| 单词 | 逻辑 |
| 释义 | 〔moment〕A phase or an aspect of a logically developing process.契机：一个按逻辑发展过程的阶段或方面〔placeholder〕In a mathematical or logical expression, a symbol that may be replaced by the name of any element of a set.占位符号：数学或逻辑用语，可以用其它元素的名称代替的符号〔ratiocinate〕To reason methodically and logically.推理：用理性方法和逻辑进行推理〔suggest〕To bring or call to mind by logic or association; evoke:使人想到：通过逻辑或联想使想起或唤起；唤起：〔NAND〕A logical operator that consists of a logical AND followed by a logical NOT and returns a false value only if both operands are true.逻辑与非闸：由逻辑与和其后的逻辑非组成的逻辑运算符，如果两个运算域都是真，则返回的值便为假〔dialectic〕from Latin dialectica [logic] 源自 拉丁语 dialectica [逻辑] 〔illogical〕Contradicting or disregarding the principles of logic.不合逻辑的：与逻辑原则相悖的或不顾逻辑原则的〔ratiocinative〕Of, relating to, marked by, or skilled in methodical and logical reasoning.See Synonyms at logical 推理的：用理性或逻辑方法进行推理的，与之有关的，以此为特点的或善于推理的 参见 logical〔follow〕Ensue applies to what follows something, usually as a consequence or by way of logical development: Ensue 指接着发生某事通常指作为结果是，或按逻辑发展方式发生： 〔coherent〕Marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts:条理分明的：各部分之间有序的、逻辑的和完美一致的关系特征的：〔logic〕The study of the principles of reasoning, especially of the structure of propositions as distinguished from their content and of method and validity in deductive reasoning.逻辑：一门研究推理规律的科学，尤其是研究命题中区别于内容的结构和演绎推理中的方法和有效性〔logic〕from Greek logikē (tekhnē) [(art) of reasoning, logic] [feminine of] logikos [of reasoning] 源自 希腊语 logikē (tekhnē) [推理的（艺术），逻辑] logikos的阴性词 [推理的] 〔logician〕A practitioner of a system of logic.逻辑学家：使用某一逻辑体系的人〔imply〕To involve by logical necessity; entail:包含有：包含于逻辑必然中；使必要：〔logic〕Aristotle's logic.亚里士多德的逻辑〔NOR〕A logical operator that consists of a logical OR followed by a logical NOT and returns a true value only if both operands are false.或非：由逻辑非紧跟逻辑或之后构成的逻辑运算符，仅当算子均为假时才返回真价〔category〕A basic logical type of philosophical conception in post-Kantian philosophy.后康德方式：后康德主义哲学中哲学概念的一种基本逻辑类型〔Mackinder〕British geographer who established geography as an academic field and maintained that Europe was the logical geographic center of world government, a theory used to support Nazi geopolitics.麦金德，霍尔福德·约翰：(1861-1947) 英国地理学家，他把地理学引入学术界，坚持认为欧洲是逻辑地理上的世界政府中心，这是一种用来支持纳粹地理政治的理论〔logistic〕Of or relating to symbolic logic.象征派逻辑的：象征派逻辑的或与象征派逻辑有关的〔consequent〕Following as a logical conclusion.必然的：作为其逻辑结论随之发生的〔method〕 Method implies a detailed, logically ordered plan: Method 意指一个详细的，逻辑有序的计划： 〔must〕Used to indicate logical probability or presumptive certainty:可能：用来表示逻辑推断的可能性或假定的必然性：〔species〕Middle English [logical classification] 中古英语 [逻辑的分类] 〔logical〕Of, relating to, in accordance with, or of the nature of logic.逻辑的：逻辑的、与逻辑有关的、符合逻辑的或具有逻辑性的〔materialize〕This usage has been criticized,but it is well established in reputable writing and follows a familiar pattern of metaphoric extension.The same logic that allows us to sayThe plans did not materialize allows us to use equivalent and unobjectionable paraphrases with expressions such as take form and take shape. 这种用法曾经受到批评，但是它曾在一些享有声望的作品中很好地被运用并且跟随了隐喻引申含义的常见模式。我们说计划没有实现 时所用的逻辑允许我们使用相同的、无任何异议的其他表达方式，例如 take form 和 take shape 〔rather〕With more reason, logic, wisdom, or other justification.较合理地：有更多原因、学识、逻辑或其他证明地〔logic〕The nonarithmetic operations performed by a computer, such as sorting, comparing, and matching, that involve yes-no decisions.逻辑，逻辑操作：计算机所完成的需要做出一些是非判断的非数学运算，如排序、比较和匹配〔coherence〕The quality or state of cohering, especially a logical, orderly, and aesthetically consistent relationship of parts.一致性：连贯的性质或状态，尤指各部分间逻辑的、有序的、完美的一致关系〔nonstandard〕The termnonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandardis not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discoverythat the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structuresand that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakersrather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power.Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind.Many educated speakers freely use forms such ascan't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or informal tone. · Some dictionaries use the termsubstandard to describe forms, such asain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reservingnonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writingbut are still regarded by many as uneducated.Butsubstandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use onlynonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.词条nonstandard 被语言学家和词典编辑人引进用来描述以前已被词条，例如 vulgar 和 illiterate归类的用法和语言种类。 Nonstandand不只是委婉的说法， 而且反映了凭经验得到的发现：被具有权威的群体所用的语种有丰富而且系统的语法结构，而且这些误解被轻蔑描绘更经常地反映了对其说话者的判断，而不是对任何天生的逻辑和表达力的缺乏。然而，要注意，非标准语形式的运用并不必要限制于在公众心目中与其所联系的团体。许多受过教育的说话者自由地用这些形式如can't hardly 或者 ain't I 说流行或非正式的句子。 有些字典用substandard 来描述此类形式， 如ain't， 并与未受教育的言语相联系， 而同时保留nonstandard 用来形容 irregardless 这一类形式， 这些形式普遍用于写作中，但仍被许多人认为是未受教育的用法。但是substandard 本身很容易引起贬低含义的翻译， 大多数语言学家和词典编辑现在只用nonstandard， 在此词典后边有练习〔mind〕Reason, the capacity for logical, rational, and analytic thought, embraces comprehending, evaluating, and drawing conclusions: Reason 指逻辑、理解和分析的能力，表示理解、评价或得出结论： 〔Spencerism〕The system of logical positivism developed by Herbert Spencer, setting forth the idea that evolution is the passage from the simple, indefinite, and incoherent to the complex, definite, and coherent.斯宾塞哲学体系：由赫伯特·斯宾塞创建的逻辑实证哲学体系，提出了有关进化即是从简单性、不确定性及不连贯性发展成复杂性、确定性及连贯性的过程的观念〔unique〕Over the course of the centuryunique has become the paradigmatic example of the class of terms that do not allow comparison or modification by an adverb of degree such as very, somewhat, or quite. Thus, most grammarians believe that it is incorrect to say that something isvery unique or more unique than something else, though phrases such asnearly unique and almost unique are acceptable. In the most recent survey the sentenceHer designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene was unacceptable to 80 percent of the Usage Panel. · Critical objections to the comparison and degree modification of absolute terms date to the 18th centuryand have been applied to a wide group of adjectives includingequal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect, and unanimous. According to the standard argument, such words denote properties that a thing either does or does not have but cannot have to a qualifiable degree.Thus ifunique is properly used to mean "without equal or equivalent,” something either is unique or it isn't, and phrases such asvery unique and more unique can only betray a weakening of the sense to mean something like "unusual" or "distinctive.” It is true that comparison and modification ofunique are often associated with the style favored by copywriters, as in the advertisement announcing thatOmaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique or in the claim that a new automobile is So unique, it's patented. But modification ofunique is also found in the work of reputable writers, where it may lack any connotations of hyperbole.A painting is described asthe most unique of Beckman's self-portraits, and a travel writer states thatChicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco. The relative acceptability of these usages reflects the semantic subtlety ofunique itself. If we were to useunique only according to the strictest criteria of logic, after all, we might freely apply the term to anything in the worldsince nothing is wholly equivalent to anything else.Clearly, then, when we say that a restaurant or painting is unique,we mean that it is worthy of inclusion in a class by itself according to certain implicit but generally accepted criteria.Thus a legitimately unique painting might be one that realizes an unparalleled aesthetic vision,but not one that is rendered only in pigments whose names begin with the lettero; and a legitimately unique restaurant might be one that serves 18th-century French cuisine according to the original recipes,not one that has been installed in a converted sardine cannery.Given this understanding, it is not inherently impossible to think of uniqueness as a matter of degree,in the sense that one painting or restaurant may be more or less worthy of inclusion