| 单词 | 贬义 |
| 释义 | 〔dink〕Used as a disparaging term for a North Vietnamese soldier or guerrilla in the Vietnam War.越南兵：用作越战时期对北越士兵或游击队员的贬义称呼〔new〕 Newfangled suggests that something is needlessly novel;the term is often derogatory: Newfangled 表明有些东西无需新颖；常带有贬义： 〔fag〕Used as a disparaging term for a gay or homosexual man.男同性恋者，同性恋者：用作贬义，指同性恋者或男性同性恋者〔gringo〕Used as a disparaging term for a foreigner in Latin America, especially an American or English person.外国佬，老外：在拉丁美洲尤指对英、美外国人的贬义的称呼〔religious〕Her mother, a pious woman, attends Mass every morning. When the term refers to insincere piety, however, it is derogatory: 她的母亲是一个虔诚的妇女，每天早晨都参加弥撒。 当这个词指不真诚的虔诚时，它是贬义的： 〔cunt〕Used as a disparaging term for a woman.讨厌鬼，笨家伙：用于指女人的贬义用语〔myself〕The strongest criticism that can be made of these uses of reflexives is that like other emphatic devices they may easily be overused,and when the pronoun refers to the writer or speaker,the result of the emphasis may be an implication of pomposity or self-importance.这些反身代词用法的最大缺陷就是像其它强调用词一样经常容易被过分使用，当代词指作者或说话人时，强调的结果或许是暗含贬义或自大〔amateur〕When Mrs. T.W. Atkinson remarked in her 1863Recollections of the Tartar Steppes and their Inhabitants, "I am no amateur of these melons,” she usedamateur in a sense unfamiliar to us. That sense, "a lover, an admirer,” is, however, clearly descended from the senses of the word's ultimate Latin source,amātor, "lover, devoted friend, devotee, enthusiastic pursuer of an objective,” and from its immediate Latin-derived French source,amateur, with a similar range of meanings. First recorded in English in 1784 with the sense in which Mrs. Atkinson used it,amateur is found in 1786 with a meaning more familiar to us, "a person who engages in an art, for example, as a pastime rather than as a profession,” a sense that had already developed in French.Given the limitations of doing something as an amateur,it is not surprising that the word is soon after recorded in the disparaging sensewe still use to refer to someone who lacks professional skill or ease in performance.当T.W.阿特金森夫人在她1863年出版的塔塔·史坦普和其居民回忆录， 中提到“我并不喜欢这些瓜果”时， 她使用的amateur 是我们所不熟悉的一个意思。 可是这种“爱好者，喜爱者，”的意思显然有其正宗拉丁语来源，amator, 意思是“爱人，忠实的朋友，奉献者，对某目标热情的追求者”， 还有由拉丁语直接派生出的法语来源，amateur, 具有相似的意思。 1784年记录在英语文字中出现的这个词正是阿特金森夫人使用的意思，1786年出现的amateur 有我们更为熟悉的意思， “如一个从事艺术，把它作为一项消遣，而不是一个职业的人，”法语的词早已发展了这种意思。如果把意思限定为从事业余活动的人，这个词被记录下来后不久就有了贬义含意，也就不足为奇了，我们用它来指在表演中缺乏专业技巧或缺乏得心应手的感觉〔cunt〕Used as a disparaging term for a person one dislikes or finds extremely disagreeable.王八蛋，灰孙子：用于指某人不喜欢或极其讨厌的人的贬义用语〔shiksa〕Used as a disparaging term for a non-Jewish girl or woman.非犹太姑娘：用来指非犹太姑娘或女性的贬义用语〔lez〕Used as a disparaging term for a lesbian.用于对女同性恋者贬义说法〔fulsome〕The wordfulsome is often used, particularly in the expressionfulsome praise, to mean simply "abundant,” without any implication of excess or insincerity.This usage is etymologically justifiedbut may invite misunderstandings in contexts in which a deprecatory interpretation might also be available.The sentenceI offer you my most fulsome apologies may unintentionally raise an eyebrow, where the use of an adjective likefull or abundant would leave no room for doubt as to the sincerity of the speaker's intentions.单词fulsome 经常使用， 尤其在表达溢美之辞 时， 只表“丰富”而没有“过分或虚伪”的意思。根据词源学判断此用法是有道理的，但却会在一些场合得到贬义的解释而引起误会。如我对你抱歉到家了 ，这句话会无意中使对方皱起眉头， 若是此处用full 或 abundant 之类的形容词， 就不会使听者对于说话者诚挚道歉的意图产生怀疑了〔Kanaka〕Kanaka, which simply means "human being" in Hawaiian, is mostly found today in historical contextsand is not usually appropriate in ordinary discourse.As with many terms that refer to ethnic identity,Kanaka can suggest ethnic pride in some contexts while in others it may be taken as derogatory.Kanaka 在夏威夷语中意思是“人”。 