| 单词 | 诸如 |
| 释义 | 〔laconic〕As the study of the classics has disappeared from the curriculum,so has the ready understanding that terms such aslaconic once possessed. Laconic, which comes to us via Latin from Greek Lakōnikos, is first recorded in 1583with the sense "of or relating to Laconia or its inhabitants.”Lakōnikos is derived from Lakōn, "a Laconian, a person from Lakedaimon,”the name for the region of Greeceof which Sparta was the capital.The Spartans, noted for being warlike and disciplined, were also known for the brevity of their speech,and it is this quality that English writers still denote by the use of the adjectivelaconic, which is first found in this sense in 1589. 当古典研究从学校的课程中消失的时候，人们对于诸如laconic 之类的曾经黯熟的词汇的本来理解也同时失去。 Laconic 这个词是从希腊文 Lakonikos 经拉丁文流传下来的， 它第一次出现于1583年，意思是“拉哥尼亚的或拉哥尼亚居民的”。Lakonikos 源于 Lakon ， 意为“一个拉哥尼亚人，来自拉栖第梦的人”，它是希腊的一个地区名，斯巴达是其首府。以好战和纪律严明闻名的斯巴达人也同样因为言简意赅而闻名，laconic 这个词从1589年起被发现有言简意赅的意思起直到今天仍然被英国作家用来表示这一意思 〔way〕In American Englishways is often used as an equivalent of way in phrases such as a long ways to go. The usage is not incorrectbut is widely regarded as informal.在美国英语中，ways 的用法通常等同于诸如短语 a long way to go 中的 way。 这种用法并非不正确，但被广泛认为是不正式的〔handle〕wields a persuasive pen. It also connotes effectiveness in the exercise of intangibles such as authority or influence: 运用具说服力的笔杆子。 它还意味着其中有诸如权威和影响等不可捉摸的东西的效力： 〔lethargy〕Lassitude implies weariness or diminished energy such as might result from physical or mental strain: Lassitude 意指诸如可能因肉体或精神过度紧张等原因而引起的疲倦或精力的减弱： 〔reality〕One, such as a person, an entity, or an event, that is actual:实体：诸如人、实体或事件这样现实的东西：〔dirt〕Material, such as gravel or slag, from which metal is extracted in mining.矿渣：诸如砂砾或矿渣等物质，可从中提取金属〔limbo〕Our use of the wordlimbo to refer to states of oblivion, confinement, or transition is derived from the theological sense ofLimbo as a place where souls remain that cannot enter heaven, for example, unbaptized infants.Limbo in Roman Catholic theology is located on the border of Hell, which explains the name chosen for it.The Latin wordlimbus, having meanings such as "an ornamental border to a fringe" and "a band or girdle,” was chosen by Christian theologians of the Middle Ages to denote this border region.English borrowed the wordlimbus directly, but the formlimbo that caught on in English, first recorded in a work composed around 1378,is from the ablative form oflimbus, the form that would be used in expressions such asin limbō, "in Limbo.” 我们用limbo 这个词指被忘却、监禁或过渡的状态， 此用法源于Limbo 的神学含义， 指那些不能升入天堂的灵魂（如未受洗的儿童）所在地。Limbo 在罗马天主教的教义中指位于地狱的边境， 这也是为什么选这个词指地狱的边境的原因。拉丁词limbus 有诸如“流苏或穗状的装饰性花边“和”嵌条或腰带”的意思， 中世纪的基督教神学家选用这个词来指这种边界地区。英语直接借用了limbus 这个词， 但出现于英语中的limbo 这种形式， 首次记载于1378年左右完成的作品中，它源自limbus 的夺格形式， 这种用法是在短语in limbo 中出现的，意思是“在地狱的边界地区” 〔contemporary〕Whencontemporary is used in reference to something in the past, its meaning is not always clear.Contemporary critics of Shakespeare may mean critics in his time or critics in our time. When the context does not make the meaning clear,misunderstanding can be avoided by using phrases such ascritics in Shakespeare's time or modern critics. 当comtemporary 被用来指过去的事情时， 它的含义有时是很模糊的。Contemporary critics of Shakespeare 可以表示与莎士比亚同时代的评论家们或者我们当代的评论家们。 