclear weapons the necessity for preventing war becomes imperative. Somethingexigent requires swift action or remedy: 当更多的国家拥有核武器后，阻止战争的必要性越发显得刻不容缓。 如果说某事是exigent 就说明此事要求快速的行动或补救： 〔dummy〕A set of bound blank pages used as a model to show the size and general appearance of a book being published.装帧样张：用以向印刷工说明在印书的大小和整体外观的装订在一起的空白页〔prodigious〕No one would now say, as did a character in Fanny Burney'sEvelina (1778), "You are prodigiously kind!”But this utterance, exclamation point and all,illustrates two important points about intensives, linguistic elements,such asextremely or awfully, that provide force or emphasis.One point is that we press words that originally had other meanings into service as intensives.Prodigiously is an adverb formed on prodigious, which meant such things as "ominous, amazing, enormous,” going back to the Latinprōdigiōsus, "portentous, marvelous, unnatural.”Prodigiously, first recorded in 1595, meant "portentously, ominously,”and was later used to mean "wonderfully, astonishingly,”therefore making a perfect candidate for use as an intensive.The other point about intensives illustrated byprodigiously is that they go in and out of fashion. The character inEvelina used prodigiously in a way that was no doubt very stylish; no one would find it so today.Perhaps the main reason for such shifts in the use of these intensives is that once they have been used for a whilethey no longer intensify.现在没有人会象芬妮·伯尼的小说埃维莉娜 (1778年）中的人物那样说， “您真是太好了!”但这种说法，感叹号和全句，说明了关于加强语气的重要两点，如extremely 或 awfully 这样的语言要素， 具有加强语气或表示强调的作用。要点之一是我们把一些最初有其他意思的词当作了加强语气的词来使用。Prodigiously 是在意为“不祥的，惊人的，巨大的”的形容词 prodigious 基础上形成的副词， 可追溯到拉丁词prodigiosus， 意思是“不祥的，奇异的，不自然的。”Prodigiously 最早记录于1595年， 意为“预兆性地，不祥地，”后来意为“奇妙地，惊人地，”因此很适于用作强调词。Prodigiously 说明的关于强调词的另一个要点是这些词流行一时然后就过时了。 埃维莉娜 中的人物使用 prodigiously 的方式无疑是很时髦的； 但今天已没有人这样用了。或许这些强调词用法变换的主要原因是一旦这些词被使用了一段时间后，其加强语气或强调作用就不再明显了〔enthuse〕The verbenthuse is not well accepted; its use in the sentenceThe majority leader enthused over his party's gains was rejected by 76 percent of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey.This lack of acceptance ofenthuse is often attributed to its status as a back-formation: such words often meet with disapproval on their first appearanceand only gradually become accepted over time.But other back-formationssuch asdiagnose (a back-formation from diagnosis that was first recorded in 1861) and donate (first cited in 1785 as a back-formation from donation ) are considered unimpeachable English words. This situation suggests thatin truth the continued lack of acceptance ofenthuse, first recorded in 1827, may have less to do with doubts about its lineagethan with shortcomings in its character.Unlikeenthusiasm, which denotes an internal emotional state, enthuse denotes either the external expression of emotion,as inShe enthused over attending the Oscar ceremonies, or the inducement of enthusiasm by an external source,as inHe was so enthused about the miracle diet pills that he agreed to do a testimonial for their television ad. It is possible that a distaste for this emphasis on external emotional display and manipulation is for some people the source of an uneasethat manifests itself in a distaste for the word itself.See Usage Note at intuit 动词enthuse 并未被广泛接受； 其在优势党领导人对本党的利益极为热衷 一句中的用法， 在早期调查中遭到用法使用小组百分之七十六成员的反对。