| 单词 | 诺曼 |
| 释义 | 〔Mailer〕American writer. Acclaimed for his World War II novelThe Naked and the Dead (1948), he established New Journalism with his accounts of political events in the 1960's. Mailer's other works include The Deer Park (1955) and The Executioner's Song (1979). 梅勒，诺曼：(生于 1923) 美国作家，以他关于第三次世界大战的小说《裸者和死者》 （1948年）而获得好评。他凭60年代对政治事件的评论设立了新型态的新闻学。梅勒其他的作品包括 《鹿园》 （1955年）和 《刽子手之歌》 （1979年） 〔Borlaug〕American agronomist. He won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for his attempts to overcome world hunger through advances in agriculture.布劳格，诺曼·欧内斯特：(生于 1914) 美国农学家，因试图通过革新农业来克服世界性饥荒而获1970年诺贝尔和平奖〔Angell〕British economist and pacifist. He won the 1933 Nobel Peace Prize.安吉尔，诺曼：(1872-1967) 英国经济学家及和平主义者，获1933年诺贝尔和平奖〔Bayeux〕A town of northwest France near the English Channel. The famed Bayeux tapestry, housed in a museum here, depicts incidents in the Norman Conquest (1066). Population, 14,721.贝叶：法国西北部一城镇，靠近英吉利海峡。著名的贝叶挂毯保存于这里的一个展览馆里，它记载了（1066年）诺曼征服英国的事件。人口14,721〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔intrapreneur〕The wordentrepreneur is more than 150 years old, having come into English from French in 1828.But it is not until very recently that we find its intracorporate counterpart,intrapreneur, meaning "a person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation.”This coinage is generally attributed to management consultant Gifford Pinchot,author of the 1985 book entitledIntrapreneuring; others insist its true originator was Norman Macrae, deputy editor of theEconomist, although Macrae himself denies it.Still, whatever its exact source,in the scant number of years since its inception the termintrapreneur has gained currency very quickly. It has also given rise to various derivatives,such as the aforementioned gerundintrapreneuring, the noun intrapreneurship (as in a September 30, 1985, interview with Stephen Jobs inNewsweek : "The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship—only a few years before the term was coined—a group of people going in essence back to the garage, but in a large company"),the adjectiveintrapreneurial, and another noun, intrapreneurialism ("what has become known as intrapreneurialism, where people within the corporation acquire more adventurous small business outlooks,” by Ian Hamilton-Fazy in "An Uneasy Co-existence,”Financial Times, October 23, 1984). Broad use of a word and the development of numerous derivatives are strong signals predicting staying power within the language.Intrapreneur and its spinoffs are of particular interest to etymologists and lexicographers because they illustrate the constant changes inherent in a living language.entrepreneur 一词已有150多年的历史， 于1828年从法语传入英语。但是直到最近我们才发现其在公司内部的对应人物intrapreneur ， 意为“对通过果断地承担风险和革新使想法变为有利可图的成品这一过程承担直接责任的大公司里的高级成员”。这个新造的词普遍认为应归功于业务顾问吉福德·平肖，1985年出版的名为Intrapreneuring 一书的作者； 其他人坚持其真正的发明者是经济学家 杂志的副编辑诺曼·麦克里， 虽然麦克里本人否认这一点。然而，不管其准确的起源是什么，自它开始出现以来的短短几年中，intrapreneur 一词已很快流行开来。 它同样产生了多个衍生词，例如前面提到的动名词intrapreneuring ，名词 intrapreneurship （例如新闻周刊 于1985年9月30日斯蒂芬·乔布斯的采访中： “马金托什队通常地以出色的企业运作而闻名——仅仅是这个词条被发明的几年前——一群实质上是回到汽车房的人，而现在不过是大公司的汽车房罢了”），形容词intraprenurial 以及另一个名词 intrapreneurialim （以企业运作主义出名的地方，在那儿公司内部的职员获得更为冒险的商业前景”，伊恩·汉密尔顿一费茨的“不稳定的共存”，金融时报 1984年10月23日出版）。 一个词的广泛运用以及无数派生词的产生是预示语言内部持久力的强烈的信号。词源学家以及词典编纂者对intrpreneur 以及它的派生词产生了独特的兴趣， 因为它们说明现用语言所固有的持续不断的变化〔Rockwell〕American illustrator whose works, many of which appeared on the cover of theSaturday Evening Post, offer a nostalgic, idealized view of everyday American life. 罗克韦尔，诺曼：(1894-1978) 美国插图画家，他的绘画表现了对理想化的美国人日常生活的怀恋，很多刊登在《周六晚邮报》 的封面上 〔Northampton〕A borough of central England north-northwest of London. Its Norman castle was the meeting place for parliaments from the 12th to the 14th century. Population, 158,900.北安普敦：英格兰中部伦敦西北偏北的自治镇，它的诺曼城堡自12世纪到14世纪为议会会议地点。人口158,900〔Tancred〕Norman soldier. A leader in the First Crusade (1096-1099), he served as regent of the principality of Antioch (1101-1112).