| 单词 | 这么多 |
| 释义 | 〔kludge〕The wordkludge is not "etymologist-friendly,” having many possible origins,none of which can be definitively established.This term, found frequently in the jargon of the engineering and computer professions,denotes a usually workable but makeshift system, modification, solution, or repair.Kludge has had a relatively short life (first recorded in 1962 although it is said to have been used as early as 1944 or 1945) for a word with so many possible origins. The proposed sources of the word, Germanklug, kluge, "intelligent, clever,” or a blend ofklutz and nudge or klutz and refudge, do not contain all the necessary sounds to give us the word,correctly pronounced at least.The notions thatkludge may have been coined by a computer technician or that it might be the last name of a designer of graphics hardware seem belied by the possibility that it is older than such origins would allow.It seems most likely that the wordkludge originally was formed during the course of a specific situation in which such a device was called for.The makers of the word,if still alive,are no doubt unaware that etymologists need informationso they can stop trying to "kludge" an etymology together.单词kludge 不是“词源学家的朋友”， 有很多可能的来源，每一个都不能准确成立。这个词，经常在工程和电脑业的行话中找到，表示一个通常能工作但是临时凑合的系统、修改、解答或修理。作为一个有这么多可能的来源的词，kludge 却有一个相对小的年纪（1962年第一次有记载，尽管据说早到1944年或1945年就已经使用）。 该词被推荐的来源是德文klug, kluge “聪明的，灵巧的”， 或者klutz 和 nudge 的混合或 klutz 和 refudge 的混合， 没有包含能向我们给出这个词的所有必需的声音，至少是正确的发音。kludge 可能是由电脑技术人员杜撰的或者它可能是图形显示硬件的一名设计者的姓， 这些看法由于它比这些来源能允许的时间要早的可能性而被误解。看起来最可能的是单词kludge ， 最早是在需要这样的设备的特定环境中形成的。这一单词的制造者，如果还健在的话，毫无疑问意识不到词源学家需要此类信息，这样他们才能终止“临时搭配”成一个词源的努力〔furthest〕That's the furthest thing from my mind. They explored the furthest reaches of space.我只能想这么多了。他们在太空探险到最遥远的地方〔underbelly〕"the soft underbelly of the Axis"(Winston S. Churchill)"So much . . . can be learned from these and other neglected sources from the underbelly of traditional scholarship"(Stephen Jay Gould)“轴心国的薄弱部位”(温斯顿S.丘吉尔)“以传统学问薄弱部分的这些或那些资料中能够学到这么多东西”(斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德)〔nonissue〕She felt that the matter of her attire should have been a nonissue.她认为她的穿着打扮不应该是件引起这么多争论的事〔maybe〕There are so many maybes involved in playing the stock market.股票交易市场中牵涉到这么多的不定因素〔tonic〕Generic terms for carbonated soft drinks vary widely in the United States.Probably the two most common words competing for precedencearesoda, used in the northeast United States, andpop, used from the Midwest westward. In the South all soft drinks,regardless of the flavor or brand name,are referred to ascold drinks. Speakers in Boston and its environs have a term of their own:tonic. Such a variety of regional equivalents is unusual for a product for which advertising is so aggressive and universal;usually advertising has the effect of squeezing out regional variants.On the other hand, because there are so many types and flavors of soft drinks,perhaps no single generic word has ever emerged to challenge the regionalisms.在美国，含碳酸饮料的名称各地截然不同。其中有两个词正竞争着统治地位，一个是用于美国东北部的soda, ， 另一个是用于中西部以西的pop 。 在美国南部，所有的软饮料，不管味道或品牌如何，都统统叫作cold drinks 。 波士顿及其周围地区有其自己的名称：tonic 。 对于一种广告做得满天飞的产品来说，这种各地区名字不同的情况十分不寻常；因为广告通常有减弱方言的作用。另一方面，由于软饮料有如比多的种类和风格，所以可能还没有哪一个泛称能够取代这么多地方变体〔rape〕Although three senses are listed in our entry for the verbrape, it is unlikely that many people think of the word as having more than one sense.The Latin wordrapere from which rape comes had an even wider range of meanings, including "to ravish.”It must be kept in mind, however, that most of its senses had to do with the notion of seizing or carrying offand that sexual violation was confined to the one sense.In the case of the Middle Englishwordrapen, taken from Latin rapere, fewer senses existed, but some of them differed quite significantly from any in which we would use the word today.It could mean "to fix or set a certain time" ("The tyme he wild [would] not rape" ) or "to carry off somebody to heaven from earth" ( "the visions of seynt poul wan [when] he was rapt in to paradys" ). The past participlerapt has survived in Modern English, where it has become a separate wordreferring to states of deep delight or absorption,far removed from the hideous cruelties ofrape. The sense involving these cruelties was probably present in Middle Englishand has largely taken over the word.尽管在动词rape 这一词条中，我们列了三个意思， 但实际很多人并不认为该词有这么多意思。Rape 从其起源的拉丁语单词 rapere 甚至有更多的词义， 其中包括“使销魂”这一含意。然而，我们必须记住所有这些词义都同“用武力夺取或抢走”有关，性方面的侵犯只是其中的一个意思。在中古英语中，由拉丁语rapere 一词产生的动词 rapen 的词义已经减少， 不过其中有些词义和现在的词义完全不同。它可以意为“约定或确定时间”(“他不肯 约定时间” )或“由人间带某人进入天堂”( “圣保罗进入天堂 的情景” )。 该词的过去分词rapt 仍存在于现代英语中， 在这里它已成为一个单独的单词，意为一种极其兴奋或被深深吸引的状态，这个意思与rape 一词丑恶的词义相去甚远。 与残酷行为有关的词义可能在中世纪就存在，后来被保留了下来〔kindliness〕Thank you for your many kindlinesses.谢谢你做了这么多的善事〔hassle〕It is difficult to believe that there were no hassles before 1945,but that is the year in which the nounhassle is first recorded in English. The origins of this word might be considered a hassle for the etymologist.An English dialect word,hassle, meaning "to hack at, cut with a blunt knife and with a sawing motion,” is recorded at the end of the 19th century.A Southern dialect word,hassle, "to pant, breathe heavily,” is also a possible source. A more popular notion has been thathassle is a blend, but here again we have a hassle.Three separate possibilities have been proposed,a combination ofh ar ass and hu stle, ha ggle and tu ssle, and ha ggle and wre stle. Given all these possibilities,it is clear why words such ashassle end up with the etymology "origin unknown.” 很难相信1945年以前没有麻烦这个词，但就在那一年hassle 这个名词第一次被记录在英语中。 词源学家认为这个词的来源是争吵。一个英语方言词hassle 的意思是“砍，用一个钝的刀锯”， 在19世纪被记录下来。一个南部的方言词hassle “喘气，重呼吸”也可能是它的来源。 但更普遍的是认为hassle 是一个合成词， 但我们对此又有了异议。词源学家提出的三种不同的可能性：h ar ass 与hu stle的结合、ha ggle与tu ssle 的结合和 ha ggle与wre stle 的结合。 尽管有这么多的可能性，但很显然，象hassle 这样的词仍“无源可溯” 〔frown〕frowned on the use of so much salt in the food.不同意食物里放这么多盐〔snap〕With so many people crowding onto the platform, its supports snapped.由于这么多人蜂拥上平台，它突然崩塌了 |
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