| 单词 | 选择 |
| 释义 | 〔virgule〕A diagonal mark ( / ) used especially to separate alternatives, as inand/or, to represent the word per, as in miles/hour, and to indicate the ends of verse lines printed continuously, as in Old King Cole/Was a merry old soul. 斜线号：一种斜线符号，尤用于对选择加以区分，如和/或者 ，表示 每… 这一词，如 英里/小时 ，和在诗尾表示连续打印行，如 老国王考勒/是一个快乐的老人 〔hopefully〕And though this use ofhopefully may have been a vogue word when it first gained currency 30 years ago, it has long since lost any taint of jargon or pretentiousness for the general reader.The well-attested acceptance of the usage reflects an implicit popular recognition of its usefulness;there is no precise substitute.Someone who saysHopefully, the treaty will be ratified makes a hopeful prediction about the fate of the treaty,whereas someone who saysI hope (or We hope or It is hoped ) the treaty will be ratified expresses a bald statement about what is desired. Only the latter could be continued with a clause such asbut it isn't likely. · It might have been expected, then, that the initial flurry of objections tohopefully would have subsided once the usage became well established. Instead, increased currency of the usage appears only to have made the critics more adamant.In the 1969 Usage Panel survey the usage was acceptable to 44 percent of the Panel;in the most recent survey it was acceptable to only 27 percent.(By contrast, 60 percent accepted the analogous use ofmercifully in the sentence Mercifully, the game ended before the opponents could add another touchdown to the lopsided score. ) Yet the Panel has not shown any signs of becoming generally more conservative:in the very same survey panelists were disposed to accept once-vilified usagessuch as the employment ofcontact and host as verbs. · It seems that this use ofhopefully has been made a litmus test, which distinguishes writers who take an active interest in questions of grammar or usage from the great mass of people who keep their own linguistic counsel.No one can be blamed who useshopefully in blithe ignorance of the critics' disdain for it, since the rule could not be derived from any general concern for clarity or precision.But writers who are aware of the critical controversy face a more delicate decision.Some will simply flout the rule,seeing no reason that they should be deprived of a useful construction.Others may choose to avoid the usage,whether they are motivated by discretion or civility. ·Like other sentence adverbs such asbluntly and happily, hopefully may occasionally be ambiguous. In the sentenceHopefully, the company has launched a new venture, the word hopefully might be construed as describing the point of view of either the speaker or the subject. Such ambiguities can be resolved either by repositioning the adverb (as inThe company has launched the new venture hopefully ) or by choosing a paraphrase ( One may hope that the company has launched the new venture ). 尽管hopefully 的这一用法在30年前首次通用的时候曾是个时兴词， 但对于广大读者来说它早已失去了俚语或矫饰的色彩。屡经证实的对这一用法的接受反映了对其实用性的普遍默认；而且并不存在其他精确的代用词。有人如果说但愿条约能被批准 ， 便是对条约的命运作了充满希望的预测，反之如果有人说我希望 （或 我们希望 或 希望 ) 条约将会被批准 则表达了对其期望之物的大胆声明。 只有后者可以接从句象但这不大可能 。 也许我们本可以期待当这一用法已变得根深蒂固之后， 对hopefully 的一片反对声可稍事平息。 然而，这一用法的流行似乎反而使批评家们更为坚定。在1969年用法调查使用小组的调查中44%的成员接受这一用法；在最近一次的调查中却只有27%的成员接受。（相比之下，60%的人接受mercifully 在句子 幸好，在对手能够给这一边倒的比分再加上一分之前，比赛就结束了 中的类似用法） 但是并没有任何迹象表明调查小组成员正在普遍变得更保守：在同一次调查中小组成员们倾向于接受被一度废除的某些用法，如把contact 和 host 用作动词看来。 似乎hopefully 的用法已经成了一块试金石， 它把对语法和用法怀有浓厚兴趣的作家和保留着他们自己的语言学顾问的广大民众区分开来。那些全然忽视批评家们的蔑视使用hopefully 的人不该受到指责， 因为规则并不来源于任何对清晰和精确的关注。但是意识到了批评界争议的作者们面对着一个更为微妙的决定。