| 单词 | 趋势 |
| 释义 | 〔prediabetes〕The condition of having a hereditary tendency or high probability for developing diabetes mellitus, although neither symptoms nor test results confirm the presence of the disease.前驱糖尿病：有发展成糖尿病的遗传趋势或很大可能性的状况，尽管没有任何症状或检查结果来证明疾病的存在〔parallelism〕Likeness, correspondence, or similarity in aspect, course, or tendency.类似，一致：在观点、路线或趋势上的一致、对应或相似〔direction〕A course or area of development; a tendency toward a particular end or goal:发展方向，倾向：发展方向或范围；达到某一特定目的或目标的趋势：〔thermotropism〕The tendency of plants or other organisms to bend toward or away from heat.向温性：植物或其它生物倾向或背离热源的趋势〔inclinable〕Having a specified tendency or disposition; inclined:有某种倾向的：有一种特殊的趋势或倾向的；易于：〔centrality〕A tendency to be or remain at the center.向心性：存在于或保持在中心的趋势〔orientation〕The direction followed in the course of a trend, movement, or development.趋向：尾随着一系列趋势、运动或发展的方向〔risibility〕The ability or tendency to laugh.爱笑，会笑：笑的能力或趋势〔instinctive〕The central meaning shared by these adjectives is "derived from or prompted by a natural tendency or impulse": 这些形容词共有的中心意思是“由天生的趋势或冲动而来的或为其所激发的”： 〔reaction〕A tendency to revert to a former state.反动：希望回到过去状态的趋势〔augur〕trends that augur change in society.这些趋势预示着社会变革〔gravitation〕the gravitation of the middle classes to the suburbs.中产阶段涌向郊区的趋势〔urge〕An involuntary tendency to perform a given activity; an instinct:冲动，本能：不由自主地要干某事的趋势；本能：〔undercurrent〕An underlying tendency, force, or influence often contrary to what is superficially evident; an intimation:潜在倾向：通常与表面倾向相反的潜在趋势力量或影响；暗示：〔crescendo〕Crescendo is sometimes used by reputable speakers and writers to denote a climax or peak, as in noise level, rather than an increase. Although citational evidence over time attests to widespread currency,it is difficult for anyone acquainted with the technical musical sense ofcrescendo to use it to mean "a peak.” Such usage, as inWhen the guard sank a three-pointer to tie the game, the noise of the crowd reached a crescendo, was unacceptable to 55 percent of the Usage Panel.Crescendo 一词有时被享有声誉的演说家和作家用于表示高潮或顶点，而不是指渐强的过程，就象在噪声级中。 尽管过多的引证表明了这一流行趋势，然而对于熟悉渐强 这一音乐上的专门意义的人来说，很难把它用于指“顶点”。 在当后卫投入一个三分球而使比赛成平局时，观众的嘈杂声到达了极点 中的这类用法， 有55%的用法专题使用小组成员不接受〔there〕Nonetheless, it is common in speech for the contractionthere's to be used when technically a plural verb is called for, as inThere's a couple of good reasons for going. There is also a tendency to use a singular verb when the phrase with which the verb must agree is a conjunction in which the subject closest to the verb is singular: 然而，当技术上要求用复数动词时，口语中常用缩写there's ， 如在有两个要去的好理由 中。 当作为连接词的短语中最接近动词的主语为单数时，且短语必须与动词保持一致，也有用单数动词的趋势： 〔stream〕A trend, course, or drift, as of opinion, thought, or history.趋势：意见，思想或历史的倾向，过程或分流〔projection〕A prediction or an estimate of something in the future, based on present data or trends.预测，估计：基于当前资料或趋势的预言或对将来事物的估计〔project〕To calculate, estimate, or predict (something in the future), based on present data or trends:预计：基于当前的资料或趋势（对未来的某事）的计算、估计或预测：〔pollster〕An understanding of the history of the-ster in pollster may perhaps raise more questions than it answers. In the first place apollster does not have to be a woman, despite the fact that the suffix-ster, originally-estre in Old English, was used to form feminine agent nouns.Hoppestere, for example, meant "female dancer.” But in Old English-estre was occasionally applied to men, although perhaps largely or completely in the case of translations of Latin masculine nouns