| 单词 | 诺曼底 |
| 释义 | 〔oyez〕Hearing the cry "Oyez, oyez, oyez,” in a courtroommay have puzzled more than one auditor,especially if pronounced "O yes.” (Many people have thought that in fact it is likeO yes. ) This cry serves to remind us that up until the 18th century,speaking English in a British court of law was not requiredand one could instead use Law French,a form of French that evolved after the Norman Conquest, when Anglo-Norman became the language of the official class in England.Oyez descends from the Anglo-Norman oyez, the plural imperative form ofoyer, "to hear"; thusoyez means "hear ye" and was used as a call for silence and attention. Although it would have been much heard in Medieval England,it is first recorded as an English word fairly late in the Middle English period,in a work composed around 1425.在审判室里听到"Oyez，oyez，oyez"的声音，被迷惑的不仅仅是一个听者，尤其是当它的发音为"O yes"时。（许多人本认为事实上它象Oyes。 ) 这叫声用来提醒我们一直用到18世纪，当时不要求在英国法庭上讲英语，且人们可用法国法律，这是在诺曼底征服之后，当盎格鲁-诺曼语言成为英格兰官方阶级语言时发展起来的一种法语形式。Oyez 源于盎格鲁-诺曼语言 oyez， 是oyer 的复数祈使动词，意思是“听”； oyez 并被用来作为要求安静和注意的号令。 虽然这个词在中世纪的英格兰听得较多，但它第一次作为英语单词被记录下来是在中古英语时期的后期 ，出现于1425年左右创作的一本作品上〔billet〕One of a series of regularly spaced, log-shaped segments used horizontally as ornamentation in the moldings of Norman architecture.错齿饰：一系列整齐隔开的圆木段之一，在诺曼底建筑装饰平条上用作水平方向的装饰物〔Norman〕A native or inhabitant of Normandy.诺曼底的本土人或居民〔Neustria〕The western part of the kingdom of the Merovingian Franks from the sixth to the eighth century, in present-day northwest France. It engaged in almost constant warfare with Austrasia, the eastern portion of the realm. After 912 the name was applied to Normandy.诺伊斯特里亚：6至8世纪法国墨洛克王朝的西部地区，位于现在法国的西北部。它几乎一直与奥地利处于战争状态。奥地利在这个王国的东部地区。1912年后，其名称改为诺曼底〔soldier〕Why do soldiers fight?One answer is hidden away in the wordsoldier itself. Its first recorded occurrence is found in a work composed around 1300,the word having come into Middle English (assoudier ) from Old French soudoior and Anglo-Norman soudeour. The Old French word,first recorded in the 12th century,is derived fromsol or soud, Old French forms of Modern French sou. There is no longer a French coin namedsou, but the meaning of the wordsou alerts us to the fact that money is involved. Indeed, Old Frenchsol referred to a coin and also meant "pay,”and asoudoior was a man who fought for pay. This was a concept worth expressing in an era when many men were not paid for fighting but did it in service to a feudal superior.Thussoldier is parallel to the word mercenary, which goes back to Latinmercēnnārius, derived frommerces, "pay,” and meaning "working for pay.”The word could also be used as a noun,one of whose senses was "a soldier of fortune.”士兵们为什么而打仗?其中一个答案就隐藏在soldier 这个单词里面。 在大约1300年的一本著作中发现了这个词的最早记载。这个词由古法语的soudoior 和盎格鲁诺曼底语中的 soudeour 进入中古英语（形式为 soudier )。 古法语中的这个单词，最早记录于12世纪，是由sol 或 soud ，现代法语单词 sou 的古法语形式衍变而来的。 已经没有叫做sou 的法国硬币了， 但是单词sou 的意思使我们意识到这和钱有关。 实际上，古法语中的sol 指的是一枚硬币， 也意味着“报酬”，而soudoior 是一个为了报酬而打仗的人。 