有些人干脆违反规则，他们认为没有理由要失去这么一个实用的结构。另外一些人则选择避免这一用法，无论其动机是出于谨慎还是出于礼貌。象许多其它句中副词如bluntly 和 happily一样，hopefully 经常出现歧义。 在下句 Hopefully, the company has launched a new venture 中， hopefully 一词可以解释为记述说话者的观点或者句中主语的观点。 这种歧义可以通过调换副词位置（如公司已经满怀希望地到办了一个新企业 )或选择另一种说法( 有人希望这个公司已经创办了一个新企业 )来消除 〔rule〕The option of starting over has been ruled out.重新开始这种选择已被排除考虑〔option〕Something chosen or available as a choice.（供）选择的事物：被挑选作选择或以供选择的事物〔for〕Used to indicate an actual or implied listing or choosing:针对…：用于表示实际的或隐含的列举或选择：〔pick〕The act of selecting or choosing; choice:挑选：选择或挑选的行为；选择：〔repeat〕To commit the fraudulent offense of voting more than once in a single election.重复投票：在一次选择中违法性地多于一次投票〔adopt〕To choose as standard or required in a course:选定：作为标准选择或在一个过程中所必须的：〔money〕According to one's opinion, choice, or preference:依照某人的意见、选择或偏好：〔buffet〕A meal at which guests serve themselves from various dishes displayed on a table or sideboard.自助餐：客人们自己动手选择放在桌上或餐具柜上的各种食物的用餐〔designate〕To select and set aside for a duty, an office, or a purpose.See Synonyms at allocate See Synonyms at appoint 选定，指派：为某种义务、职责或目的选择或指定 参见 allocate 参见 appoint〔rather〕In expressions of preferencerather is commonly preceded by would or in formal style should : 在表达选择的意思时rather 一词往往跟在 would 或更正式的形式 should 之后： 〔adopt〕adopt a new line of English textbooks.选择英语教材的新方式〔arbitrary〕stopped at the first motel we passed, an arbitrary choice; arbitrary division of the group into halves.在我们经过的第一个汽车旅馆处停下，一种随意的选择；将小组分为两等分的一时兴起的分派〔election〕The act or power of electing.选举：选择的行动或能力〔different〕Different from and different than are both common in British and American English. Critics since the 18th century have singled outdifferent than as incorrect, though it is well attested in the works of reputable writers. Where the comparison is drawn directly between two persons or things,from is usually the safer choice: Different from 和 different than 英语和美语中都经常见。 虽然后者经常出现在名作家的作品中，但18世纪以来，评论家仍指出different than 为相对正确的选择。 当直接对两人或两物进行比较时，from 是最保险的选择 ： 〔heresy〕from hairēisthai [to choose] [middle voice of] hairein [to take] 源自 hairēisthai [选择] hairein的中（动）态 [拿，取] 〔hesitate〕 Vacillate implies going back and forth between alternative,usually conflicting courses without making a final decision: Vacillate 意味着在两种选择之间摇摆不定，通常为互相冲突的两种办法而不能最终做出决断： 〔ethic〕ethics (used with a sing. verb)The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person; moral philosophy. ethics （与单数动词连用）伦理学，道德学：研究人所决定的道德选择和道德普遍本质的学科；道德学〔elect〕legere [to choose] * see leg- legere [选择] * 参见 leg- 〔promiscuous〕Lacking standards of selection; indiscriminate.混杂的：缺乏选择的标准的；不加区分的〔plurality〕In a contest of more than two choices, the number of votes cast for the winning choice if this number is not more than one half of the total votes cast.未超过半数的最多票：在一场有两个以上选择的竞争中，获胜者在所得票数未超过全部票数一半的情况下所赢得的票数〔between〕certainlybetween would be impossible). Between is the preferred choice when the entities are seen as determining the limits or endpoints of a range: 后一句亦可适用于当仅有两者时的情况；当然between 是不可能的）。 实体被视为确定某范围的界限或终点时，更适合选择用between ： 〔puzzle〕"God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise" (I Corinthians 1:27). “上帝选择世界上愚蠢的事来迷惑智者” ( I哥林多书1:27)。 〔ponder〕"He quitted her presence to meditate upon revenge" (Frederick Marryat).Todeliberate is to think attentively and usually slowly, as about a choice or decision to be made: “他不让她出现以考虑如何复仇” （弗雷德里克·玛利亚特）。