| 单词 | 课文 |
| 释义 | 〔gloss〕A brief explanatory note or translation of a difficult or technical expression usually inserted in the margin or between lines of a text or manuscript.注释，注解：简短的说明注释或翻译，常关于较难的或技术性的表达词句，一般插在备注栏或课文或稿件的行间〔craft〕Craft has been used as a verb since the Old English period and was used in Middle English to refer specifically to the artful construction of a text or discourse.In recent years,crafted, the past participle of craft, has enjoyed a vogue as a participle referring to well-wrought writing. This may be a sign that the Jamesian conception of the literary muse has begun to yield to a Trollopian conception of literature as a kind of intellectual handicraft;or it may indicate little more than the desperation with which book reviewers seize on any novel adjective.In any event, the usage is more acceptable when applied to literary works than to other sorts of writing,and more acceptable as a participle than as a verb.It was acceptable to 73 percent of the Usage Panel in the phrasebeautifully crafted prose. By contrast, only 35 percent of the Panel accepted the sentenceThe planners crafted their proposal so as to anticipate the objections of local businesses. Craft 这一词语在古英语时期就被用作动词， 在中古英语中它被用来指某一课文或论述的精巧句法结构。近几年来，crafted 即 craft 这一词的过去分词被广泛用于描述写作佳品。 这可能是詹姆士文学灵感观念开始让位于作为一种智力创作技巧的特罗洛普文学观念的一个信号；或者它也有可能暗示了书评作者们对采用小说修饰语的进一步失望。不管怎样，把它用于指文学作品比用于指其它类型的写作更易被人接受，而用作分词比用作动词更易被人接受。用法专题使用小组中73%的成员认同它在精美构思的散文 这一短语中的用法。 与此相反，只有35%的成员认同它在策划者们制订计划以预防地方商业的阻挠 这一句子中的用法 〔recitation〕Oral delivery of prepared lessons by a pupil.背书：小学生将已准备好的课文口头背出来〔gloss〕An extensive commentary, often accompanying a text or publication.集注：概括的注解说明，常附于课文或出版物后面〔pueblo〕The identity of the Pueblo peoples is undeniably connected to the stone and adobe dwellings they have occupied for more than 700 years—especially from an etymological point of view.Originally coming from the Latin wordpopulus, "people, nation,” the Spanish wordpueblo, meaning "town, village,” as well as "nation, people,”was naturally applied by 16th-century Spanish explorers to villages that they discovered or founded in the Southwest.The English wordpueblo is first recorded in an American text in this sense in 1808, marking it as an Americanism.The distinctive adobe or stone villages of the Pueblo peoples,with some buildings rising as high as five stories,must have impressed the Spaniards considerably,becausepueblo came to be transferred from a name for the village to a name for its inhabitants, perhaps in honor of their architectural achievements or simply as an obvious way to distinguish the Pueblo from other Native American peoples.The first recorded usage of this sense is found in 1834.无可质疑，普埃布洛族的象征是与他们已经居住了700年的土石结构房屋联系在一起的——尤其是从词源学的角度来看。最初源于意为“民族，国家”的拉丁语populus， 意为“城镇，村庄”的西班牙语pueblo ， 同时也有“民族，国家”的意思，16世纪的西班牙探险家们很自然地用这个词来称呼他们在西南部发现或建立的村庄。英语中pueblo 的这个含义最早记载于1808年的一篇美国课文中， 这标志着它成了一个美语词。普埃布洛族有特色的石造和土造村庄，有些建筑高达五层，肯定给西班牙人留下了深刻的印象，因为pueblo 这个词是从这个村庄的名字转变成村庄中居民的名字的， 这可能是出于对他们建筑成就的敬仰或仅仅作为将普埃布洛族和其它美洲土著民族区分开的明显途径。这个词义是在1834年最早有使用记载的。〔introduce〕interpolated a transitional passage into the text;在课文中加入过渡段落；〔above〕Appearing earlier in the same text:上述的，前述的：出现在特定课文前面的：〔recite〕To repeat lessons prepared or memorized.背书：重复已准备好或已记忆的课文〔normalize〕To make (a text or language) regular and consistent, especially with respect to spelling or style.使标准化：使（课文或语言）标准或与特别是拼写或形式相符〔ragged〕a column of text set with a ragged right margin.一段右边缘参差不齐的课文〔paraphrase〕The restatement of texts in other words as a studying or teaching device.变换措辞：一种用其它文字重述课文的学习或教学方法〔paraphrase〕A restatement of a text or passage in another form or other words, often to clarify meaning.释义，意义：用其它形式或词语来重述一篇课文或文章的语句，通常用以阐释意义〔poignant〕poignant illustrations supplementing the text.为补充课文而加的贴切的插图〔pony〕pony a lesson; ponied all night before the exam.借助逐字翻译文学习一课文；考试前整夜借助逐字翻译文学习〔syllabus〕An outline or a summary of the main points of a text, lecture, or course of study.提纲，摘要：课文、演讲或研究课题的要点的概要或提纲〔abstract〕A statement summarizing the important points of a text.摘要：概括课文重要论点的陈述〔above〕In an earlier part of a given text:上文地：特定课文前面部分地：〔above〕An earlier part of a given text:上文，前文：课文的前面部分：〔note〕A comment or an explanation, as on a passage in a text.注释：补充或解释，如在课文的一段中的注释 |
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