| 单词 | 选用 |
| 释义 | 〔nauseous〕Traditional critics have insisted thatnauseous is appropriately used only to mean "causing nausea" and that it is incorrect to use it to mean "affected with nausea,”as inRoller coasters make me nauseous. In this example,nauseated is preferred by 72 percent of the Usage Panel. What is curious, however,is that 88 percent of the Panelists indicated that they would prefernauseating in the sentenceThe children looked a little green from too many candy apples and nauseous rides. Thus it appears that like a handful of other words such astranspire, nauseous is actively used mainly in the sense in which it is considered incorrect. · While the use ofnauseous to mean "affected with nausea" may incur critical displeasure, it should be pointed out in its defense not only that it is quite common among educated speakersbut that it is subtly distinct fromnauseated in this sense. Nauseated is a passive participle, and hence suggests a condition induced by a specific external cause.By contrast,nauseous is an adjective that refers to an occurrent state whose cause may be nonspecific or unknown.The person who reports thatI woke up this morning feeling nauseous might not be willing to accept that he or she had beennauseated by any external agent. 传统的评论家坚持认为nauseous 只适合用于“引起人厌恶的”意思， 而用于指“患恶心症的”是不正确的，就像在巨浪滑行者使我感到恶心 中一样。 在这个例子中，nauseated 被72%的用法专题使用小组成员认为是合适的。 然而，有趣的是，88%的成员认为他们会选用nauseating 这个词， 用在句子太多的苹果糖和令人恶心的骑乘使得孩子们的脸色有点绿 中。 因此似乎像许多别的词如transpire那样，nauseous 积极地主要用于被人认为是不正确的意思中。 然而用nauseous 来指“患恶心症”可能引起评论的不愉快， 作为防卫我们应该指出不仅在受过教育的演说者中此种用法普遍，而且在这个意思上它和nauseated 有细微的区别。 Nauseated 是过去分词， 因此意味着由特殊的外部原因引导的条件。相反nauseous 是形容词指偶发的状态， 可能是非特殊的或不知道的。声称我早上起来时感到恶心 的人， 可能不情愿接受他或她被任何外界力量所恶心到 〔Bodoni〕Italian printer and designer of the Bodoni typeface, which is still widely used.博多尼，吉安巴蒂斯塔：(1740-1813) 意大利印刷家，博多尼字体的设计者，这种字体现仍广泛选用〔limbo〕Our use of the wordlimbo to refer to states of oblivion, confinement, or transition is derived from the theological sense ofLimbo as a place where souls remain that cannot enter heaven, for example, unbaptized infants.Limbo in Roman Catholic theology is located on the border of Hell, which explains the name chosen for it.The Latin wordlimbus, having meanings such as "an ornamental border to a fringe" and "a band or girdle,” was chosen by Christian theologians of the Middle Ages to denote this border region.English borrowed the wordlimbus directly, but the formlimbo that caught on in English, first recorded in a work composed around 1378,is from the ablative form oflimbus, the form that would be used in expressions such asin limbō, "in Limbo.” 我们用limbo 这个词指被忘却、监禁或过渡的状态， 此用法源于Limbo 的神学含义， 指那些不能升入天堂的灵魂（如未受洗的儿童）所在地。Limbo 在罗马天主教的教义中指位于地狱的边境， 这也是为什么选这个词指地狱的边境的原因。拉丁词limbus 有诸如“流苏或穗状的装饰性花边“和”嵌条或腰带”的意思， 中世纪的基督教神学家选用这个词来指这种边界地区。英语直接借用了limbus 这个词， 但出现于英语中的limbo 这种形式， 首次记载于1378年左右完成的作品中，它源自limbus 的夺格形式， 这种用法是在短语in limbo 中出现的，意思是“在地狱的边界地区” 〔firstly〕Whichever is chosen, however, consistency is best served if any succeeding items are introduced by a parallel form,as in first . . . second . . . third or firstly . . . secondly . . . thirdly. 不管选用了哪个词，如果后面还有并列列举的条目，要符合一致性原则，例如 first…second…third 或者用 firstly…secondly…thirdly 〔term〕terms Language of a certain kind; chosen words: terms 词语：某种语言；选用的词：〔masterful〕According to a widely repeated dictum,masterful should be reserved for the sense "imperious, domineering,” as ina masterful tone of voice, whereasmasterly should be the choice when the intended sense is "having the skill of a master,” as ina masterly performance of the sonata. The distinction is a nicety that some writers will want to continue to observe.But the use ofmasterful in the latter sense has long been common in reputable writing and cannot be regarded as incorrect.根据广为强调的权威意见，masterful 应限于“支配的、专横的”的含义。 例如，一种专横傲慢的语调， 而如果想指“具备精通者的技艺”，则应该选用masterly 。 例如，一场奏鸣曲的精湛演出 。 一些作家会继续遵守这个细微区别。