现今该词主要在历史语境中出现，通常不适用于普通的交谈中。正如许多指称种族特性的术语，Kanaka 在某些语境中含有种族自豪的意思， 而在另一些语境中也许被当作贬义语〔common〕Ordinary describes what is of the usual kind and is not distinguished in any way from others.In the latter sense it is sometimes derogatory: Ordinary 指种类普通且不能从其他中加以区别的。在后一意义上，它有时是贬义的： 〔perseverance〕“'Tis known by the name of perseverance in a good cause,—and of obstinacy in a bad one" (Laurence Sterne). “大家都知道，毅力用于褒义而顽固用于贬义” （劳伦斯·斯顿）。 〔name〕A word or group of words used to describe or evaluate, often disparagingly.毁谤：用于描述或评价通常贬义的一个词或一组词〔pickaninny〕Used as a disparaging term for a young Black child.黑人的小孩：用作对黑人小孩的贬义称呼〔epithet〕Strictly speaking,an epithet need not be derogatory,but the term is commonly used as a simple synonym for "term of abuse" or "slur,”as in the sentenceThere is no place for racial epithets in a police officer's vocabulary. This usage is accepted by 80 percent of the Usage Panel.严格来讲，绰号不应是贬义的，但此词一般用作“骂人的称呼”或“污辱”的同义词，如在下句中在一名警官的词汇中不应有粗俗的话。 这种用法被用法使用小组百分之八十的人接受〔mutt〕Clipping not of sheep but of a word having to do with sheep has given us our termmutt for a mongrel dog. Clipping or abbreviating words, a standard process of word formation,shearedmutt from muttonhead, a pejorative term meaning "a stupid person,”based on the notion that sheep are stupid.Mutt in its first recorded use in 1901 is used in the same senses asmuttonhead, but it is soon recorded (1904)as a term of contempt for a horseand then (1906) for a dog.We can be reasonably certain that theNew Yorker critic writing in 1970 that "The cast includes a Sheepdog . . . a Mutt Bitch,” had no awareness that a sheepdog would make the ideal mutt.不是对绵羊的修剪而是对与绵羊有关的一个词进行省略呈现给我们的专门名词mutt 指杂种狗。 简略或缩写单词，一项规范的造词过程，将mutt 从 muttonhead 缩略而得， 这个含贬义的词意为“笨蛋”，源于绵羊是蠢笨的说法。Mutt 最早记载于1901年， 被用作muttonhead 的同义词， 但不久(1904年）的记载中，该词表示对马的蔑称，然后(1906年）成为对狗的蔑称。我们有理由肯定1970年的New Yorker 一本批判性作品， 其评注“包括牧羊狗…狗杂种”就没有意识到牧羊狗也可以表示十足的狗杂种之意〔vulgar〕The wordvulgar brings to mind off-color jokes, but this was not always so.Ironically the wordvulgar is itself an example of pejoration, the process by which the semantic status of a word changes for the worse over a period of time.The ancestor ofvulgar, the Latin word vulgāris (from vulgus, "the common people"), meant "of or belonging to the common people, everyday,”as well as "belonging to or associated with the lower orders.”Vulgāris also meant "ordinary,” "common (of vocabulary, for example),” and "shared by all.” Its only sense of the sort we might expect was related to the notion of general sharing, that is, "sexually promiscuous.”Our word, first recorded in a work composed in 1391,entered English during the Middle English period,and in Middle English and later English we find not only the senses mentioned above but also related senses.What is common can be seen as debased,and in the 17th century we begin to find instances ofvulgar that made very explicit what was already implicit. Vulgar now meant "deficient in taste, delicacy, or refinement.” From such usevulgar has gone downhill, and at present "crudely indecent" is probably one of the first senses ofvulgar that occurs to many when the word is used. Vulgar 这个词使人想起下流的玩笑， 但这并不尽然。具有讽刺意味的是vulgar 这个词本身就是一个贬义词， 是一个词的语义经过一段时间变为贬义的过程。Vulgar 的语源，拉丁词 vulgaris （来自于 vulgrs， “普通人”）， 意思是平常人的、属于平常人的或日常的，”也意味着“属于低等阶级的，与低阶级有关的。”Vulgaris 也意味着“平常的”，“普通的（如词汇表的）”，和“大家共有的。” 我们可能会想到的这一类的唯一意思与“大家共有的”的意思是有关，即“滥交的。”这个词，首先记载于1391年编的一部书里，在中古英语期间进入英语，在中古英语和后期的英语中我们不仅发现它有上述的意思，也有其它相关的意思。普通的可以被看作是低下的，在17世纪我们开始发现vulgar 把含蓄的意思变得很明显的例子。 现在vulgar 指“品味、格调或教养不高的。” 