| 单词 | 途径 |
| 释义 | 〔implement〕A means of achieving an end; an instrument or agent.媒介，手段：达到目的的途径；手段或媒介〔wherewithal〕The necessary means, especially financial means:必要的手段途径，尤指金融手段：〔channel〕A course or passage through which something may move or be directed:途径，路径，方法：途径或渠道，通过它事物移动或导引某物：〔pipeline〕A system through which something is conducted, especially as a means of supply:（供给）渠道：一种输送系统，尤指供给途径：〔ESP〕Communication or perception by means other than the physical senses.直觉：通过生理感官之外的途径进行的沟通和感知〔circuitous〕Being or taking a roundabout, lengthy course.See Synonyms at indirect 曲折的，迂回的：处于或采用迂回的、冗长的途径 参见 indirect〔footsie〕To cooperate or curry favor with in a sly or devious way.搞秘密交易：以一种秘密的或不正当的途径合作或搞交易〔externalize〕"Marriage is a nice way to externalize the private commitments made between you"(Patti Davis)“婚姻是表现你们之间所做的私人约定的一种美好的途径”(帕蒂·戴维斯)〔Herzl〕Hungarian-born Austrian founder of Zionism. As a correspondent during the Alfred Dreyfus affair, he determined that the solution to anti-Semitism was the establishment of a Jewish national state. He founded the Zionist World Congress in 1897.赫茨尔，狄奥多尔：(1860-1904) 犹太复国主义的匈牙利裔奥地利创始人。在艾尔弗雷德·德雷福斯事件中作为记者时，他认定解决对抗反犹太主义的途径是建立犹太国家。他于1897年创立了世界犹太复国主义代表大会〔impinge〕"One of a democratic government's continuing challenges is finding a way to protect . . . secrets without impinging the liberties that democracy exists to protect"(Christian Science Monitor)“民主政府的不断挑战是要找到一条途径，以在不侵害受民主保护的自由的情况下保护…机密”(基督教科学箴言报)〔pirate〕To take (something) by piracy.剽窃，盗用：通过剽窃途径获得〔phosphene〕A sensation of light caused by excitation of the retina by mechanical or electrical means rather than by light, as when the eyeballs are pressed through closed lids.压眼闪光，光幻视：通过机械或电子途径而不是通过光使视网膜兴奋从而感受到光，如当眼球被紧闭的眼脸压迫时〔parameter〕In recent yearsparameter has become the archetype for the borrowing of scientific terms into general usage and as such has occasioned a good deal of skeptical comment.Some of its new uses can be justified as useful extensions of the technical senses of the word.For example, the provisions of a zoning ordinance that limit the height or density of new construction can be reasonably likened to mathematical parameters that establish the limits of other variables.Therefore one can properly sayThe zoning commission announced new planning parameters for the historic Lamping district of the city. But other uses suggest that the writer has not understood the technical senseand has chosen it primarily as a way of injecting an aura of scientific precision into what would otherwise be a pedestrian communication.Thus there is no semantic justification for usingparameter as a general substitute for characteristic, as inThe Judeo-Christian ethic is one of the important parameters of Western culture, an example found unacceptable by 80 percent of the Usage Panel. ·Some of the difficulties with nontechnical use ofparameter appear to arise from its resemblance to the word perimeter, with which it shares the sense "limit,” though the two words differ in their precise meaning.This confusion doubtless explains the use ofparameter in a sentence such as U.S. forces report that the parameters of the mine area in the Gulf are fairly well established, where the wordperimeter would have expressed the intended sense more exactly. This example of a use ofparameter was unacceptable to 61 percent of the Usage Panel. 近些年来，parameter 已成为一个从科技术语借用到普通用法的原形， 同时也引起了大量的怀疑批评。它的某些新用法可被看作是该词科技含义的有益扩展。例如，某一区域性法规中关于新建筑高度或密度的条文能被合理地与制定其它变量限度的数学参量进行比较。因而，人们当然可以说地区委员会公布了历史上该城有名的灯区新计划方案 。 但其它的一些用法说明说话人还没有理解它的科技含义，并且选用了这个词主要作为给将是普通交流的东西注入一些精确的科学气息的途径。因此，用parameter 作为 characteristic 的一般等价词毫无语义上的合理性， 如在犹太教与基督教的道德规范是西方文化中重要的限制因素 ， 是80%的用法小组成员不接受的例子。Parameter 的非科技运用中的一些难点是由于它与 perimeter 都有“限制”的含义造成的， 尽管两个词的确切含义是不相同的。