| 单词 | 进行比较 |
| 释义 | 〔parameter〕In recent yearsparameter has become the archetype for the borrowing of scientific terms into general usage and as such has occasioned a good deal of skeptical comment.Some of its new uses can be justified as useful extensions of the technical senses of the word.For example, the provisions of a zoning ordinance that limit the height or density of new construction can be reasonably likened to mathematical parameters that establish the limits of other variables.Therefore one can properly sayThe zoning commission announced new planning parameters for the historic Lamping district of the city. But other uses suggest that the writer has not understood the technical senseand has chosen it primarily as a way of injecting an aura of scientific precision into what would otherwise be a pedestrian communication.Thus there is no semantic justification for usingparameter as a general substitute for characteristic, as inThe Judeo-Christian ethic is one of the important parameters of Western culture, an example found unacceptable by 80 percent of the Usage Panel. ·Some of the difficulties with nontechnical use ofparameter appear to arise from its resemblance to the word perimeter, with which it shares the sense "limit,” though the two words differ in their precise meaning.This confusion doubtless explains the use ofparameter in a sentence such as U.S. forces report that the parameters of the mine area in the Gulf are fairly well established, where the wordperimeter would have expressed the intended sense more exactly. This example of a use ofparameter was unacceptable to 61 percent of the Usage Panel. 近些年来，parameter 已成为一个从科技术语借用到普通用法的原形， 同时也引起了大量的怀疑批评。它的某些新用法可被看作是该词科技含义的有益扩展。例如，某一区域性法规中关于新建筑高度或密度的条文能被合理地与制定其它变量限度的数学参量进行比较。因而，人们当然可以说地区委员会公布了历史上该城有名的灯区新计划方案 。 但其它的一些用法说明说话人还没有理解它的科技含义，并且选用了这个词主要作为给将是普通交流的东西注入一些精确的科学气息的途径。因此，用parameter 作为 characteristic 的一般等价词毫无语义上的合理性， 如在犹太教与基督教的道德规范是西方文化中重要的限制因素 ， 是80%的用法小组成员不接受的例子。Parameter 的非科技运用中的一些难点是由于它与 perimeter 都有“限制”的含义造成的， 尽管两个词的确切含义是不相同的。这种混淆无疑解释了parameter 在例如 美军报告说，海湾地雷区的环形防线设置得相当不错 的句子中的运用， 这里perimeter 可能会更确切地表达这种引申含义。 61%的用法小组成员不接受这个运用parameter 的例子 〔different〕Different from and different than are both common in British and American English. Critics since the 18th century have singled outdifferent than as incorrect, though it is well attested in the works of reputable writers. Where the comparison is drawn directly between two persons or things,from is usually the safer choice: Different from 和 different than 英语和美语中都经常见。 虽然后者经常出现在名作家的作品中，但18世纪以来，评论家仍指出different than 为相对正确的选择。 当直接对两人或两物进行比较时，from 是最保险的选择 ： 〔bear〕These verbs are compared in the sense of withstanding or sustaining what is difficult or painful to undergo.用于承受痛苦，经历困难时，把这些动词进行比较：〔touchstone〕A hard black stone, such as jasper or basalt, formerly used to test the quality of gold or silver by comparing the streak left on the stone by one of these metals with that of a standard alloy.试金石：一种如碧玉或玄武岩的坚硬黑色石头，先前用来检验金或银的质量，用这些金属在石头上留下的划痕与标准纯度进行比较〔comparable〕Admitting of comparison with another or others:可比较的：允许与另一或其他的进行比较的：〔sure〕These adjectives are compared as they mean feeling or showing no doubt.这些形容词的意思为确信的、没有疑问的时，可进行比较。〔separate〕These verbs are compared as they mean to become or cause to become parted, disconnected, or disunited.当这些动词意为变得或使变得分开的，断开的或分离的时，可对它们进行比较。〔real〕These adjectives are compared as they mean not imaginary but having verifiable existence.当这些形容词意为非想象的而是能证实存在的时，常把它们进行比较。〔reckless〕These adjectives are compared as they mean given to or marked by unthinking boldness.当这些形容词都表不加思考的鲁莽的意思时，常把它们进行比较。〔reverse〕These verbs are compared as they mean to change to the opposite position, direction, or course.当这些动词都意为改变到相反的位置、方向或进程时，常把它们进行比较。〔young〕These adjectives are compared as they mean of, relating to, characteristic of, or being in an early period of growth or development.把这些形容词进行比较是因为，它们表示处于成长或发展的早期的、或与此相关的或以此为特征。〔shopper〕A commercial agent who compares the merchandise and prices of competing merchants.为商店打听行情的人：一个对互相竞争的商人的商品和价格进行比较的商业人商业员〔rise〕These verbs are compared as they mean to move upward from a lower to a higher position.当这些动词表示从某个较低的位置向某个较高的位置向上移动的意思时，他们均可进行比较。〔alone〕These adjectives are compared as they describe lack of companionship.这些形容词在表示缺少伙伴这个意思时可进行比较。〔incommensurable〕Lacking a common quality on which to make a comparison.不能比较的：缺乏能进行比较的共同特质的〔obstinate〕These adjectives are compared as they mean tenaciously unwilling or marked by tenacious unwillingness to yield.对这些形容词进行比较，它们都表示固执地不情愿屈服的意义或具有此种特征。〔restrain〕These verbs are compared as they mean to hold back or keep under control.当这些动词的词意为抑制或处于控制之下时，常对它们进行比较。〔offer〕These verbs are compared as they mean to put before another for acceptance or rejection.对这些动词进行比较是，它们均意为将…置于另一人前以让他接受或拒绝。〔prudence〕These nouns are compared as they refer to the exercise of good judgment and common sense, especially in the conduct of practical matters.当这些名词意指良好的判断和常识的运用时，常把它们进行比较，尤其是指对实际事务的处理。〔proportion〕These nouns are compared as they mean aesthetic arrangement, as in a design, marked by proper distribution of elements.当这些名词指美学的排列时可进行比较，如在设计中，并以各元素之间成比例的分布为特点。〔break〕These verbs are compared as they mean to separate or cause to separate into parts or pieces.这些动词在表示使分裂成碎片时可以进行比较。〔caprice〕These nouns are compared as they denote an impulsive or unexpected notion.这些名词被放在一起进行比较是因为它们都表示一个出于冲动的或未被料及的想法。〔decide〕These verbs are compared as they mean to make or cause to make a decision.这些动词表示使作出决定的意思时可以进行比较。 |
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