坦克雷德：诺曼军人，他是第一次十字军的首领之一(1096-1099年），曾担任安条克公国的摄政〔earwig〕In an Anglo-Norman text written around the beginning of the 15th century we are told that elephants guard their ears diligently against flies and earwigs.Elephants have good cause to protect themselves against these insects if, as folklore has it, earwigs go through the ear into the head.The earwig, however, prefers to dine on things such as flowers, fruit, and small insectsrather than brain tissue.Folklore is responsible, though, for the insect's name,which was formed in Old English fromēare, the Old English source of our word ear, and wicga, "insect,” a word presumably related to our word wiggle. 大约在15世纪初期，有一本盎格鲁·诺曼的课本提到大象很小心地保护它们的耳朵，以防苍蝇和蠼螋。民间传说讲，蠼螋会通过耳朵进入大脑，大象防范这些昆虫是很有理由的。但是蠼螋喜欢吃花朵、水果及一些小昆虫，而不是大脑组织。然而民间传说却产生了这种昆虫的名字，当时是由古英语词eare ，即我们的 ear 的古英语词源及可能和现代词 wiggle 有关的意为“昆虫”的 wicga 组成的 〔Norman〕Of or relating to Normandy, the Normans, their culture, or their language.诺曼的：有或与诺曼底人，诺曼人，他们的文化或语言的有关的〔Hinshelwood〕British chemist. He shared a 1956 Nobel Prize for research on the kinetics of chemical reactions.辛谢尔伍德，西里尔·诺曼：(1897-1967) 英国化学家，因研究化学反应的动力学与另一科学家一同获得1956年的诺贝尔奖〔slatch〕In New Englandaslatch can be a lull between breaking waves or a lull in a high windstorm.Its use is recorded as far back as the 17th century: "Whan it hath beene a sett of foule weather and that there comes an Interim . . . of faire weather . . . they call it a little Slatch of faire weather" (Nomenclator Navalis).Occurrence of the word in both its senses,formerly in Britainand now in New England,attests continuous use down through the centuries of the Old English wordslæc, which is pronounced today as it was in Old English.Slæc is also the source of modern slack, the relationship ofslatch and slack being evidenced in the use of slatch in 17th-century nautical parlance to denote the slack part of a rope or cable on a ship. 在新英格兰，slatch 可能是中断的波浪之间的平静， 也可能是强烈风暴中的平静。它有记载的使用可以追溯到17世纪： “当一段坏天气中出现一阵…好天气时…他们把它叫做一小强烈风暴间的好天气” （诺曼克莱特·那瓦利斯）。这个词出现在这两个意思中，以前在英国使用，现在是在新英格兰，这证明了古英语中sloc 这个词经历几个世纪的不断的使用， 它现在的发音与它在古英语中的发音一样。Sloc 还是现代英语中 slack 这个词的词源， 17世纪航海用语中用slatch 这个词来表示船上绳索松散的部分，这清楚地表明了 slatch 与 slack 这两个词之间的联系 〔droop〕"He drooped his body over the rail"(Norman Mailer)“他把自己的身体积垂在栏杆上”(诺曼·梅勒)〔tennis〕Surprisingly, the origin of the wordtennis is not precisely known, even though much is known about the history of this sport. The word in the formtenetz is first recorded in a work written around 1400. The game referred to is what is now calledcourt tennis, or real tennis, which is played on a large indoor court with a specially marked-out floorand high cement walls off which the ball may be played.It seems likely that the Middle English formtenetz is from tenetz, an Anglo-Norman variant of the Old French word tenez, the imperative oftenir, "to hold,” and meaning "receive,” said by the server to his opponent.As this evidence indicates, tennis originated in medieval France,but the French called the game, then as now,la paume. Bytennis we do not mean what tenetz or la paume meant but rather lawn tennis, a term first recorded around 1874, shortly after an early form of lawn tennis, descended from court tennis, was introduced. Unlike court tennis, which is traditionally associated with the rich and the royal, tennis is open to players from a wide spectrum of society,although it certainly is not unconnected with the rich and the royal.令人惊讶的是，尽管人们对这项运动的历史知之甚多，但tennis 一词的起源却不被人所详细了解。 在约1400年，此词以tenetz 的形式第一次出现在书面上。 其所指的运动就是现在所谓的court tennis 或 real tennis ， 这是一种在有标记的地板的室内场地上进行的运动，场地四周有很高的泥灰墙。而中古英语的tenetz 有可能是从 tenetz 这个古法语中的盎格鲁-诺曼变体 tenez 得来的。 而该古法语词又是tenir 一词的祈使式， 意为“抓住，握住”，而发球人对其对手说时意义为“接住”。这一例子似乎说明网球运动起源于中世纪的法国，但是在法语中，这项运动从古至今一直被称为la paume 。 我们用tennis 这一词其实指代的不是 tenetz 或者 la paume 指代的事物，而是 lawn tennis 这一在1874年前后第一次被记录的词语所指代的事物，此时由庭院网球演变而来的草地网球的一种早期形式正在被介绍开来。 不象传统上与富人和贵族联系紧密的庭院网球，网球运动适合社会各阶层的人，当然这并不是说这一运动就与富人和贵族没有联系〔blend〕"The smoke blended easily into the odor of the other fumes"(Norman Mailer)“烟很快和其他燃料的气味混起来”(诺曼·梅勒)〔Geddes〕American architect and theatrical and industrial designer who popularized the concept of streamlining.格迪斯，诺曼·贝勒：(1893-1958) 美国建筑师，剧院和工业设计人，曾推广了流线型的概念〔tallage〕An occasional tax levied by the Anglo-Norman kings on crown lands and royal towns.摊派税：盎格鲁－诺曼国王不定期地向王室领地和所管辖城镇征收的税〔Norman〕A city of central Oklahoma south of Oklahoma City. The University of Oklahoma opened here in 1892. Population, 80,071.诺曼：美国俄克拉荷马城南部俄克拉荷马中心的城市。1892年俄克拉荷马大学开学于此。人口80,071 |
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