| 单词 | 贡献 |
| 释义 | 〔honorable〕honorable service to one's nation.为祖国增光的贡献〔Peirce〕American philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who cofounded pragmatism and made numerous contributions to logic.皮尔斯，查尔斯·桑德斯：(1839-1914) 美国哲学家、数学家和科学家，是创建实用主义的科学家之一且对逻辑学的发展作出了很多贡献〔Soyinka〕Nigerian writer known for his important contributions to the development of Nigerian theater and literature. His plays includeA Dance of the Forests (1960) and A Play of Giants (1984). Soyinka won the 1986 Nobel Prize for literature. 索英卡，沃勒：(生于 1934) 尼日利亚作家，对尼日利亚戏剧和文学的发展曾作出过极大贡献。他创作的戏剧包括《森林之舞》 （1960年）和 《巨人的演出》 （1984年）。索英卡获得1986年诺贝尔文学奖 〔contribute〕To help bring about a result; act as a factor:贡献：为造成某一结果而作出贡献；促成…的因素：〔Naidu〕Indian poet and reformer noted for her famine-relief efforts and her delicate, sentimental poetry, written in English.奈都，萨罗基尼：(1879-1949) 印度诗人和改革者，以她救济饥荒的贡献和其美妙伤感的英文诗而著称〔Fleming〕British electrical engineer and inventor known for his work on electric lighting, wireless telegraphy, and the telephone.弗莱明，约翰·安布罗斯：(1849-1945) 英国电气工程师和发明家，因其对光电学、无线电报和电话的贡献而闻名〔Palade〕Russian-born American biologist. He shared a 1974 Nobel Prize for contributions to the understanding of living cells.帕拉德，乔治·埃米尔：(生于 1912) 俄国籍的美国生物学者，他因对活细胞研究所作的贡献，而获1974年的诺贝尔奖〔Prigogine〕Russian-born Belgian chemist. He won a 1977 Nobel Prize for his contributions to nonequilibrium thermodynamics.普里果金，伊里亚：(生于 1917) 俄裔比利时化学家，因在非平衡势力学领域作出的贡献获得1977年诺贝尔奖〔donate〕To present as a gift to a fund or cause; contribute.捐赠：作为礼物给某一基金或事业；贡献〔dame〕A woman holding a nonhereditary title conferred by a sovereign in recognition of personal merit or service to the country.夫人，女士：出于对国家的个人功绩或贡献的承认，而由最高统治者授予非世袭头衔的妇女〔Virchow〕German physician and pathologist known for his contributions to cell theory and the study of disease.菲尔绍，鲁道夫：(1821-1902) 德国病理学家和医生，以他对细胞理论的贡献和疾病研究而著名〔Cauchy〕French mathematician whoseCours d'Analyse (1821) introduced modern rigor into calculus. He founded the theory of functions of a complex variable and made contributions to the mathematical theory of elasticity and the wave theory of light. 柯西，奥古斯汀·刘易斯：法国数学家，他的《分析教程》 （1821年）将现代严谨性引入微积分。他也是复变函数论的创始者，并对数学弹性理论及光波理论做出贡献 〔Berzelius〕Swedish chemist who published a table of atomic weights (1828); contributed to electrochemical theory; discovered cerium (1803), zirconium (1824), and titanium (1825); and isolated silicon (1823).柏济力阿斯，术斯·雅格布：(1779-1848) 瑞典化学家，出版了原子质量表（1828年）；对电化学理论有所贡献；发现了铈（1803年）；锆（1824年）和钛（1825年）；分离了硅（1823年）〔Passionist〕A member of a Roman Catholic religious order founded in Italy in 1720 by Saint Paul of the Cross (1694-1775) and dedicated to promoting devotion to the Passion of Christ chiefly by missionary work.圣主苦难会：罗马天主教派的修士会成员，该修会于1720年由十字架的圣·保罗(1694-1775年）创立，主要通过传教工作，促进对基督受难的贡献〔fit〕"We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives . . . It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this" (Abraham Lincoln).“我们已开始贡献出那片土地的一部分，作为那些在这里献出了生命的人们的一片安息之地…这完全正当而合适，我们应该这么做” （亚伯拉罕·林肯）。〔Cherubini〕Italian composer whose 29 operas, includingLes Deux Journées (1800), helped form the transition in music from classicism to romanticism. 路吉，（玛丽亚）路易戈·卡洛·芝诺比欧·萨尔瓦托：(1760-1842) 意大利作曲家，作有包括《二日》 （1800年）在内的29部歌剧，为音乐从古典主义过渡浪漫主义作出了贡献 〔Brockhouse〕Canadian physicist who shared a 1994 Nobel Prize for his contribution to the development of neutron scattering, a technique used to investigate the structure and properties of matter.