Enthuse 所以不被接受常归因于它是由逆序造词法产生的词： 这种词通常在他们刚刚出现时遭到反对，只有随着时间的流逝才逐渐被人们接受。但是其它逆序生成的词，如diagnose （由 diagnosis 而逆序生成，最早见于1861年）和 donate （最先于1875年作为由 donation 一词的逆序生成词被引用）被看作无可挑剔的英语词汇。 这一情况说明，不接受enthuse 这个1827年便出现的词汇， 实际上并非出自对其来历的怀疑，而是由于其本身的缺陷。与enthusiasm 这一可表现出内在情感状况的词不同， enthuse 要么显示出情感的外在表达，如在她为参加奥斯卡颁奖仪式感到兴奋 一句中， 要么显示出外界对热情的诱惑，如他对神奇的减肥药十分热心，意欲为其电视广告写一份鉴定书 一句。 有可能由于对其强调外在情感的表现与处理的不满，导致了一些人不愿意使用这个词 参见 intuit〔representation〕An account or a statement, as of facts, allegations, or arguments.（事实、断言或评论）的说明，陈述：如对事实、断言或评论等的描述或陈述〔spell〕asked him to spell out his objectives.让他清楚明白地说明他的目的〔definition〕A statement of the meaning of a word, phrase, or term, as in a dictionary entry.释义：对单词、短语或术语的意义的说明，如字典的词条中的解释〔expression〕The act of expressing, conveying, or representing in words, art, music, or movement; a manifestation:表达，说明：用语言、艺术、音乐、行动来表达、交流或表现的行为；显示：〔externalize〕To manifest externally:以外因说明：表面上的证明：〔Yankee〕Yankee is an excellent example of a widely known word whose origins cannot be determined. The best hypothesis is thatYankee comes from Dutch Janke, a nickname forJan, "John.” Evidence can be found in theOxford English Dictionary that the forms Yankey, Yanky, and Yankee were used as surnames or nicknames in the 17th century. The wordYankee is first found in one of our modern senses in 1758, the sense being "a New Englander.” The 17th-century nickname forJan was derisive, and the first instances of our word show the term being used derisively by the British for New Englanders.After the Battle of Lexington (1775) New Englanders dignified the name.The British were responsible for application of the term to all Americans (a use first recorded around 1784);and Southerners, for application of the term to Northerners (first recorded in 1817).Yankee 是一个广为人知但来源不明的单词的极好例证。 最好的假设是Yankee 来自于荷兰语 Janke, 是Jan “约翰”的浑名。 从《牛津英语字典》 可以找到证据证明 Yankey,Yanky 和 Yankee 这些形式在17世纪曾被用作姓氏或浑名。 Yankee 一词的第一个现代意义出现于1758年，即“新英格兰人”。 17世纪Jan 的浑名含有嘲弄意味， 该词的第一例用法也说明英国人用它来嘲弄新英格兰人。在莱克星顿战役(1775年）后，新英格兰人赋于了它尊严与荣誉。英国人用该词来指称所有美国人（首次出现于1784年）；美国南方人则用它指称北方人（首次出现于1817年）〔interpret〕To explain the meaning of:说明：解释…的意思：〔afraid〕The notion of removal from a state of peace happens to be the basis for constructing.exfredāre, literally "to remove from peace,” the Vulgar Latin ancestor of our wordafraid. This Vulgar Latin word is made up of the Latin prefixex-, "out of,” and a Vulgar Latin verb of the form .fridāre or .fretāre, which came from Germanic.frithuz, "peace.” The Old French wordesfraier, "to disturb,” which subsequently developed from .exfredāre, came into Middle English asaffraien, a verb whose earliest recorded sense, found in a text composed possibly around 1300, is "to frighten, disturb.” Affray, the descendant of affraien, is little used in contemporary writing and speech, but the same cannot be said of the descendant of the past participle ofaffraien, our adjective afraid. 离开平静的状态，这个概念恰好是exfredare 一词的构词基础。 这个词字面意思为“离开平静”，是afraid 一词的俗拉丁语始祖。 