这种混淆无疑解释了parameter 在例如 美军报告说，海湾地雷区的环形防线设置得相当不错 的句子中的运用， 这里perimeter 可能会更确切地表达这种引申含义。 61%的用法小组成员不接受这个运用parameter 的例子 〔pioneer〕To open up (an area) or prepare (a way):开路，创办：打开（新领域）或准备（途径）：〔mechanism〕An instrument or a process, physical or mental, by which something is done or comes into being:办法，途径：用来制造某事物的工具或者事物产生的物理过程或精神过程：〔bypass〕A means of circumvention.绕开：回避的途径〔straight〕Following a direct or correct method or approach; systematic:有条理的：按照直接的或正确的方法或途径的；系统的：〔counter〕To or toward an opposite or dissimilar course or outcome:背道而驰地：向着相反或不同的途径或结果地：〔approach〕A way or means of reaching something; an access:途径：达到某些事的途径或方法；通路：〔pore〕A minute opening in tissue, as in the skin of an animal, serving as an outlet for perspiration, or in a plant leaf or stem, serving as a means of absorption and transpiration.毛孔：组织中的微小开口，如动物皮肤中，主要作为出汗孔，或如植物叶子或根茎中者，主要作为吸收及蒸腾作用的途径〔highroad〕The easiest or surest path or course:捷径：最好的、便捷的途径或路线：〔pocket〕To make a profit, especially by illegitimate means.饱入私囊：获取利润，尤指通过非法途径〔through〕By the means or agency of:通过：用…途径或媒介：〔sensorimotor〕sensorimotor nerve centers; sensorimotor pathways.感觉运动的神经中枢；感觉运动的途径〔sleuth〕To track down the history of the wordsleuth requires a bit of etymological sleuthing in itself.The immediate ancestor of our word is the compoundsleuthhound, "a dog, such as a bloodhound, used for tracking or pursuing.”This term took on a figurative sense,"tracker, pursuer,”which is closely related to the sense "detective.”Fromsleuthhound came the shortened form sleuth, recorded in the sense "detective" as early as 1872.The first part of the termsleuthhound means "track, path, trail,” and is first recorded in a Middle English work written probably around 1200.The Middle English word, which had the formsloth, with eu representing the Scots development of the Middle English (ō), was a borrowing of the Old Norse word slōdh, "a track or trail.” 要追溯sleuth 这个词的历史， 需要进行一点词源追踪。我们这个词最直接的来源是sleuthhound 这个复合词， 它的意思是“一种用于跟踪和追逐的狗，如警犬”。这个词获得了一种修辞上的意思，“跟踪者，追逐者”，这与“侦探”这个意义非常贴近。从sleuthhound 这个词产生了其缩写的形式 sleuth ， 早在1872年就有了“侦探”这个意思的文字记载。sleuthhound 这个词的前半部意思是“路径、道路或途径”， 它最早被记载在1200年左右的中世纪英语作品中。中世纪英语中的这个词借自古代挪威语中的slōdh ，“路径或途径”，它的形式是 sloth ，其后的 eu 代表了苏格兰语对中世纪英语(ō)的发展 〔powerful〕In the upper southern United States the wordspowerful and mighty are intensives used frequently like the adverb very : Your boy's grown powerful big.The new baby is mighty purty.Powerfulis used as an adjective in some expressions: The storm did a powerful lot of harm. In the same dialect regionthe nounpower has, in addition to its standard meaning, the sense of "a large number or amount.”This sense appears in theOxford English Dictionary as common in dialectal British English of the 18th and 19th centuries: "It has done a power of work" (Charles Dickens).All these derivative senses ofpower and might take advantage of the notion of strength inherent in these nouns, making them natural intensives. Colloquial English is always on the lookout for ways to make language more vivid with new intensives.We think of the upper southern part of the United States as linguistically conservative,but in fact it has preserved uses ofpower, powerful, and mighty that were innovative in their time. 在美国中南部powerful 及 mighty 这两个词用作强调词并与 very 一样用得很频繁： 你的儿子已长得很大了。新生儿非常干净。Powerful在有些表达中还用作形容词： 这暴风造成巨大灾害。 在同一方言区中，名词power 除了具有标准含义外， 还有“大的数字或数量”之意。该意义出现在牛津英语词典 中， 在18世纪及19世纪的英国英语方言中使用也十分普遍： “它已做了大量工作” （查尔斯·狄更斯）。所有power 及 might 的这些衍生意义都利用两个名词本身力量的含义而使它们成为强调词。 英语口语一直在寻求途径以运用新的强调词，使语言变得更为生动。