Deliberate 是指集中注意力地且通常是缓慢地思考， 如对于将要做出的一项选择或决定的思考： 〔choice〕Election especially emphasizes the use of judgment in choosing: Election 特别强调选择时使用判断力： 〔appoint〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to select for an office or position": 这些动词共有的中心意思是“为某种职位或位置而选择”： 〔bibliotherapy〕A form of supportive psychotherapy in which carefully selected reading materials are used to assist a subject in solving personal problems or for other therapeutic purposes.阅读疗法：一种心理疗法的辅助形式，为帮助受治疗者解决个人问题或出于其他的治疗目的而谨慎地为其选择阅读材料〔valentine〕Geoffrey Chaucer should perhaps receive honor as the real Saint Valentine.Although reference books abound with mention of Roman festivals from which Valentine's Day—the day for lovers—may be derived,Jack B. Oruch has shown that no evidence exists to support these connections and that Chaucer is most likely the first to link the saint's day with the custom of choosing sweethearts.No link between the day and lovers exists before the time of Chaucer and several literary contemporaries who also mention it,but after them the link becomes widespread,a circumstance that makes it seem likely that Chaucer, the most imaginative of the group, invented the tradition.The fullest and perhaps earliest description of the tradition occurs in Chaucer'sParlement of Foules, composed around 1380, which takes place "on Seynt Valentynes day,/Whan every foul cometh there to chese [choose] his make [mate].”杰弗里·乔叟可能应该接受作为真正的圣马伦丁的荣誉。尽管参考书中充满圣瓦伦丁节日──情人的节日──可能来源于罗马节日的提法，杰克·B.奥鲁奇已经表示没有证据存在去支持这些联系，并且认为乔叟是最有可能第一个把圣瓦伦丁节和选择情人的习俗联系在一起的。乔叟和他同时代的一些创作者曾有过这个提法，但在这之前，并没有人把某日和情人的联系存在，但是在他们之后这种联系开始广泛流传起来，这种情况使得这群人中最有想象力的乔叟创造了这个节日。关于这种传统的最完整可能也是最早的描述出现在乔叟的 Parlement of Foules（火鸡议会） 中， 作于1380年左右，发生在“圣瓦伦丁节/当每个火鸡都来到这里选择它的配偶”〔suit〕a choice that suits us all.一个让我们大家都满意的选择〔weigh〕To choose carefully or deliberately:斟酌：认真或审慎地选择：〔downside〕an option with a downside as well as benefits.既有利又有弊的选择〔volition〕The power or faculty of choosing; the will.意志力：选择的能力或才能；意志〔take〕To pick out; select or choose:挑出；挑选，选择：〔vote〕To express a choice or an opinion.表决：表达一个选择或观点〔volition〕The act or an instance of making a conscious choice or decision.行使意志：作出有意识的选择或决定的行为或事例〔lot〕The use of objects in making a determination or choice at random:抽签：用某物作出随机的决定或选择：〔choice〕A number or variety from which to choose:供选择的东西：可从中进行选择的一些数目或种类：〔prisoner〕"He was a prisoner of his own personality—of that given set of traits that . . . predisposed him to see the world in a certain way, to make certain moves, certain choices"(William H. Hallahan)“他是个自己性格上的囚徒——那些特定的特征…使他以特定的方式看世界、进行特定的活动、做特定的选择”(威廉H.哈勒汉)〔center〕According to traditional canons of usage,the verbcenter may be freely used with the prepositions on, upon, in, or at; but its use witharound is excoriated as "ungrammatical,” "illogical,” "geometrically senseless,” and "physically impossible.” But the fact that writers persist in using this phrase in sentencessuch asThe discussion centered around the need for curriculum revision (where traditionalists would require revolved around ) suggests a widespread perception that center around, for all its apparent illogicality,may sometimes represent the true nature of experience.Center may denote a variety of relations involving having, finding, or turning about a center, and the choice of a preposition depends on what is intended.There is reputable precedent for usagessuch asOur hope centered in the young sovereign; 根据传统用法，动词center 可以和介词 on，upon，in 或 at 自由连用； 但它和around 连用却被严厉指责为“不合语法”，“不合逻辑”，“几何上无意义”，“物理上不可能”。 然而事实上作家们坚持在句子里使用这个短语，比如讨论围绕修订工作的需求展开 （这里传统人士将用 rovolve around ）表明 center around 揭示了一个普遍的认识， 即尽管它明显不合逻辑，有时也会代表经验的真正特性。Center 可以指示包括拥有，发现或围绕中心转动在内的多种关系， 介词的选择取决于具体意向。用法上有著名的先例，如我们的希望集中于年轻的帝王身上； |
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