这个俗拉丁语词汇由意为“离开”的拉丁语前缀ex- 和俗拉丁语动词形式的 fridare 或 fretare 组成， 这一俗拉丁语动词形式又源自日耳曼语frithuz, 意为“平静”。 古法语单词esfraier, 意为“打扰”是随后从 exfredare 发展而来的， 其以affraien 的动词形式传入中古英语，这个词最早的有记载的意义为“吓唬，打扰”，见载于约1300年的一篇文章中。 Affray 为 affraien 的派生词，其很少在当代文章以及口语中使用， 但这不等于说明affraien 的过去分词的派生词，现在的形容词 afraid 也很少使用 〔visual〕A picture, chart, or other presentation that appeals to the sense of sight, used in promotion or for illustration or narration. Often used in the plural:画面，图象：吸引视觉的图画、图表或其它描绘，用作宣传或解释说明。常用复数：〔explain〕"Man's whole life and environment have been laid open and elucidated" (Thomas Carlyle).Expound and explicate imply detailed and usually learned and lengthy exploration or analysis: “人的整个生命和生活环境都已得到说明和阐释” （托马斯·卡莱尔）。Expound 和 explicate 指详细的并且通常是学术的和冗长的考察与分析： 〔foreperson〕"A jury gives no reasons for its decision; it reaches a collective result, announced by the foreperson"(Hiller B. Zobel)“陪审团对其决定不说明任何理由；它做出集体的决定并由首席陪审员宣布”(希勒B.佐贝尔)〔illustrate〕To present a clarification, an example, or an explanation.说清楚：提供一条说明、一个例证或一条解释〔acting〕That contains directions for use in a dramatic performance:供演出用的：带有戏剧演出中之使用说明的：〔directive〕Serving to direct, indicate, or guide.管理的、指导的：用来管理、说明或指导的〔demonstrate〕To show to be true by reasoning or adducing evidence; prove:证实，论证：通过推理或引证说明真实性；证明：〔erase〕Cancel refers to invalidating by or as if by drawing lines through something written or by indicating that the force or effect of something has been terminated: Cancel 是通过或如同通过在某物上划线表示删除、消去或者通过说明某物的力量或效力已经结束而消除： 〔translate〕To express in different words; paraphrase.说明：用别的词表示；释义〔prudence〕An empty refrigerator illustrates a lack of forethought.空空的冰箱说明主人缺乏先见。〔guide〕Something, such as a pamphlet, that offers basic information or instruction:指南：提供基本信息及说明的东西，如小册子：〔toady〕A toady is not a pleasant individual,and the origin of the word makes being a toady even less pleasant.Toady is obviously derived from the word toad. The-y suffix can have diminutive force, and the earliest recorded sense (around 1690) oftoady (now obsolete), "a little or young toad,” illustrates this force. The sense we know has nothing to do with baby toadsbut rather with the practice of certain quacks or charlatans who claimed that they could cast out poison.Toads were thought to be poisonous,so these charlatans would have an attendant eat a toad or pretend to eat oneand then remove the poison from the attendant.Such an attendant is obviously a type of person who would do anything,and thustoadeater (first recorded 1629) was the perfect name for a flattering, fawning parasite. Toadeater and the verb derived from it, toadeat, influenced the sense of the noun and verb toad and the noun toady, so that both nouns could mean "sycophant"and the verbtoady could mean "to act like a toady to someone.” 拍马者并不是一个讨人喜欢的人，这个词的来源使做拍马者这种作法更加不令人喜欢。Toady 很显然是从 toad 这个词衍生而来。 后缀-y 可以有一种指小的效力， Toady 这个词最早有记载(1690年左右）的含义“一只小或幼年蟾蜍”（现已废弃）正说明了这种效力。 我们现在知道的含义与年幼的蟾蜍没有什么关系，而与某些宣称能够驱毒的冒牌医生或江湖郎中的某些做法有关。当时人们认为蟾蜍有毒，所以这些江湖朗中会叫一个手下人吃下一只蟾蜍或假装吃下一只蟾蜍，然后把毒物从他的手下人身体中驱除出去。很明显，这样一个帮手是一种什么事都会做的人，这样，用toadeater （最早记载于1629年）这个词来称呼奉承拍马的寄生者是再合适不过了。 