如果上下文不能说清楚意思，可以用诸如critics in Shakespeare's time（莎士比亚那个时代的评价家们） 或 modern critics（当代评论家们） 之类的短语以避免产生误解 〔corporative〕Of or relating to a government or political system in which the principal economic functions, such as banking, industry, labor, and government, are organized as corporate entities.法人实体的：政府或政治制度的，其经济职能，诸如银行、工业、劳务和行政管理构成了法人实体〔dive〕Eitherdove or dived is acceptable as the past tense of dive. Dived is actually the earlier form,and the emergence ofdove may appear anomalous in light of the general tendencies of change in English verb forms. Old English had two classes of verbs:strong verbs, whose past tense was indicated by a change in their vowel (a process that survives in such present-day English verbsasdrive/drove or fling/flung ); and weak verbs,whose past was formed with a suffix related to-ed in Modern English (as in present-day Englishlive/lived and move/moved ). Since the Old English period,many verbs have changed from the strong pattern to the weak one;for example, the past tense ofhelp, formerly healp, became helped, and the past tense ofstep, formerly stop, became stepped. Over the years, in fact, the weak pattern has become so prevalentthat we use the termregular to refer to verbs that form their past tense by suffixation of -ed. However, there have occasionally been changes in the other direction:the past tense ofwear, now wore, was once werede ; that ofspit, now spat, was once spitede ; and the development ofdove is an additional example of the small group of verbs that have swum against the historical tide. dove 或 dived 都可用作 dive的过去式形式。 Dived 实际上是早期词形，根据英语动词词形变化的趋势，dove 的出现似乎是不规则的。 古英语有两类动词：强式动词，其过去时形式由元音变化来体现（这一过程还存在于现代英语里，诸如drive/drove 或 fling/flung 等动词中）； 另一类为弱式动词，其过去时态形式由与现代英语-ed 后缀有关 （如现代英语中的live/lived 和 move/moved )。 自古英语时期以来，许多动词由强式变为弱式；例如help 的过去式形式以前为 healp ，已变为 helped ， step 的过去式由以前的 stop 变为 stepped 。 事实上，多年来弱式动词变得非常普遍，我们用术语规则动词 来指那些由加后缀 -ed 来构成过去式形式的动词， 然而偶尔也会向另一方向发生变化：wear 的过去形式现为 wore ，曾为 weared ； spit 的过去式现为 spat ，曾为 spitede ； dove 的发展是反历史潮流而动的一小组动词中的另外一小组动词的例子 〔neuroscience〕Any of the sciences, such as neuroanatomy and neurobiology, that deal with the nervous system.神经科学：诸如神经解剖学和神经生物学这类研究神经系统的科学〔methylamine〕A toxic flammable gas, CH3NH 2, produced by the decomposition of organic matter and synthesized for use as a solvent and in the manufacture of many products, such as dyes and insecticides. 甲胺：一种有毒易燃气体，CH3NH 2，通过分解有机物来制造，合成后用做溶剂，也用在许多产品中，诸如颜料与杀虫剂的制造中 〔parent〕The Usage Panel is better disposed to accept the verbparent than in previous surveys, though a majority continues to find it unacceptable.In 1968 it was acceptable to only 19 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey45 percent accepted it in the sentenceIn looking for foster homes, we give preference first to relatives and second to families with prior experience in parenting. · The use of the verbparent to mean "act as a parent to" is not entirely new:it occurs as early as 1884 in a metaphorical context.But its use in a literal sense with respect to children is a recent development and reflects a modern reconceptualization of family life.The word is not completely synonymous with the traditional expressionraise a child, though the precise nature of the differences may depend on the context.For some speakers,use of the word suggests a self-conscious shift from child to parent as the focus of