denoting occupations that were held by women in Anglo-Saxon society.An example isbæcester, "baker,” glossing Latinpistor; it survives as the Modern English nameBaxter. In Middle Englishthe suffix was still largely feminine in the south of Englandbut masculine and feminine in the north,a tendency that became general in English starting with the 16th century.As an example of this tendencyseamster was remade into the feminineseamstress. In Modern English the suffix is usually derogatory.This use probably arose from the occurrence of the suffix with ambiguous verbs,such asgame, "to play at sports, to play at sex,” or with pejorative verbs,such asrime or rhyme. In some modern formations on neutral words-ster is not derogatory, as inyoungster (1589), but in most cases,as withpollster (1939), -ster has pejorative force. 对于pollster 中的 -ster 的历史的理解也许会引发比它能回答的问题更多的问题。 首先pollster 不一定非得是妇女， 尽管-ster 这一后缀， 源于古英语中的-estre ， 被用来构成阴性名词。比如hoppestere 一词意为“女舞蹈者。” 但在古英语中-estre 也偶尔可以用在男性身上， 虽然也许这种情况大多或者完全出现在表示盎格鲁-撒克逊社会中由妇女从事的职业的一些阳性拉丁文名词的翻译中。其中一个例子是boecester 意为“面包师”， 来自拉丁语的pistor； 这个词在现代英语名字Baxter 中保存了下来。 在中世纪英语中，该后缀在英格兰南部仍然主要地被用作阴性，但在英格兰北部却被同时用作阳性和阴性，而后一种趋势自16世纪以来逐渐在英语中变得普遍。反映这种趋势的一个例子是seamster ， 该词被改造成了阴性的seamstress。 在现代英语中这一后缀通常是含贬义的。这种用法可能是因为此后缀与一些有歧义的动词合用而产生的，比如game 可表示“进行体育活动，进行性游戏，” 或者是因为与轻蔑动词合用而产生的，比如rime 或 rhyme。 在某些现代英语中性名词中，-ster 不是贬损的， 如在youngster (1589年）中， 但在大多数情况下，如pollster (1939年）这个词中 -ster 仍是有贬义的 〔leaning〕An inclination, a tendency, or a preference.See Synonyms at predilection 一种倾向、趋势或爱好 参见 predilection〔propend〕To have a propensity; incline or tend.有倾向；倾向或趋势〔determination〕A fixed movement or tendency toward an object or end.定势：朝着一个目标或终点的确定性的运动或趋势〔reductionism〕An attempt or a tendency to explain complex phenomena or structures by relatively simple principles, as by asserting that life processes or mental acts are instances of chemical and physical laws:简化论：用相对简单的原理解释复杂现象或结构的企图或趋势，这种理论认为生命过程或思维活动是遵循物理和化学法则的：〔time〕times The present with respect to prevailing conditions and trends: times 时势：反映流行状况和趋势的现今状况：〔bellwether〕One that serves as a leader or as a leading indicator of future trends:首领，先兆：作为领导者或对未来趋势作出指示者的人或事：〔futurology〕The study or forecasting of potential developments, as in science, technology, and society, using current conditions and trends as a point of departure.未来学：一门以当前状况和趋势为出发点，对如科学、技术和社会潜在的发展作出预测或研究的学科〔saving〕There is a widespread tendency to use the formsavings as a singular, as reflected in compounds such assavings account and savings bond ( note by contrast that one would not form compounds likeinvestments account, using an unambiguous plural). But the phrasea savings, though increasingly common, remains unacceptable to 57 percent of the Usage Panel;a saving is the only uncontroversial form. 有将savings 作为单数使用的普及的趋势， 如复合词savings account（储蓄帐户） 和 savings bond（储蓄债券） ( 注意到相比较之下，用并非模棱两可的复数形式是不能组成如investments account 的复合词的）。 但是短语a savings 虽然使用得日渐广泛， 但词语用法小组57%的成员仍不能接受；a saving 仍是不引起争论的唯一形式 〔expansive〕Capable of expanding or tending to expand.膨胀的：具有膨胀的能力或趋势的〔vanguard〕The foremost or leading position in a trend or movement.先锋，前驱：在一种趋势或运动中的最前面或领导性的位置〔entropy〕A hypothetical tendency for all matter and energy in the universe to evolve toward a state of inert uniformity.