在许多人打仗并没有得到报酬而是给封建王服役的时代里，这种概念是值得表达出来的。这样，士兵(soldier) 类似于 雇佣兵(mercenary) ， 可以追溯到拉丁文mercennarius ， 由merces “报酬”衍变而来， 意思是“为报酬而工作”。这个词也能当名词使用，其中的一个意思是“雇佣兵”〔Rollo〕Norse chieftain and the first duke of Normandy.罗洛：古斯堪的纳维亚海盗头子及诺曼底公国的第一位公爵〔Normandy〕A historical region and former province of northwest France on the English Channel. Part of ancient Gaul, the region was successively conquered by the Romans, Franks, and Norse; passed to England after the Norman Conquest (1066) and during the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453); and was restored to France in 1450. Its beaches were the focal point of Allied landings on D-day (June 6, 1944) in World War II.诺曼底：英吉利海峡的历史地区，以前为法国西北一个省。古代高卢的一部分，这一地区相继被罗马人，弗兰克人和诺斯人征服，诺曼人征服(1066年）后和英法百年战争期间(1337-1453年）归属英格兰，于1450年归还法国。二战中联军登陆(1944年6月6日）地点即为诺曼底海滩〔Rouen〕A city of northern France on the Seine River west-northwest of Paris. Of pre-Roman origin, it was repeatedly raided by the Norse in the ninth century, became the capital of medieval Normandy in the tenth century, and was held by the English from 1418 to 1449. Joan of Arc was burned at the stake here in 1431. Population, 101,945.卢昂：法国北部塞纳河上一城市，位于巴黎西北以西。该市的历史可追溯到古罗马人统治以前的时期，它在9世纪时不断受到古斯堪的纳维亚人的袭击，10世纪时成为中世纪诺曼底的首都，并从1418年至1449年受英国人统治。圣女贞德于1431年在该市的火刑柱上被烤死。人口101,945〔coroner〕Coroner comes from Anglo-Norman corouner, a word derived fromcoroune, "crown.” Corouner was the term used for the royal judicial officer who was called in Latin custos placitorum coronae, or "guardian of the crown's pleas.” The person holding the office of coroner, a position dating from the 12th century, was charged with keeping local records of legal proceedings in which the crown had jurisdiction.He helped raise money for the crown by funneling the property of executed criminals into the king's treasury.The coroner also investigated any suspicious deaths among the Normans,who as the ruling class wanted to be sure that their deaths were not taken lightly. At one time in England all criminal proceedings were included in the coroner's responsibilities.Over the years these responsibilities decreased markedly,but coroners have continued to display morbid curiosity.In the United States, where there is no longer the crown, a coroner's main duty is the investigation of any sudden, violent, or unexpected death that may not have had a natural cause.Coroner 一词来源于盎格鲁-诺曼底语中的 corouner ， 是从coroune “王冠”变来的。 Corouner 是皇家司法官，在拉丁语叫 custos placitorum coronae 或“国王请求的保护者。” 起源于12世纪的这一职位，当时负责记录当地的国王具有裁判权的法律程序。持这一职位者通过收集死刑犯的财产入国库来为国王聚殓钱财。他也负责调查诺曼底人中任何可疑的死亡。因诺曼底人是统治阶级，他们希望确知他们的死没有被轻看。在英国曾由验尸官一度负责罪犯的全部事务。随着时间推移。这些责任明显减少，但仍继续显示对死亡的调查的兴趣。在美国，已不再有国王，验尸官的主要任务是调查任何突发的、剧烈的或预料不到的，大概无自然原因的死亡〔Jersey〕The largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. It was annexed by the Normans in 933, and French influence has persisted since autonomy was granted in 1204.泽西岛：英吉利海峡上最大的岛屿。