布罗克豪斯，伯特伦·尼维尔：加拿大物理学家，因其对用于研究物质结构和性质的中子散射技术的发展做出的贡献而与人共获1994年诺贝尔奖〔Claude〕Luxembourg-born Belgian biologist. He shared a 1974 Nobel Prize for contributions to the understanding of living cells.克劳德，阿尔贝特：(1899-1983) 卢森堡裔比利时生物学家，因其对活细胞研究的贡献获得1974年诺贝尔奖〔Turing〕English mathematician whose works explored the possibility of computers and raised fundamental questions about artificial intelligence. During World War II he contributed to the allied victory by helping to decipher the German Enigma codes.杜林，亚伦·梅西松：英国数学家，其著作探讨了计算机的可能性，提出了有关人工智能的基本问题。二战时，他帮助破译德国密码，为盟军的胜利作出了贡献〔Kornberg〕American biochemist. He shared a 1959 Nobel Prize for work on the biological synthesis of nucleic acids.科恩伯格，阿瑟：(生于 1918) 美国生物化学家。他因在核酸的生物合成方面作出的贡献而获得了1959年的诺贝尔奖〔pitch〕To join forces with others; help or cooperate.协力，做贡献：配合他人；帮助或合作〔Galois〕French mathematician who made valuable contributions to number theory algebra before being killed in a duel at the age of 21.伽罗瓦，艾瓦里斯特：(1811-1832) 法国数学家，21岁时在一场决斗中被杀，对数字理论代数做出了很大的贡献〔Garden〕Scottish-born American naturalist and physician who contributed to the classification of New World plants. The gardenia is named after him.加登，亚历山大：(1730?-1791) 苏格兰裔的美国自然学家和医生，对美洲植物分类有一定贡献。栀子花就是以他的姓名命名的〔Pavlov〕Russian physiologist who is best known for discovering the conditioned response. He won a 1904 Nobel Prize for research on the nature of digestion.巴甫洛夫，伊凡·彼得洛维奇：(1849-1936) 俄国生理学家，因发现条件反射而著名，他1904年因在研究消化作用的特征方面的贡献而获诺贝尔奖〔Pisistratus〕Athenian tyrant (560-527) remembered for encouraging athletic contests and literary efforts.庇西特拉图：雅典暴君（公元前560-527年），以其鼓励体育竞赛和对文学的贡献而闻名〔sunbeam〕The period of European history from the 5th to the 11th century,although often called the Dark Ages,in fact did much to preserve and extend the light of civilization.One of the relatively minor contributions of the time, albeit a fortunate one for us, is the addition of the wordsunbeam to the English language. The word is believed to have entered English in the 9th century through the work of the English king Alfred the Great. A scholar as well as a king, Alfred undertook a number of translations of great Latin writings,rendering them into the English of his time, now known as Old English.Among the works translated during Alfred's reign was a store of narratives and information about England's earliest connections with the Church,called theHistoria Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, or The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, a work composed by the Venerable Bede. Several times in his book Bede uses the Latin phrasecolumna lucis, which we would today translate as "a column of light.”Since the Old English translator did not have the wordcolumn in his vocabulary, he substituted the word beam, which meant "a tree" or "a building post made from a tree.”Columna lucis thus became sunnebeām, or "sun post,” which survives as our sunbeam. Ifsunbeam is perhaps a less stately expression than "column of light,” it has nevertheless served us well. From it the wordbeam alone came to mean "a ray or rays of light"; it subsequently became a verb meaning "to radiate.”It now allows us not only to beam with pride or happinessbut also to beam our broadcasts to other countries and ourselves, as some would have it, through space.Column would never do. 欧洲历史上从5世纪到11世纪这段时期，尽管经常成为黑暗的年代，但为保存和发展文明之光做了很多努力。这个时期相对不太重要的贡献之一，但对我们来说 十分幸运的就是阳光光束 这个单词加进了英语语言中。 人们相信这个词是通过英格兰国王阿尔费雷德大帝的努力于9世纪进入英语的。阿尔费雷德不仅是位国王，他还是位学者，他着手翻译了许多部重要的拉丁文作品，他将它们译成他那个时代的英文，即现在所说的古英语。在阿尔费雷德统治时期翻译的作品中，有一部有关于英格兰与教会的最早联系的丰富叙述和信息，书名是Historia Ecclesiastic Gentis Anglorum 或 The Ecclesiastical History of the English People （英国人民的基督教历史），作者是尊敬的比德。 