我们认为美国中南部在语言的使用上是很保守的，但事实上，这部分地区却保留了在当时十分创新的power，powerful 及 mighty 的用法 〔mode〕A manner, way, or method of doing or acting:方式：做或行为的一种方式、途径或方法：〔gateway〕Something that serves as an entrance or a means of access:入口，途径：能作为一入口或一进入方式的事物：〔dicker〕Perhaps a desire to see history repeat itself has been at work in the case of an etymology suggested for the verbdicker, first recorded in 1802with reference to horse trading and the haggling that accompanies it.In a work published in 1848James Fenimore Cooper used the word with reference to frontier trade.This use would support a connection with the noundicker, which denotes a quantity of ten and was a common unit used in trading hides or furs. If the verbdicker originated in the fur trade, a parallel would exist with the noundicker. The noun may have come into the Germanic languages and hence to English by way of trade or tribute in furs between the Germanic peoples and the Roman Empire, with the Germanic word coming from the Latin worddecuria, "a group of ten men,” which in Late Latin was used as a measure of skins. The difficulty with this parallel isthat no existing evidence proves conclusively the derivation of the verbdicker from the noun dicker. 关于对动词dicker 提出的词源问题，也许是想看看历史重演的一种欲望在起作用， 此单词第一次记载是在1802年，同马匹交易和与之伴随的价格争论有关。在1848年出版的一本著作中，詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀根据边境贸易使用了这个词。这种使用将会支持与名词dicker 代表数量“十”并用于皮毛交易的联系。 如果动词dicker 起源于毛皮生意， 那么便会与名词dicker 一起并行存在。 该名词也许是随着来自于拉丁语decuria “十人一组”的日耳曼语单词一起（在拉丁语中它被用作皮革的计量单位），通过日耳曼人和罗马帝国之间毛皮交易或进贡的途径进入日耳曼语中，而从此以后进入英语中。 但是对于这种并行的困难是，没有现成的证据确凿地证明动词dicker 是从名词 dicker 中衍生来的 〔photomechanical〕Of, relating to, or involving any of various methods by which plates are prepared for printing by means of photography.照相制版（工艺）的：通过拍照的途径来准备印刷用的印版方法的；与之有关的；涉及此制版的〔philosophy〕Love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual means and moral self-discipline.对智慧的热爱与追求：通过智力途径和道德上的自律来达到对智慧的热爱与追求〔path〕A course of action or conduct:道路，途径：行动或行为的路线，途径：〔pipeline〕A direct channel by which information is privately transmitted.渠道，途径：信息可秘密传送的直达通道〔stop〕A device or means that obstructs, blocks, or plugs up.堵塞的方法：阻碍，阻挠或堵塞的工具或途径〔pipeline〕"Farther down the pipeline are three other approaches to vaccine development"(Boston Globe)“除供给渠道外，培植牛痘还有其它三种途径”(波士顿环球)〔procedure〕A manner of proceeding; a way of performing or effecting something:程序，进程，影响：方式；进行或完成某事的途径：〔highroad〕The most positive, diplomatic, or optimistic course.最有希望的，最乐观的途径〔pueblo〕The identity of the Pueblo peoples is undeniably connected to the stone and adobe dwellings they have occupied for more than 700 years—especially from an etymological point of view.Originally coming from the Latin wordpopulus, "people, nation,” the Spanish wordpueblo, meaning "town, village,” as well as "nation, people,”was naturally applied by 16th-century Spanish explorers to villages that they discovered or founded in the Southwest.The English wordpueblo is first recorded in an American text in this sense in 1808, marking it as an Americanism.The distinctive adobe or stone villages of the Pueblo peoples,with some buildings rising as high as five stories,must have impressed the Spaniards considerably,becausepueblo came to be transferred from a name for the village to a name for its inhabitants, perhaps in honor of their architectural achievements or simply as an obvious way to distinguish the Pueblo from other Native American peoples.The first recorded usage of this sense is found in 1834.无可质疑，普埃布洛族的象征是与他们已经居住了700年的土石结构房屋联系在一起的——尤其是从词源学的角度来看。最初源于意为“民族，国家”的拉丁语populus， 意为“城镇，村庄”的西班牙语pueblo ， 同时也有“民族，国家”的意思，16世纪的西班牙探险家们很自然地用这个词来称呼他们在西南部发现或建立的村庄。英语中pueblo 的这个含义最早记载于1808年的一篇美国课文中， 这标志着它成了一个美语词。普埃布洛族有特色的石造和土造村庄，有些建筑高达五层，肯定给西班牙人留下了深刻的印象，因为pueblo 这个词是从这个村庄的名字转变成村庄中居民的名字的， 这可能是出于对他们建筑成就的敬仰或仅仅作为将普埃布洛族和其它美洲土著民族区分开的明显途径。这个词义是在1834年最早有使用记载的。〔avenue〕A means of access or approach:途径：得到的手段或方法：〔portage〕A track or route used for such carrying.陆路：用于这种运输的路线或途径 |
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