单词 | 这样一来 |
释义 | 〔hectic〕In the Usage Panel survey done for the first edition of theAmerican Heritage Dictionary (1969), 92 percent of the Panel approved of the use ofhectic in its most familiar sense, "characterized by feverish activity, confusion, or haste.”The question was put to the Panelbecause in earlier usage that sense was sometimes deprecated as a loose extension of the term's meaning in medicine.Unless one has some medical knowledgeone probably does not know the older medical uses of the term,for example, "relating to an undulating fever, such as those accompanying tuberculosis,”and unless one has some acquaintance with Middle Englishone would not recognize the first recorded instance of the word,etik, in a text written before 1398. The Middle English term comes from the Old French development of the Late Latin wordhecticus, whose form helped reshape our word in the 16th century.Late Latinhecticus in turn comes from Greek hektikos, "formed by habit or forming habit" and "consumptive,” developing the last sense because of the chronic nature of tuberculous fevers.Thus a word that once simply meant "habitual"eventually had an English descendant used to refer to circumstances that would be undesirable if they were habitual.在针对美国经典辞书 (1969年)第一版对用法专题使用小组的调查中, 92%的成员赞成hectic 一词最常用的意思, “以紧张的活动、忙乱或慌忙为特征的”。之所以要向这些成员提这个问题,是因为作为该词医学含义的模糊延伸,这个意义有时不为人们所接受。除非某人有医学方面的知识,否则他就很可能不知道这个词在医学方面的古老用法,比如“和起伏不定的热病有关的,如肺结核的伴随症”。另外,除非某人对中古英语有一度程度的了解,否则他也认不出1398年以前的一个文本中该词的首例etik 。 这个中古英语单词是由古法语经后期拉丁语hecticus 一词的发展而来的, 其形式在16世纪帮助重新形成了这个单词。而后期拉丁语中的这个词hecticus 又是由希腊语中的 hektikos 一词而来,这个词在希腊语中意指“由习惯形成的或形成习惯的”及“患肺痨的,肺痨的”, 之所以得到最后的意思,是出于肺痨病的特性。这样一来,原来只是表示“习惯性的”这个词,传到英语中最后竟变成了指一旦成为习惯则不被人所喜爱的情形〔anticipate〕Some people hold thatanticipate is improperly used as a simple synonym for expect; they would restrict its use to situations in which advance action is taken either to forestall (anticipate her opponent's next move ) or to fulfill ( anticipate my desires ). In earlier surveys, however, a majority of the Usage Panel accepted the use ofanticipate to mean "to feel or to realize beforehand" and "to look forward to.” The wordunanticipated, however, is not established as a synonym for unexpected. Thus 77 percent of the Usage Panel rejected the sentenceThey always set aside a little extra food for unanticipated guests, inasmuch as guests for whom advance provision has been made cannot be said to be unanticipated,though they may very well be unexpected.有些人认为把anticipate 作为 expect 的简单同义词并不恰当; 他们把这个词的用法限制在某种情境中,即抢在…之前行动(抢在对手的下步之前行动 )或满足( 满足我的欲望 )。 然而,在以前的调查中,用法专题小组大多数成员所接受的anticipate 的意思是“预感、预知”和“期望”。 可是,unanticipated 这个词并不能作为 unexpected 的同义词。 这样一来,用法专题小组中77%的人都不同意下面这句话他们总是额外留出一些食物给未预料到的客人 , 既然已提前为这些客人们准备了食物,就不能说他们是未预料的,尽管他们是不速之客〔appanage〕The leaders of the opposition party agreed to accept another government's appanages, and in doing so became an officially paid agency of a foreign power.反对党领导人同意接受另一政府给予的特殊待遇,这样一来就成了外来势力正式资助的代理人〔very〕 as well as by other syntactic criteria.But the status of other participles is still in flux.Some speakers accept phrases such asvery appreciated, very astonished, or very heartened, while others prefer alternatives usingvery much. What is more, some participles allow treatment as adjectives in one sense but not another:one may speak ofa very inflated reputation, for example, but not, ordinarily, of a very inflated balloon. As a result, there is no sure way to tell which participles may be modified by a barevery —syntactic tests such as the use of the participle as an attributive adjective will themselves yield different judgments for different speakers—and writers must trust their ears.When in doubt, the use ofvery much is generally the safer alternative. 也可以由其它句法标准衡量。但是其它分词的位置还仍旧在变动,一些人同意例如very appreciated, very astonished(非常欣赏的,非常惊讶的) 或者 very heartened(极受鼓舞的) 这样的词组, 而另一些人喜欢选择使very much (非常的) 这种用法。 另外,有些分词允许在某些意义上用作形容词,但不能用在其它意义上:例如一个人可以说a very inflated reputation(很好的名誉) ,但一般不说 a very inflated balloon(很鼓的气球)。 这样一来,就很难辨别哪一个分词能只用very 修饰——句法测验, 例如作为一个定语形容词的分词用法,对于不同的说话者能产生不同的判断——作者必须相信他们的耳朵。当有疑问时,very much 的用法通常是一个比较安全的选择 |
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