在这本书中，比德数次使用了拉丁文短语columna hucis ， 今天我们将其译为“一束阳光”。因为古英语翻译家在他所掌握的词汇中还没有column （柱子）这个词，所以他用 beam 这个词代替， 当时的意思是“树”或“用树做成的建筑物的支柱”。Columna lucis 就这样成了 sunnebeam 或“光束”， 它以 sunbeam 的形式存在。 或许sunbeam（阳光光束） 这种表达方法不如“光柱”这么堂皇，但是它很合我们用。 由此，beam 这个词单独也可作“一束光或多束光”讲， 而且它逐渐地变成了动词，意思是“发射，发光”。现在我们不仅可以说因骄傲或幸福而散发光彩，还可以说通过大气向其它国家和我们自己广播，如果他们进行的话。Column 可不行 〔Pupin〕Hungarian-born American physicist and inventor whose works improved the telegraph and telephone and increased the safety and effectiveness of x-ray photography.浦品，米哈伊洛·伊德夫斯基：(1858-1935) 匈牙利裔美国物理学家和发明家，他的贡献包括发展了电报和电话并提高了X射线照相术的安全性和有效性〔insightful〕"The major contribution of this new biography . . . is its insightful discussion of the Christian dimension of Dostoyevsky's life and art"(Maria Carlson)“这本新自传的主要贡献在于它对陀恩托耶夫斯基的生活和艺术从基督教方面的富有洞察力的议论”(玛丽亚·卡尔森)〔devote〕To set apart by or as if by a vow or solemn act; consecrate:贡献：通过或似乎通过立誓或隆重的行为贡献；奉献：〔Jespersen〕Danish philologist noted for his contributions to phonetics and the teaching of languages. In 1928 he developed an international language called Novial.耶斯佩森，（金斯）奥托（哈里）：(1860-1943) 丹麦语言学家，以其对语音学和语言教学的贡献而闻名。1928年他发展了一种名叫“新为语”的国际语言〔reason〕"Because of their age-long training in human relations—for that is what feminine intuition really is—women have a special contribution to make to any group enterprise" (Margaret Mead).“因为她们在人际关系中多年的磨炼-而那正是女性直觉所在-女人们对任何一个群体的事业都做出了自己特殊的贡献” （玛格丽特·米德）。〔tributary〕Making additions or yielding supplies; contributory.附属的，纳贡的：附加的或进贡的，贡献的〔Shockley〕British-born American physicist. He shared a 1956 Nobel Prize for the development of the electronic transistor.夏克莱，威廉·布雷德福：(1910-1989) 英裔美国物理学家，1956年他因在研制电子晶体管方面的贡献而与人共获诺贝尔奖〔Shull〕American physicist who shared a 1994 Nobel Prize for his contribution to the development of neutron scattering, a technique used to investigate the structure and properties of matter.沙尔，克里福特·格兰伍德：美国物理学家，因其在发展中子散射方面的贡献，与人分享1994年的诺贝尔奖；中子散射是用于研究物质结构和属性的技术〔Hughes〕American writer. Through his poetry, prose, and drama he made important contributions to the Harlem Renaissance. His best-known works includeWeary Blues (1926) and The Ways of White Folks (1934). 休斯，（詹姆斯）兰斯顿：(1902-1967) 美国作家。他的诗歌，散文和戏剧对哈莱姆文艺复兴做出了重要贡献。他最著名的作品包括《消沉的蓝色》 （1926年）和 《白人的方式》 （1934年） 〔Popper〕British philosopher known for his contributions to the understanding of scientific reasoning and his attacks on historicism. His works includeThe Logic of Scientific Discovery (1931) and The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945). 波珀，卡尔·雷芒德：(生于 1902) 英国著名的哲学家，以其推动人们对科学推理的理解作出的贡献和对历史主义的批判而闻名。他的作品包括《科学发现的逻辑》 （1931年）和 《开放社会及其敌人》 （1945年） 〔devotion〕The act of devoting or the state of being devoted.献身：贡献行为或贡献的状况〔Blackett〕British physicist. He won a 1948 Nobel Prize for contributions to the study of cosmic radiation.布莱克特，帕特里克·梅纳尔·斯图尔特：(1897-1974) 英国物理学家。因其对宇宙辐射研究的贡献获1948年诺贝尔奖〔Pinckney〕American diplomat. As a minister to France (1797) he refused to offer a bribe to French negotiators, causing the conflict known as the XYZ Affair. His cousinCharles Pinckney (1757-1824) made important contributions to the U.S. Constitution. 平克尼，查尔斯·科特沃斯：(1746-1825) 美国外交家。1797年作为部长出使法国期间，他拒绝向法国谈判官行贿，引起著名的XYZ事件冲突。他的表兄弟查尔斯·平克尼 (1757-1824年）为美国宪法作出重要贡献 〔Meade〕British economist. He shared a 1977 Nobel Prize for contributions to theories of international trade and finance.米德，詹姆斯·爱德华：(生于 1907) 英国经济学家。因其对国际贸易和金融理论的贡献而获得1977年的诺贝尔奖 |
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