the parental relationship,and it may be this implication that feeds critical reservations about the verb.But the usage also reflects a widespread practical realizationthat the activities required of a parent extend well beyond the direct interactionwith the child emphasized inchild raising. Thus theparenting classes for young parents offered by schools and state agencies encompass not only the activities traditionally associated with raising a childbut also topics such as personal self-sufficiency, household financial management, and methods of dealing with schools and health care agencies.See Usage Note at father 用法小组比以往更倾向于接受动词parent 了， 虽然还有大部分人觉得不可接受。1968年仅有19％的小组成员认同这种用法；在最近的调查中，有45％的人接受了它,如在：在寻找收养家庭时，我们首先选孩子的亲戚，其次是有过养育孩子经历的家庭 这样的句子中的用法。 Parent 的意为“做…的父（母）”动词用法， 并不完全是个新用法：早在1884年，在一个比喻性的文章中就出现过了。但就孩子这方面而言，它的本义是近期发展的结果并反映了现代家庭生活的观念。这个词并不与习语 raise a child 完全同义， 尽管不同之处确切的性质可能取决于说话背景。但对一些人来说，使用这个词暗含一个把家长的关系作为重点的自觉的从孩子到父母的转换，也许正是这个隐含的用意引起了关于这个动词批评性的保留。然而，这个用法也反映了广泛的现实认识，即要求父母的活动扩展到超出直接与孩子的相互作用，这个相互作用在 child raising 这个短语中有所强调。 因此，由学校和国家专门部门向年轻家长提供的 parenting 课， 不仅包括传统上与抚养孩子有关的事务，而且还包括诸如个人自给自足、家庭财政管理和同学校和保健部门打交道的方法等课题 参见 father〔servile〕servile tasks such as floor scrubbing and barn work.诸如擦地和侍弄牲口的佣人工作〔addict〕One who is addicted, as to narcotics.有瘾的人，嗜毒者：对诸如麻醉剂上瘾的人〔stent〕A slender thread, rod, or catheter inserted into a tubular structure, such as a blood vessel, to provide support during or after anastomosis.支架：插入诸如血管等管状结构的一细线、杆或导管，用于在吻合期间或之后提供支撑〔burger〕A sandwich consisting of a bun, a cooked beef patty, and often other ingredients such as cheese, onion slices, lettuce, or condiments. Often used in combination:汉堡：一种三明治，含有一个小而圆的甜面包和熟牛肉馅，经常也有诸如干酪、洋葱片、生菜或调味品等其他成分。通常几种成分合并在一起食用：〔unfreeze〕To remove a control or restriction on (prices or wages, for example).解除冻结，取消控制：取消对诸如价格或工资等的控管或限制〔venom〕A poisonous secretion of an animal, such as a snake, spider, or scorpion, usually transmitted by a bite or sting.毒液：一种诸如蛇、蜘蛛或蝎等动物的有毒的分泌物，通常通过咬或叮传染〔recoil〕 Flinch denotes a shrinking away from what is unpleasant or difficult;it often implies a faint-hearted retreat, as from a necessary undertaking: Flinch 含有从不愉快或困难之中退缩出来之意；它常指从诸如某个必须行使的任务中胆怯地退缩出来： 〔remedy〕Something, such as medicine or therapy, that relieves pain, cures disease, or corrects a disorder.药物；治疗：减轻痛苦，治疗疾病或者排除混乱的东西，诸如药品或者治疗〔mechanize〕To equip (a military unit) with motor vehicles, such as tanks and trucks.使（军队）机械化：用诸如坦克和卡车之类的机动车来装备（一军事单位）〔eschatology〕A belief or a doctrine concerning the ultimate or final things, such as death, the destiny of humanity, the Second Coming, or the Last Judgment.（宗教）末世观：一种关于事物最后或最终的结局，诸如死、人类的命运、来世以及最后判决，的信条或教义〔interior〕A representation of the inside of a building or room, as in a photograph.室内布景：诸如照片中的建筑或房屋的内部布置〔bioreactor〕A living organism, such as a bacterium or yeast, that is used in the biotechnological production of substances such as pharmaceuticals, antibodies, or vaccines.活有机物，如细菌或酵母，用于生物技术生产诸如医用药物、抗体或疫苗等物质中〔rector〕A Roman Catholic priest appointed to be managerial as well as spiritual head of a church or other institution, such as a seminary or university.首席神父：被指派管理某个教堂或诸如修道院或大学这样的机构，并充作其精神领袖的罗马天主教神父〔polygraph〕An instrument that simultaneously records changes in physiological processes such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and respiration, often used as a lie detector.