以这个意思vulgar 开始走下坡路， 现在当人们使用vulgar 时，对许多人来讲“粗野下流的”可能是第一个意思 〔prude〕Being a prude has never been widely considered a good thing,but if we dig further into the history of the wordprude, we will find that it had a noble past.The change for the worse took place in French.Frenchprude first had a good sense, "wise woman,” but apparentlya woman could be too wise or, in the eyes of some,too observant of decorum and propriety,and soprude took on the sense in French that was brought into English along with the word, first recorded in 1704.The French word first meant "wise woman"becauseprude was a shortened form of prude femme (earlier in Old Frenchprode femme ), a word that was modeled on earlierpreudomme, "a man of experience and integrity.” The second part of this word is, of course,homme, "man.” Old Frenchprod, meaning "wise, prudent,” is from Vulgar Latin prōdis with the same sense. Prōdis in turn comes from Late Latin prōde, "advantageous,” derived from the verbprodesse, "to be good.” We can see that the history ofprude is filled with usefulness, profit, wisdom, and integrity, but in spite of all this,things did not turn out that well.人们从来没有普遍地认为做一个拘守礼仪的人是一件好事，但是如果我们深挖prude 这个词的历史， 我们会发现这个词有一个体面的过去。这个词变成贬义是在法语中发生的。法语词prude 开始时是褒义的，意为“明智或聪明的女人，” 但是很显然，女人可能会过于聪明或者在某些人的眼里，对仪表和行为的得体过分注重，这样法语词prude 就有了这个和词一起被引入英语的意思， 并最早记载于1704年。这个法语词开始时的意思之所以是“聪明的女人”，因为prude 是 prudefemme 的缩写形式 （更早的时候在古法语中为prodefemme )， 这个词模仿更早的一个词preudomme “一个富有经验而又正直的男人”而来。 这个词的第二部分当然是意为“男人”的homme。 意思是“聪明，谨慎”的古法语prod 由一个相同意思的俗拉丁词 prodis 而来。 Prodis 从后期拉丁语 prode 演变而来，意为“有利的”， 该词又从意思为“从善”的动词prudesse 衍生而来。 我们现在明白prude 的历史充满了有利、利益、智慧或忠诚的意思， 但尽管如此，事情并没有变得那么好〔Falasha〕Used as a disparaging term for an Ethiopian Jew.法拉河人：用作贬义，指埃塞俄比亚信奉犹太教的人〔pejorative〕A disparaging or belittling word or expression.贬损：贬义或轻蔑的词或表达〔pollster〕An understanding of the history of the-ster in pollster may perhaps raise more questions than it answers. In the first place apollster does not have to be a woman, despite the fact that the suffix-ster, originally-estre in Old English, was used to form feminine agent nouns.Hoppestere, for example, meant "female dancer.” But in Old English-estre was occasionally applied to men, although perhaps largely or completely in the case of translations of Latin masculine nouns denoting occupations that were held by women in Anglo-Saxon society.An example isbæcester, "baker,” glossing Latinpistor; it survives as the Modern English nameBaxter. In Middle Englishthe suffix was still largely feminine in the south of Englandbut masculine and feminine in the north,a tendency that became general in English starting with the 16th century.As an example of this tendencyseamster was remade into the feminineseamstress. In Modern English the suffix is usually derogatory.This use probably arose from the occurrence of the suffix with ambiguous verbs,such asgame, "to play at sports, to play at sex,” or with pejorative verbs,such asrime or rhyme. In some modern formations on neutral words-ster is not derogatory, as inyoungster (1589), but in most cases,as withpollster (1939), -ster has pejorative force. 对于pollster 中的 -ster 的历史的理解也许会引发比它能回答的问题更多的问题。 首先pollster 不一定非得是妇女， 尽管-ster 这一后缀， 源于古英语中的-estre ， 被用来构成阴性名词。比如hoppestere 一词意为“女舞蹈者。” 但在古英语中-estre 也偶尔可以用在男性身上， 虽然也许这种情况大多或者完全出现在表示盎格鲁-撒克逊社会中由妇女从事的职业的一些阳性拉丁文名词的翻译中。其中一个例子是boecester 意为“面包师”， 来自拉丁语的pistor； 这个词在现代英语名字Baxter 中保存了下来。 在中世纪英语中，该后缀在英格兰南部仍然主要地被用作阴性，但在英格兰北部却被同时用作阳性和阴性，而后一种趋势自16世纪以来逐渐在英语中变得普遍。反映这种趋势的一个例子是seamster ， 该词被改造成了阴性的seamstress。 在现代英语中这一后缀通常是含贬义的。这种用法可能是因为此后缀与一些有歧义的动词合用而产生的，比如game 可表示“进行体育活动，进行性游戏，” 或者是因为与轻蔑动词合用而产生的，比如rime 或 rhyme。 