in a class by itself than some other. ·What is troubling about the copywriters' use ofunique is not that the word has become a synonym for unusual. Rather, it is the copywriters who are using the word in conformity with strict logic.Uniqueness is claimed for a restaurant in virtue of some trivial properties of its decor or menu,or for a resort hotel that simply happens to have a singularly picturesque view of the bay.Though it may be true that such properties render these thingslogically unique, they do not constitute legitimate grounds for putting the things into a class by themselves according to the criteria ordinarily invoked when things are sorted into classes.In fact, the abuse ofunique can be cloying even when no modification or comparison is involved; when we read an advertisement for a line of sportswear that featuresa unique selection of colors, we may suspect that the distinctive properties of the color selection are not so remarkable as the advertiser would have us believe. But it is not surprising that these uses ofunique should lend themselves to promiscuous modification and comparison; for once it is granted that uniqueness can be claimed for any product or service that is somehow distinctive from all its competitors,it is inevitable that an increase in uniqueness will be seen in every minor innovation.See Usage Note at equal ,infinite ,parallel ,perfect 在本世纪整个过程中unique 已成为不能由程度副词，例 very、somewhat 或 quite， 比较或修饰的一类术语的例证。 因此，多数语法学家认为说某事是very unique 或 more unique than 是不正确的， 虽然短语例如nearly unique 和 almost unique 是可接受的。 在最近的调查中，句子Her designs are quite unique in today's fashion scene （她的设计在现今流行样式的场面中是很独特的） 对用法专题使用小组的百分之八十成员是不可接受的。 对纯粹术语的比较和程度修饰的主要异议可追述到18世纪，并已广泛用到许多形容词中，包括equal, fatal, omnipotent, parallel, perfect 和 unanimous。 根据标准论据，这些单词表示一事有或没有但不能有可修饰的程度的性质。于是如果unique 适当地用于表示“没有相等或相当的”，则某事是唯一的或不是唯一的， 而短语像very unique 和 more unique 仅能表露出说明某事像“不寻常的”或“独特的”的意义的减弱。 的确，unique 的比较和修饰常与撰稿人喜欢的文体相联系， 如在广告中称Omaha's most unique restaurant is now even more unique（奥马哈城的最独特的餐馆现在甚至是更加独特） 或声称新汽车是 So unique, it's patented（如此独特，它取得了专利权）。 但是unique 的修饰也在著名作家的作品中发现， 那里可能缺乏夸张法的任何涵义。描述一张油画为the most unique of Beckman's self-portraits（最独特的贝克曼的自画像）， 一位旅游作家叙述Chicago is no less unique an American city than New York or San Francisco（芝加哥比纽约或旧金山是不逊独特的美国城市）。 这些用法的相对可接受性反映unique 自身语义的巧妙。 如果我们仅按照逻辑的严格标准使用unique ， 则我们终于会自由地把此术语使用于世界上的任何事，因为没有完全等同于另一事的事。于是，显然当我们说餐馆或油画是独特的时，我们意味着根据某种隐含的但可普遍接受的判据它是值得包含在一个等级内的。于是合理独特的油画可能是实现空前未有的审美型的，而不是仅给予名字以字母O开始的颜料； 合理独特的餐馆可能根据原来的食谱提供18世纪法国菜肴的餐馆，而不是配备转换的沙丁鱼罐头食品的餐馆。按这样了解，将独特性视为程度问题不是本来就不可能的，在这个意义上一张油画或一个餐馆或多或少可能是极好的有价值的内涵物而不是其他。关于撰稿人使用unique 的困惑不是此单词已成为 unusual 的同义词。 相反地，正是撰稿人使用此单词与严密的逻辑相一致。对餐馆声称独特性是由于它的布置或菜单的某些不重要的性质，或者对于人们常去的旅馆仅因为有海湾的独一无二地别致的景象。虽然这样的性质使得这些事logically 独特的可能是真实的， 但是当事情进行了分类，根据平常实行的判据把这些事情自身放到一类，他们不组成正常的基础。事实上unique 的滥用会使人发腻，即使在没有涉及修饰或比较的时候； 当我们读运动服装的unique selection of colors（颜色的独特选择） 的一行广告时， 我们会怀疑颜色选择的独特性质并非广告商希望我们所认为的那么明显。但不必惊讶于unique 的这些用法应当适用于杂乱的修饰和比较； 就这一次可以承认，独特性能用来指任何产品或服务，它们与所有的竞争者相比较有某种程度的特色，在每一小的创新中可以看到独特性的增加是必然会发生的 参见 equal,infinite,parallel,perfect〔negativism〕Behavior characterized by persistent refusal, without apparent or logical reasons, to act on or carry out suggestions, orders, or instructions of others.抗拒性：因没有明显的或逻辑的原因而对执行别人的建议，命令或指导持一贯的否定态度所形成的行为性格〔paranoia〕A psychotic disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur, often strenuously defended with apparent logic and reason.妄想狂，偏执狂：一种通常用表面的逻辑和道理来设想的具烦扰或夸大妄想特征的精神错乱症〔cohere〕To have internal elements or parts logically connected so that aesthetic consistency results:紧密地结合：内部要素或结构逻辑地连接在一起以形成完美地一致：〔faith〕Belief that does not rest on logical proof or material evidence.See Synonyms at belief See Synonyms at trust 信仰：非基于逻辑或物质证明的坚定信念 参见 belief 参见 trust〔reason〕To talk or argue logically and persuasively.辩论：逻辑严密且很有说服力地谈论或辩论〔illogical〕Without logic; senseless.无理的：缺少逻辑的；无意义的〔proposition〕A statement containing only logical constants and having a fixed truth-value.命题：只包含有逻辑常项及具固定真理的陈述〔choplogic〕From to chop logic [to bandy logic] 源自 to chop logic [用逻辑互相争论] |
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