933年被诺曼底兼并，自1204年被授予自治权以来一直为法国所属〔bigot〕A bigot may have more in common with God than one might think.Legend has it that Rollo, the first duke of Normandy, refused to kiss the foot of the French king Charles III,uttering the phrasebi got, his borrowing of the assumed Old English equivalent of our expressionby God. Although this story is almost certainly apocryphal,it is true thatbigot was used by the French as a term of abuse for the Normans, but not in a religious sense. Later, however, the word, or very possibly a homonym,was used abusively in French for the Beguines, members of a Roman Catholic lay sisterhood.From the 15th century on Old Frenchbigot meant "an excessively devoted or hypocritical person.” Bigot is first recorded in English in 1598 with the sense "a superstitious hypocrite.” 一个偏执的人往往比人们想象的更接近上帝。传说第一位诺曼底公爵罗洛拒绝亲吻法国皇帝查理三世的脚时，说了bi got 这个词， 他是借用了假设的古英语里的词。其相当于我们今天的by God （老天作证）这一用法。 尽管这个故事肯定不足为信，但bigot 一词是确实是法国人对诺曼底人的蔑称， 然而无宗教色彩。后来，这个词，很可能是同音异义词，在法语中用来蔑指女修道者──罗马天主教姐妹会成员。从15世纪起，在古法语中，bigot 一词意为“过分虔诚或伪善的人”。 Bigot 首次以英语记载是在1598年，其意为“迷信的伪君子。” 〔Maupassant〕French writer whose works, mainly realistic short stories such as "The Necklace,” examine hypocrisy, madness, Parisian society, and peasant life in Normandy.莫泊桑，（亨利·阿尔贝特）盖伊·德：(1850-1893) 法国作家，其作品以现实主义短篇小说为主，如“项链”，考察了巴黎社会的虚伪和疯狂，描绘了诺曼底的农民生活〔scrumptious〕"Normandy . . . where the bosky landscape is enchanting[and the pen] inadequate to describe the scrumptious food and wine" (Daily Telegraph)See Synonyms at delicious “诺曼底…一个树木茂盛的令人陶醉的地方［和］ 无法用笔触来形容那甘甜味美的食品和酒水” (每日电传) 参见 delicious〔Maine〕also [mĕn] A historical region and former province of northwest France south of Normandy. United with Anjou in 1126, it passed to England when Henry Plantagenet became king in 1154. Maine reverted to the French crown in 1481. 也作 [mĕn] 缅因：法国历史上西北部的一个地域和以前省份，位于诺曼底以南。1126年和安茹统一，当金雀花王朝的亨利于1154年成为国王时它被划归英国。缅因于1481年回归法国国王的统治〔Montgomery〕British army officer who during World War II commanded the British victories over German forces in North Africa (1942) and the Allied advance through Normandy (1944).蒙哥马利，伯纳德·劳：(1887-1976) 英国陆军军官，在第二次世界大战中指挥北非战役(1942年），率英军击溃德军并率同盟军参加了诺曼底登陆(1944年）〔Eisenhower〕American general and the 34th President of the United States (1953-1961). As supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (1943-1945) he launched the invasion of Normandy (June 6, 1944) and oversaw the final defeat of Germany (1945). His presidency was marked by an end to the Korean War (1953), domestic racial problems, cold war with the Soviet Union, and a break in diplomatic relations with Cuba (1961).艾森豪威尔，德怀特·戴维：(1890-1969) 美国将领，第34任美国总统（1953-1961年）。任盟军远征军最高司令时（1943-1945年）发动了诺曼底登陆（1944年6月6日），最终打败了德国（1945年）。任总统期间突出的事件是，终止了朝鲜战争（1953年），国内种族问题，与前苏联的冷战，中断与古巴的外交关系（1961年）〔Norman〕Of or being a style of Romanesque architecture that was introduced from Normandy into England before 1066 and that flourished until about 1200.罗马式建筑：有或是罗马式建筑形式的，于1066年前从诺曼底传入英格兰，繁荣直至1200年 |
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