Toadeater 和从它衍生而来的动词 toadeat 影响了作为名词或动词的 toad 和作为名词 toady 的含义， 于是二个名词都可以理解为“拍马者”的意思，而动词toady 有“在某人面前象一个拍马者一样行动”的意思 〔bespeak〕To be or give a sign of; indicate.See Synonyms at indicate 说明，指示：表示或给出指示；说明 参见 indicate〔Eros〕"The new playful eros means that impulses and modes from other spheres enter the relations between men and women"(Herbert Gold)“那个新出现的顽皮的厄洛斯正说明其它领域的冲动与模式已进入了男女关系”(赫伯特·戈尔德)〔subtitle〕A printed narration or portion of dialogue flashed on the screen between the scenes of a silent film.字幕说明：无声电影在场景之间短暂出现在屏幕上的说明或对话片断〔argument〕A course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood:论证：旨在说明真伪的推论过程：〔liable〕Liable, apt, and likely are often used interchangeably in constructions with following infinitives, as inJohn is liable to lose, John is apt to lose, and John is likely to lose. The three words are distinct in meaning.A widely repeated rule holdsthatliable should only be used if the subject would be adversely affected by the outcome expressed by the infinitive. The rule therefore permitsJohn is liable to fall out of his chair if he doesn't sit up straight but notThe chair is liable to be slippery, though constructions of the latter type have long been common in reputable writing.Apt usually suggests that the subject has a natural tendency enhancing the probability of an outcome, and that the speaker is in some way apprehensive about the outcome.Thusapt is more naturally used in a sentence like The fuel pump is apt to give out at any minute than in Even the clearest instructions are apt to be misinterpreted by those idiots (since the instructions are not at fault)or inThe fuel pump is apt to give you no problems for the life of the car (since there is no reason that the speaker should regard such an outcome as unfortunate).Likely is more general than either liable or apt. It ascribes no particular property to the subject that enhances the probability of the outcome:whileJohn is apt to lose the election may suggest that the loss will result from something John does or fails to do, John is likely to lose the election does not. Nor does it suggest anything about the desirability of the outcome from the point of view of either the speaker or the subject.A football coach who saysWe are apt to win may be suspected of sarcasm,and one who saysWe are liable to win may be suspected of having bet on the opposition;onlyWe are likely to win is consistent with the expression of an unambivalent expectation of victory. See Usage Note at likely Liable，apt 和 likely 在如下不定式结构中经常可以互换， 例如 John is liable to lose，John is apt to lose 和 John is likely to lose 。 这三个词的意思是有区别的。一条公认的语法规则认为，只有当主语受不定式所表示的动作或结果的不利影响时，才使用liable 。 因此这条规则允许说如果约翰不坐直身子的话，他很容易从椅子上掉下来的 ， 但不允许说椅子可能很滑 ， 尽管在规范的写作中，后一种类型的句型已经很普遍了。Apt 通常表示主语有增加某种结果的可能性的自然倾向， 而且说话者对此结果多少有些忧虑。因此，apt 用在句子 燃料泵可能随时停止运转 中，比用在 即使是最明了的指令也有可能被那些白痴误解 中更自然 （因为错的不是指令），也比用在燃料可能不会对你的车的使用寿命带来什么问题 中更合适 （因为说话者没有理由认为这样一个结果很不幸）。Likely 比 liable 或 apt 更具概括性。 它并不说明增加了一个结果的可能性的主语是否具有何特性：句子约翰在选举中可能会失败 可能暗示失败归因于约翰所做的或没能做的某件事， 而句子约翰在选举中有可能失败 则没有这种暗示。 另外，它也没有关于说话者或主语是否喜欢某一结果的暗示。如果一位足球教练说We are apt to win ， 他可能带有讽刺意味，但如果他说We are liable to win ， 他的意思是他认为他们可能会输；只有说We are likely to win ，才明确表示有希望获胜 参见 likely |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。