多种波动描记器：一种能同时记录诸如心跳、血压和汗液分泌等生理变化的仪器，常被用作测谎器〔Africanize〕To make African, as in culture.非洲化：诸如文化方面使非洲化〔meme〕A unit of cultural information, such as a cultural practice or idea, that is transmitted verbally or by repeated action from one mind to another.谜米：文化信息的单位，诸如文化做法或想法，以口头或重复性行为从一个人的思想传递到另一个人的思想〔abolish〕Extinguish means to put out a flame or something likened to a flame: Extinguish 指扑灭诸如火之类的事物： 〔plus〕Philosophers of mathematics have long debated the proper analysis of the relation denoted by the + sign in equations such as 2 + 2 = 4,so it is not surprising that the syntactic status of its natural language equivalent, the wordplus, should be similarly problematic— though to be sure, the questions are primarily of theoretical interest.When mathematical equations are pronounced as English sentences,the verb is usually in the singular:Two plus two is (or equals ) four. By the same token,subjects containing two noun phrases joined byplus are usually construed as singular: 数学哲学家们已就诸如2+2=4这类等式中的“+”号所表示的关系的正确分析进行了长期的辩论，所以这一符号的自然语言对应物——即单词plus 的语法地位应同样不确定也就不足为奇了—— 纵然可以确定，这些问题也主要是理论上的兴趣。当数学等式被转化为英语句子，动词通常用单数形式：Two plus two is（或 equals ） four。 通过同样的记号，包含两个由plus 联结的名词短语的主语通常被视为单数： 〔diploma〕A document issued by an educational institution, such as a university, testifying that the recipient has earned a degree or has successfully completed a particular course of study.毕业文凭：由教育机构诸如大学颁发的证书，以证明接受者已获得学位或已成功地完成某项学业〔hanging〕Something, such as a tapestry, that is hung.悬挂物：一些诸如挂毯之类的悬挂物〔reception〕Conversion of transmitted radio waves or electric signals into perceptible forms, such as sound or light, by means of antennas and electronic equipment.接收：用天线和电器将传送播放的波或电信号转化为诸如声音或光线这样可感觉到的形式〔that〕The standard rule isthatthat should be used only to introduce a restrictive (or "defining") relative clause, which serves to identify the entity being talked about;in this useit should never be preceded by a comma.Thus, we sayThe house that Jack built has been torn down, where the clausethat Jack built tells which house was torn down, orI am looking for a book that is easy to read, wherethat is easy to read tells what kind of book is desired. Onlywhich is to be used with nonrestrictive (or "nondefining") clauses, which give additional information about an entity that has already been identified in the context;in this use,which is always preceded by a comma. Thus, we sayThe students in Chemistry 10 have been complaining about the textbook, which (not that ) is hard to follow. The clausewhich is hard to follow does not indicate which text is being complained about; even if it were omitted,we would know that the phrasethe textbook refers to the text in Chemistry 10. The use ofthat in nonrestrictive clauses like this, though once common in writing and still frequent in speech,is best avoided in formal style. ·Some grammarians have argued that symmetry requires thatwhich should be used only in nonrestrictive clauses, asthat is to be used only in restrictive clauses. Thus, they suggest that we should avoid sentences such asI need a book which will tell me all about city gardening, where the clausewhich will tell me all about city gardening indicates which sort of book is needed. Such use ofwhich is useful where two or more