| 单词 | 还要 |
| 释义 | 〔hooker〕In hisPersonal Memoirs Ulysses S. Grant described Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker as "a dangerous man . . . not subordinate to his superiors.” Hooker had his faults, of course.He may indeed have been insubordinate;undoubtedly he was an erratic leader.But there is one thing of which he is often accused that "Fighting Joe" Hooker certainly did not do:he did not give his name to prostitutes.According to a popular story,the men under Hooker's command during the Civil War were a particularly wild bunch.When his troops were on leave,we are told, they spent much of their time in brothels.For this reason, as the story goes,prostitutes came to be known ashookers. It is not difficult to understand how such a theory might have originated.The major general's name differs from the wordhooker only in the capital letter that begins it. And it is true that Hooker's men were at times ill-disciplined (although it seems that liquor, not women, was the main source of their difficulties with the provost marshal).However attractive this theory may be,it cannot be true.The wordhooker, with the sense "prostitute,” is in fact older than the Civil War. It appeared in the second edition (although not in the first) of John Russell Bartlett'sDictionary of Americanisms, published in 1859.Bartlett definedhooker as "a strumpet, a sailor's trull.” He also said that the word was derived from Corlear's Hook,a district in New York City,but this was only a guess.There is no evidence that the term originated in New York.Norman Ellsworth Eliason has traced this use ofhooker back to 1845 in North Carolina. He reported the usage inTarheel Talk; an Historical Study of the English Language in North Carolina to 1860, published in 1956. The fact that we have no earlier written evidence does not mean thathooker was never used to mean "prostitute" before 1845. The history ofhooker is, quite simply, murky; we do not know when or where it was first used,but we can be very certain that it did not begin with Joseph Hooker.Also, we have no firm evidence that it came from Corlear's Hook.Scholarly evidence or lack thereof notwithstanding,the late Bruce Catton, the Civil War historian, did not go so far as to exonerate completely the Union general.Although "the term ‘hooker’ did not originate during the Civil War,”wrote Catton, "it certainly became popular then.During these war years, Washington developed a large [red-light district] somewhere south of Constitution Avenue.This became known as Hooker's Division in tribute to the proclivities of General Joseph Hookerand the name has stuck ever since.”If the termhooker was derived neither from Joseph Hooker nor from Corlear's Hook, what is its derivation?It is most likely that thishooker is, etymologically, simply "one who hooks.” The term portrays a prostitute as a person who hooks, or snares, clients.尤利西斯·S·格兰特在他的个人回忆录 中把陆军少将约瑟夫·胡克描写成“一个危险人物…从不服从于他的顶头上司”。 胡克当然有他的缺点。他也许曾是一个难以屈服的人；但他无疑是一个怪癖的军官。但是“好战的乔”，胡克却因为一件他肯定没有干过的事情而屡遭指责；他从不对妓女透露他的姓名。根据一个流行故事，内战中胡克的手下有一伙特别狂野的人们。当他的队伍即将离开时，据说他们总在妓院里消磨时日。故事还说正因为如此，妓女开始被叫做hookers。 我们不难理解这样一个故事的起源的推测。这个将军的名字和hooker 只差开头的一个大写字母。 而且胡克的手下在当时确实纪律涣散（尽管看来是酒而非女人才导致了他们与宪兵司令之间的矛盾）。不管这个故事多么诱人，它不可能是真实的。事实上hooker 一词作为“妓女”的意思比内战的历史还要早。 它出现于约翰·罗素·巴特利特编纂的美国俗语词典 的第二版（尽管第一版中没有）， 出版于1859年。巴特利特把hooker 定义为“一个妓女，水手的妓女”。 他还说这个词来源于科利尔的胡克，纽约市的一个地区，但这只是一个猜想。没有证据证明这一说法源于纽约。诺曼·爱尔斯华斯·艾利森把hooker 的用法追溯到1845年的北卡罗来纳州。 他在1956年出版的北卡罗来纳州闲话； 1860年前北卡罗来纳英语历史研究 中说明了这一用法。 缺乏早期书面证据这一事实并不意味着在1845年之前hooker 没有被用作“妓女”一义。 很简单，hooker 的历史隐晦难知； 我们不知道它在何时何地被首次使用，但我们可以肯定它并不始于约瑟夫·胡克。而且我们没有确凿证据证明它来源于科利尔的胡克。不管有无学术性的证据，已故的内战历史学家布鲁斯·卡通并没有做到为联邦将军彻底开脱的地步。尽管“‘hooker’这一词语并不是来源于内战，”卡通写道，“在那之后它肯定流行了起来。在战争年代，华盛顿在宪法大街南部某个地方发展了很大的［红灯区］。人们把这里称作胡克的辖区，作为对约瑟夫·胡克将军怪癖的献礼，这个名字从此便生根发芽”。如果hooker 这一词语既不是源于约瑟夫·胡克也不来自于科利尔的胡克， 那么它的词源究竟是什么呢?从词源学上来说hooker 很有可能仅仅是“引…上钩的人”。 这一词语把妓女描绘成一个勾引或引诱客人的人〔strange〕"Now, my suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we can suppose" (J.B.S. Haldane).“现在，我的怀疑是宇宙不但比我们所假想的要奇异，而且比我们能 假想的还要奇异” (J·B·S·霍尔丹）。〔shirt〕The plane doesn't land for another hour, so keep your shirt on.飞机还要过一小时才着陆，所以请保持耐心〔fave〕One that is preferred above others or likely to win; a favorite.