但在后一种含义上使用masterful 在一些享有声望的作品中也一直常见， 因此不能被看作是不准确的〔poem〕A verbal composition designed to convey experiences, ideas, or emotions in a vivid and imaginative way, characterized by the use of condensed language chosen for its sound and suggestive power and by the use of literary techniques such as meter, metaphor, and rhyme.诗：以生动的和充满想象的方式来表达经验、思想或情感的口述文学作品，以运用其声音和暗示力而选用浓缩的语言为特征，并运用如节奏、暗喻和音韵等文学手法〔cushy〕Sincecushy has such an informal, breezy, American ring, it is difficult to believe that it is an import, as some etymologists claim.Members of the British army in India are supposed to have picked up the Anglo-Indian version of the Hindi word±hūush, meaning "pleasant,” to which the suffix-y, as in empty and sexy, was added, thus forming a new English word. Cushy, however, is actually first recorded in a letter from the European battlefront during World War I. This fact, in conjunction with our inability to find an Anglo-Indian source,casts some doubt on the Hindi or Anglo-Indian origin ofcushy. Two other possibilities are thatcushy is a shortening of cushion with the -y suffix or that it is a borrowing of Frenchcouchée, "lying down; a bed.” 既然cushy 一词具有如此非正式的、愉快的美国意义， 很难相信某些词源学者所认为的说它是一个外来词。驻印度的英国军队士兵被认为是选用了印度英语±hūush 的英语说法，意思是“愉悦的”， 并如同empty 和 sexy 等词在其上加了 -y 这个后缀，从而形成了一个新英语单词。 然而，事实上cushy 一词却最先被记录在第一次世界大战期间发自欧洲战斗前线的一封信里。 这一事实，再加上我们无法找到其印度英语的词源，使我们对于cushy 一词源于印地语或印度英语的说法产生了某些怀疑。 另两种可能性，一种是cushy ，它是 cushion 的缩略形式再加上后缀 -y ； 另一种是法语couchee “躺下；床”的外来语 〔unction〕Affected or exaggerated earnestness, especially in choice and use of language.虚情假意：做作的或夸张的热忱，尤指语言选用〔parameter〕In recent yearsparameter has become the archetype for the borrowing of scientific terms into general usage and as such has occasioned a good deal of skeptical comment.Some of its new uses can be justified as useful extensions of the technical senses of the word.For example, the provisions of a zoning ordinance that limit the height or density of new construction can be reasonably likened to mathematical parameters that establish the limits of other variables.Therefore one can properly sayThe zoning commission announced new planning parameters for the historic Lamping district of the city. But other uses suggest that the writer has not understood the technical senseand has chosen it primarily as a way of injecting an aura of scientific precision into what would otherwise be a pedestrian communication.Thus there is no semantic justification for usingparameter as a general substitute for characteristic, as inThe Judeo-Christian ethic is one of the important parameters of Western culture, an example found unacceptable by 80 percent of the Usage Panel. ·Some of the difficulties with nontechnical use ofparameter appear to arise from its resemblance to the word perimeter, with which it shares the sense "limit,” though the two words differ in their precise meaning.This confusion doubtless explains the use ofparameter in a sentence such as U.S. forces report that the parameters of the mine area in the Gulf are fairly well established, where the wordperimeter would have expressed the intended sense more exactly. This example of a use ofparameter was unacceptable to 61 percent of the Usage Panel. 近些年来，parameter 已成为一个从科技术语借用到普通用法的原形， 同时也引起了大量的怀疑批评。它的某些新用法可被看作是该词科技含义的有益扩展。例如，某一区域性法规中关于新建筑高度或密度的条文能被合理地与制定其它变量限度的数学参量进行比较。因而，人们当然可以说地区委员会公布了历史上该城有名的灯区新计划方案 。 但其它的一些用法说明说话人还没有理解它的科技含义，并且选用了这个词主要作为给将是普通交流的东西注入一些精确的科学气息的途径。因此，用parameter 作为 characteristic 的一般等价词毫无语义上的合理性， 如在犹太教与基督教的道德规范是西方文化中重要的限制因素 ， 是80%的用法小组成员不接受的例子。Parameter 的非科技运用中的一些难点是由于它与 perimeter 都有“限制”的含义造成的， 尽管两个词的确切含义是不相同的。这种混淆无疑解释了parameter 在例如 美军报告说，海湾地雷区的环形防线设置得相当不错 的句子中的运用， 这里perimeter 可能会更确切地表达这种引申含义。 61%的用法小组成员不接受这个运用parameter 的例子 〔option〕An item or a feature that may be chosen to replace or enhance standard equipment, as in a car.可供选用的部件或外观特点：用以更换或改进标准设备的可供选用的部件或外观特点，如用于小汽车 |
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