退降：宇宙中物质和能量降值惰性均匀状态的一种假设性趋势〔wave〕A rising trend that involves large numbers of individuals:风潮：牵涉了大量个人的增高趋势：〔celibate〕Historically,celibate means only "unmarried"; its use to mean "abstaining from sexual intercourse" is a 20th-century development.But the new sense of the word appears more or less to have displaced the old,and the use ofcelibate to mean "unmarried" is now almost sure to invite misinterpretation in other than narrowly ecclesiastical contexts.Sixty-eight percent of the Usage Panel rejected the older use in the sentenceHe remained celibate [unmarried] , although he engaged in sexual intercourse. 历史上，celibate 只作“未婚的”解； 用作“禁欲”的意思是在20世纪发展起来的。但是该词的新含义多少有取代原含义的趋势，并用celibate 作“未婚的”意义， 现在除了在狭小的神学领域外几乎都会引起误解。用法专题使用小组百分之六十八的成员在句子他仍是单身的 ［未婚的］ ，尽管他仍保有性生活 中，拒绝使用该词的旧含义 〔sociality〕The tendency to form communities and societies.社会性：形成社区和社会的趋势〔trend〕To show a general tendency; tend:趋势：显示出大致的倾向；趋向：〔tide〕Something that fluctuates like the waters of the tide:潮流，趋势：像潮水一样变化的东西：〔dive〕Eitherdove or dived is acceptable as the past tense of dive. Dived is actually the earlier form,and the emergence ofdove may appear anomalous in light of the general tendencies of change in English verb forms. Old English had two classes of verbs:strong verbs, whose past tense was indicated by a change in their vowel (a process that survives in such present-day English verbsasdrive/drove or fling/flung ); and weak verbs,whose past was formed with a suffix related to-ed in Modern English (as in present-day Englishlive/lived and move/moved ). Since the Old English period,many verbs have changed from the strong pattern to the weak one;for example, the past tense ofhelp, formerly healp, became helped, and the past tense ofstep, formerly stop, became stepped. Over the years, in fact, the weak pattern has become so prevalentthat we use the termregular to refer to verbs that form their past tense by suffixation of -ed. However, there have occasionally been changes in the other direction:the past tense ofwear, now wore, was once werede ; that ofspit, now spat, was once spitede ; and the development ofdove is an additional example of the small group of verbs that have swum against the historical tide. dove 或 dived 都可用作 dive的过去式形式。 Dived 实际上是早期词形，根据英语动词词形变化的趋势，dove 的出现似乎是不规则的。 古英语有两类动词：强式动词，其过去时形式由元音变化来体现（这一过程还存在于现代英语里，诸如drive/drove 或 fling/flung 等动词中）； 另一类为弱式动词，其过去时态形式由与现代英语-ed 后缀有关 （如现代英语中的live/lived 和 move/moved )。 自古英语时期以来，许多动词由强式变为弱式；例如help 的过去式形式以前为 healp ，已变为 helped ， step 的过去式由以前的 stop 变为 stepped 。 事实上，多年来弱式动词变得非常普遍，我们用术语规则动词 来指那些由加后缀 -ed 来构成过去式形式的动词， 然而偶尔也会向另一方向发生变化：wear 的过去形式现为 wore ，曾为 weared ； spit 的过去式现为 spat ，曾为 spitede ； dove 的发展是反历史潮流而动的一小组动词中的另外一小组动词的例子 〔contact〕In 1966 Wilson Follett wrotethat "Persons old enough to have been repelled by the verbcontact . . . may as well make up their minds that there is no way to arrest or reverse the tide of its popularity.” His prophecy is proving correct:In 1969 only 34 percent of the Usage Panel accepted the use ofcontact as a verb, but in our most recent survey 65 percent of the Panel accepted the sentence 1966年威尔森·福莱特写道：“对contact 这个动词素有反感的年长者还不如趁早接受这一无法阻拦或逆转它日渐通用的趋势这个事实”。 他的预言证明是正确的，在1969年用法专题使用小组成员中只有34％的人接受将contact 作为动词的用法， 但在我们最近的调查中65％的用法小组成员接受以下句子： 〔torque〕The moment of a force; the measure of a force's tendency to produce torsion and rotation about an axis, equal to the vector product of the radius vector from the axis of rotation to the point of application of the force.转矩，力矩：一种测量产生扭转和绕轴旋转趋势的力的单位，等于从旋转轴到力作用点的旋转矢量〔swinger〕A person who actively seeks excitement and moves with the latest trends.时髦人物，新潮人物：热衷于以最新趋势寻求刺激和追赶时髦的人 |
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