在某些现代英语中性名词中，-ster 不是贬损的， 如在youngster (1589年）中， 但在大多数情况下，如pollster (1939年）这个词中 -ster 仍是有贬义的 〔Hymie〕Used as a disparaging term for a Jew.海咪：用作对犹太人贬义的称呼〔insinuation〕Something insinuated, especially an artfully indirect, often derogatory suggestion.影射：影射的事情，特别是巧妙地间接的，通常是贬义的暗示〔miscellaneous〕Motley emphasizes difference to the point of incongruity and discordanceand is sometimes used derogatorily: Motley 强调的是差别已大到不和谐、不协调的地步，有时它含有贬义： 〔Abo〕Used as a disparaging term for an Australian aborigine:土著：对澳大利亚土著人的贬义称呼：〔lucre〕When William Tyndale translatedaiskhron kerdos, "shameful gain" (Titus 1:11), as filthy lucre in his edition of the Bible, he was tarring the wordlucre for the rest of its existence. But we cannot lay the pejorative sense oflucre completely at Tyndale's door. He was merely a link,albeit a strong one,in a process that had begun long before with respect to the ancestor of our word,the Latin wordlucrum, "material gain, profit.” This process was probably controlled by the inevitable conjunction of profit, especially monetary profit, with evils such as greed.In Latinlucrum also meant "avarice,” and in Middle Englishlucre, besides meaning "monetary gain, profit,” meant "illicit gain.”Furthermore, many of the contexts in which the neutral sense of the word appeared were not that neutral,as in "It is a wofull thyng . . . ffor lucre of goode . . . A man to fals his othe [it is a sad thing for a man to betray his oath for monetary gain].”Tyndale thus merely helped the process along when he gave us the phrasefilthy lucre. 当威廉·廷代尔在他的《圣经》版本里把aiskhon kerdos （“可耻的收获”）翻译成 filthy lucre 时， 他就把lucre 这个词当作贬义了， 这个词以后也就这样解释了。但是我们不能把lucre 这个词的贬义全部归于廷代尔名下。 他只是整个过程的一个环节，尽管是个有力的环节，这个过程早在我们这个词的祖先，拉丁字lucrum （意为“物质获得，利润”）就开始了。 这个过程很可能与带有类似贪婪这样的罪恶利润，尤其是钱财利润不可避免地联系在一起。在拉丁文里，lucrum 也有“贪婪”的意思。 在中世纪英语中，lucre 除了有“钱财收入，利润”的意思之外， 还意味着“不正当的所得”。更进一步说，即使这个词意思是中性的，但上下文却不是那么的中性，比如“一个人为了钱财背弃自己的誓言。”廷代尔在给我们短语filthy lucre 时，仅仅有助于把这个过程延续下来 〔rhetoric〕The wordrhetoric was once primarily the name of an important branch of philosophy and an art deserving of serious study. In recent yearsthe word has come to be used chiefly in a pejorative senseto refer to inflated language and pomposity.Deprecation of the term may result from a modern linguistic puritanism,which holds that language used in legitimate persuasion should be plainand free of artifice—itself a tendentious rhetorical doctrine,though not often recognized as such.But many writers still prefer to bear in mind the traditional meanings of the word.Thus, according to the newer use of the term,the phraseempty rhetoric, as in The politicians talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric, might be construed as redundant. But in fact only 35 percent of the Usage Panel judged this example to be redundant.Presumably, it can be maintained that rhetoric can be other than empty.单词rhetoric 曾主要是哲学的一个重要分支的和一种值得严肃研究的艺术的名称。 近年来，这个词已开始主要用于贬义，指夸大的语言和虚夸。这个词的改变可能源于一种现代语言的刻板做法，认为用于正当劝说中的语言应是朴素，没有人工雕饰的——它自身便是一种宣传性的修辞教条，虽然未常常被如此认为。但许多作家仍愿意记住这个词的传统含义。这样，根据这个词较新的含义，在The politician talk about solutions, but they usually offer only empty rhetoric 中，短语 empty rhetoric 可能被分析为多余的。 但事实上，用法委员会成员中只有百分之三十五的人认为在这个例子中是多余的。大概该词除了空的以外还有其他的意思吧〔young〕Puerile is used derogatorily to suggest silliness, foolishness, or infantilism: Puerile 贬义性地暗示愚蠢、傻气或幼稚： 〔poet〕Poetaster, the most pejorative of these terms,applies to a writer of insignificant, meretricious, or shoddy verse: Poetaster 是这些词中最具贬义的一个词，适用无价值、俗艳或低劣的诗歌作者： 〔faggot〕Used as a disparaging term for a gay or homosexual man.男同性恋者，同性恋者：用作贬义，指同性恋者或男性同性恋 |
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