relative clauses are joined by and or or, as inIt is a philosophy in which the common man may find solace and which many have found reason to praise. Which is also preferred to introduce a restrictive relative clausewhen the preceding phrase itself contains athat, as inI can only give you that which I don't need (not that that I don't need ) or We want to assign only that book which will be most helpful (preferred tothat book that will be most helpful ). · That may be omitted in a relative clause when the subject of the clause is different from the referent of the phrase preceding the clause. Thus, we may say eitherthe book that I was reading or the book I was reading, where the subject of the clause (I ) is not the referent of the phrase the book. Omission ofthat in these cases has sometimes been described as incorrect, but the practice is extremely common and has ample precedent in reputable writing. ·There have also been occasional objections to the omission ofthat in its use to introduce a subordinate clause, as inI think we should try again. But this usage is entirely idiomatic and is in fact favored with some of the verb phrases that can introduce such clauses:thus, one would more normally write 标准规则中，that 应只被用于引导限定性（或“确定的”）关系从句， 这些从句用于明确正被谈论的实体；在这种情况下，前面决不能有逗号。因此，我们说杰克建的房子已经拆毁了 ， 在这里，从句杰克所建的 指明哪幢房子被拆毁了， 或者我正在找一本易读的书 ， 在这里，易读的 指明哪类书是需要的。 只有which 用于非限定性（或“不确定的”）从句中， 为已经在上下文中定义的实体提供附加信息；在此用法中，which 之前总有逗号。 因此，我们说化学10班的学生一直在抱怨这课本，实在 （不是 that ) 是太难懂了 。 从句which is hard to follow 并不指明哪一课本被抱怨； 即使它被省略，我们也知道the textbook 指化学10班的课本。 That 象这样用于非限定性从句中， 虽然在写作中曾很普遍而且在口语中依然频繁出现，但在正式文体中最好避免使用。一些语法学家认为对称性要求which 应只用于非限定性从句中， 就象that 只用于限定性从句中。 因此，他们建议我们应该避免诸如我需要一本关于城市园艺的书 这样的句子， 这里从句which will tell me all about city gardening 指明需要何种书。 当两个或多个关系从句被and 或 or 连接时， which 的这种用法很有用， 如是哲学使普通人找到慰藉并使许多人有理由去称颂。 Which 也用作引导限定性关系从句，在当前置短语中含有that 时， 如我只能给你我不需要的东西 （不是 that that I don't need )或 我们只想分发那本最用的书 （好于that book that will be most helpful )。 当从句主语与从句前短语所指不一致时，that 在关系从句中可以省略。 因此，我们可以说the book that I was reading 或者 the book I was reading 。 在这里，从句主语(I )和短语 the book 的主语不同。 在这些情况下，that 的省略有时被认为是错误的， 但是这在实际中极普遍而且在规范写作中有充分的先例。对于that 用于引导从句时被省略偶然持有异议， 如在我认为我们应该再试一次 中。 但这种用法完全符合语法而且实际上有一些引导这样从句的短语支持；因此，可以正常应用 〔residue〕Matter remaining after completion of an abstractive chemical or physical process, such as evaporation, combustion, distillation, or filtration; residuum.残渣：在诸如蒸发、燃烧、蒸馏或过滤等抽象的化学或物理变化过程结束后留下来的物质或残渣；残油〔vaudeville〕Stage entertainment offering a variety of short acts such as slapstick turns, song-and-dance routines, and juggling performances.杂耍：提供多种短小节目的舞台娱乐演出，诸如滑稽节目、歌舞节目以及魔术表演〔quarter〕When referring to the time of day,the articlea is optional in phrases such as (a) quarter to (or of, before, or till ) nine; (a) quarter after (or past ) ten. 当用来指一天的某一时间时，冠词a 在诸如 (a) quarter to （或 of, before 或 till ) nine； (a) quarter after（或 past ) ten 这类词组中可自由选择 〔aesthete〕One who cultivates an unusually high sensitivity to beauty, as in art or nature.审美家：对诸如艺术及自然之美具有异乎寻常高敏感度的人〔clerk〕A person who works in an office performing such tasks as keeping records, attending to correspondence, or filing.职员：在办公室工作的人员，从事诸如保管档案记录、保持通信联系或归档备案等工作 |
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英汉汉英双解词典收录301015条英汉双解翻译词条，可根据汉字查询相应的英文词汇，基本涵盖了全部常用汉字的英文读音、翻译及用法，是英语学习及翻译工作的有利工具。