特别受喜爱的人，特别受喜爱的东西：比其它人还要受人喜爱的或是比较可能胜出的；指特别喜爱或受宠的人或物〔else〕I have always done it this way and I do not know how else it could be done. Where else would you like to go besides San Francisco?我总是这样做的，我不知道还有别的方法。除了旧金山你还要去什么地方?〔krewe〕In order to organize and stage the enormous Mardi Gras carnival every year,many New Orleans families have belonged for generations tokrewes, groups that create elaborate costumes and floats for the many Mardi Gras parades in the two weeks leading up to "Fat Tuesday.”Not only do the krewes participate in the parades,but, as leaders of New Orleans society,they also hold balls and other elaborate events during the carnival season,which lasts from Christmas up to Mardi Gras itself.The krewes are responsible for electing Rex,the annual king of the carnival,whose parade is the climax of Mardi Gras.While masked paraders had long been a part of Mardi Gras,the first carnival group organized as such was the Mystick Krewe of Comus in 1857.Krewe is only a fanciful spelling of crew in its standard meaning, but the word, thanks to its association with Mardi Gras and New Orleans high society,has taken on some of the mystique of the carnival.为了组织和筹划每年盛大的大斋日前夜狂欢节，许多新奥尔良家庭世世代代都属于krewes 这种团体。 这些团体要在“油腻的星期二”来临前的两周，制作华丽服装和彩车供狂欢节游行使用。克鲁的成员们不仅参加游行，作为新奥尔良的上层人物，他们还要在狂欢节节期举行舞会和其它盛大的活动，这从圣诞节一直延续到大斋首日的前一天。克鲁成员还要选出一个Rex，即每年狂欢节的国王，他的游行是整个大斋首日前夜的高潮。化妆游行长期以来一直是大斋首日前夜狂欢节的一部份，而第一个这种狂欢节团体在1857年才建立，名叫“科摩斯神秘的群体”。Krewe 这个词是对普通意义的 crew 这个词一个花哨的拼法， 但是这个词由于与大斋首日前夜狂欢节和新奥尔良的上流社会联系在一起，便带上那个狂欢节的一些神秘气氛〔rival〕"They achieved more than they had ever dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival"(Doris Kearns Goodwin)“他们取得的成就比他们所梦想的还要多，这给他们的家族史注入了一股魔力，使得任何神话及日常生活都没法匹敌”(多丽丝·克恩斯·古德温)〔together〕She is worth more than all of us together. Considered together, the proposals made little sense.她的价值比我们几个加起来还要多；总的来看，这个建议没什么意义〔lend〕To provide (money) temporarily on condition that the amount borrowed be returned, usually with an interest fee.借钱，贷款：暂时提供（金钱），条件是须返还与所借数额相等的金钱，通常还要附带利息〔McLuhan〕Canadian cultural critic and communications theorist who maintained that the method of communicating information has more influence on the public than the information itself. His books includeThe Medium is the Message (1967). 麦克卢恩，（赫伯特）马歇尔：(1911-1980) 加拿大文化批评家、传播理论学家。他认为传播信息的手段在公众身上产生的影响比信息本身还要大。他的著作包括《媒介即信息》 （1967年） 〔flyweight〕A professional boxer weighing 112 pounds (approximately 51 kilograms) or less, lighter than a bantamweight.蝇量级：一位比最轻级拳击手还要轻的体重为112磅（约51公斤）或更少的职业拳击运动员〔analogist〕"Learning more from books than from life, he was an analogist"(Times Literary Supplement)“他是个类比推理者，从书本上学到的比从生活中学到的还要多”(时代文学增刊)〔pie〕The etymology of the wordpie turns etymologists into Simple Simons, that is, we do not know what it is for certain.It may come from Medieval Latinpica or pia, "pie, pasty,” but we do not know the origins of these wordsand the earliest use of the Middle English wordpie is earlier (1199) than the first use of Medieval Latin pica (c. 1310) or pia (1230). It has been suggested that Medieval Latinpica may be from Latin pīca, "magpie.” The connection could have been made because the miscellaneous nature of pie ingredients might have brought to mind either the magpie's piebald coloration or its habit of collecting miscellaneous items.In any case, the first pies contained fowl, fish, or meat;the first certain recorded mention of a fruit pie is in Robert Greene'sArcadia, published in 1590: "Thy breath is like the steame of apple-pyes.”Pie 的词源把词源学家变成了傻子， 也就是说我们对它的来源无法确定。它可能来源于中世纪拉丁语pica 或 pia 意为“馅饼，面团，” 但我们不知道这些词的词源，并且中世纪英语pie 的最早使用（1199年）比中世纪拉丁语 pica （公元1310年）或 pia （1230年）的最早使用还要早。 也有人说中世纪拉丁语pica 可能来源于意为“喜鹊”拉丁文 pica。 其联系大约是因为馅饼原料混杂的特性让人联想到喜鹊杂色的毛或其收集各种各样东西的习惯。无论怎样，最初的馅饼包有禽肉、鱼肉或兽内；对水果派最早的、有确定记录的叙述出现在出版于1590年的罗伯特·格林的作品阿卡底亚 中： “你的呼吸如苹果派的香气”〔proud〕"I pray God to keep me from being proud" (Samuel Pepys).One who isarrogant is overbearingly proud and demands more power or consideration than is warranted: “我祈祷上帝让我远离骄傲” （萨缪尔·匹普斯）。Arragant 形容专横地骄傲并且要求得到比应得的还要多的权力或关注的人： 〔mean〕"For my part I think it a less evil that some criminals should escape than that the government should play an ignoble part" (Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.).“至于我，我认为一些罪犯的脱逃比政府扮演不光彩角色的罪行还要轻” （小奥立佛·文德尔·霍姆）。 |
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